Types Of Code Switching Research Articles

NEGOTIATING IDENTITY: THE AUTHOR’S USE OF CODE-SWITCHING IN THE NOVEL “THE SHELTER

The existence of different languages in a multicultural society is one of the triggering factors for the occurrence of code-switching in both real life and literary works including novels. The objective of this study were to: 1) describe the forms and types of code-switching in Aydan Ahn’s novel “The Shelter”, and 2) describe the author’s intention to negotiate identity through code-switching. The research’s data consisted of a variety of utterances produced by characters that switch between Indonesian and Korean language. The analysis findings revealed that 23 occurrences of code-switching were found in conversations between characters in the novel. Twelve of them were inter-sentential switching, nine were of tag switching, and two were of intra-sentential switching. Speakers aim to accentuate the message the want to convey to their interlocutor, which is why code-switching occurs in the utterances produced by the characters. In addition, speakers also perform code-switching to complete the sentences or clauses they say. Meanwhile, from the writer's point of view, it can be concluded that the author tries to make the story written to be more alive. The code-switching was intended to negotiate the author’s identity through the expressions that expose the author’s cultural background knowledge.

An Analysis of Code-Mixing in The Novel "Tentang Kamu" by Tere Liye

This thesis deal with the types of Code Mixing found in Tere Liye’s Novel ”Tentang Kamu”. The thesis is focused on analyzing the code mixing used in the text within the novel. The main purpose of this thesis is to find out the types of Code Mixing in Tere Liye’s Novel ”Tentang Kamu”, to find out the most used type of the Code Mixing and to analyze the reasons and functionality of the particular Code Mixing used. The data of this study is 167 clauses containing code mixing that found in in Tere Liye’s Novel ”Tentang Kamu”. This research was conducted by using Descriptive Qualitative Research. The technique used to collect the data was documentary technique reading, studying, and analyzing all the data. The data were analyzed by using Hoffman theory of Code Mixing. Based on the data analysis, it was found that there were three types of Code Switching found in Tere Liye’s Novel ”Tentang Kamu” which is Intra-sentential Code Mixing, Intra-sentential Code Mixing and Involving Change of Pronunciation Code Mixing. Furthermore, There are seven functions Code Mixing that is found within the text in Tere Liye’s Novel ”Tentang Kamu”, which is Talking About Particular Topic, Quoting Somebody Else, Being Emphatic about Something, Interjection, Repetition Used for Clarification, Intention of Clarifying the Speech Content for Interlocutor, and Expressing Group Identity. The most dominant types of Code Mixing used in Tere Liye’s Novel ”Tentang Kamu” was Intra-sentential Switching with 134 clauses out of 167 clauses found in the text (80,2%). Furthermore, the most dominant functions of Code Mixing that is found within the text in Tere Liye’s Novel ”Tentang Kamu”, which is Talking About Particular Topic (126 clauses out of 167 clauses, 75,4%).

From Bilingualism to Code Mixing and Code Switching Uttered by Indonesian Youth

Indonesian people tend to use code-mixing or code-switching in every language activity. Language/Code or is a way that is used to express something. For people who are used to being bilingual/multilingual, it will be seen how they speak. The way they speak sounds sometimes their speech is mixed with foreign languages. This language mixing is known as code mixing. Code mixing occurs when someone who is fluent in both languages ​​uses elements of the two languages ​​intentionally and simultaneously incorporates elements of one language into another in one utterance. In addition, code switching also occurs when someone uses language elements in the form of sentences or clauses to exchange with other language elements in different languages. Such symptoms are often carried out by educated people, public figures, politicians, and government officials. The subject of this research is the conversation between Maudy Ayunda and Robert in an interview at Perspektif Metro TV on Monday, December 30, 2019. There are the research questions in this research, first to find the types of code-mixing and code-switching, second, the reasons for code-mixing/code-switching, and the last, to indicate the matrix language in the interview. To answer the research questions, the researcherss applied sociolinguistic theory, especially the theories on types and reasons of code-mixing and code-switching proposed by Hoffman (1991) and how many codes in their uttarences based on Myers-Scotton theory (2006). This research using a qualitative approach and observation method from Sudaryanto (2015) which is an uninvolved interview observation technique. In this technique, the researcherss does not get involved directly in the dialogue in the interview between Maudy Ayunda and Robert. Then, the researcherss uses the note-taking, of the uttarences that is produced by Maudy and Robert in the interview. Then, the researcherss classified those code-mixing and code-switching in a table to find the type of code-mixing and code-switching. After analyzing the data, there are 139 cases of code-mixing and 72 cases of code-switching. For the types of code-mixing, there is 108 intra-sentential, 28 intra-lexical and 3 involving a change in pronunciation. For types of code-switching, there is 68 inter-sentential, and 4 establishing with the previous speaker. For the reasons of code-mixing/code-switching, the researcherss found 31 data of talking about a particular topic, 1 data of quoting somebody else, 3 being emphatic about something, 6 of repetition used for classification and 1 of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. For the matrix in code-mixing, Indonesian 82% as matrix language and English 18% as an embedded language, and in code-switching, Indonesian 54% as matrix language and English 46%as an embedded language.

THE USE OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING BY INDOFOOD AND UNILEVER FOOD ADVERTISEMENTS ON TELEVISION

<p class="Default">The aims of the research are to find out the type, function and reason of code switching and code mixing mostly used by Indofood and Unilever Food Advertisements on Television. The research design of this research is descriptive qualitative because the result of the data analyzed is in descriptive phenomenon such as words, sentence and utterance while the research method used in this research is library research. The result findings are: 1). The type of code switching mostly used here is intra sentential switching which occurs 36 times. While the type of code mixing mostly used here is intra sentential mixing which occurs 38 times. 2). The function of code switching and code mixing mostly used here is metalinguistic function which occurs 60 times. 3). The reason of code switching and code mixing mostly used here is talking about particular topic which occurs 48 times.</p>

Students Code-switching and Code-mixing in Spoken Communication Activities at English Language Education Department of UIN Mataram

The research aims to know the types of code mixing, the type of code switching and the factors of code-switching and code-mixing in the process of learning English in 6th semester students of the English Language Education department of UIN Mataram. This research was used descriptive qualitative approach. The subject of this study was one of the classes in the British American Australian course. The research applies observation, interviews and documents in collecting data. The study reveals that (1) there are 2 types of code mixing namely Insertion and alternation;(2) there are 2 types of code switching namely Intra-Sentential and Intra-Sentential; (3) there are 4 factors that cause students did code switching and code mixing in class namely situation, talking about a particular topic, difficulties to finding equivalent words in language in used, and intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor.

An Analysis of Code-Switching on The Utterances of Agnes Mo on Daniel Mananta Network's Youtube Channel

This research aimed to analyze the phenomena of Code-Switching which examines the types and reasons for using code-switching used Agnes Monica on Daniel Mananta Network's YouTube channel entitled "Agnes Mo Pernah Punya Toxic Relationship?" which was published on February 11th, 2021. The researchers use Stockwell's (2002) theory that explains about three types of Code Switching, there are tag switching, intersetential switching, and intrasetential switching. In this research, the researchers employ a qualitative descriptive method, which is a research method that aims to explain and interpret reality and the researchers used Observation Method as the way to collect the data. The results and discussion found that there are six code-switching data, two Tag Switching data, two Intersetential Switching data, and two Intrasentential Switching data. And according to Hoffman (1991:116) in Saleh (2017:15), the researchers matched the data we found, that the reasons for the code-switching in Agnes Mo's utterances include the first one is talking about a particular topic, the second, being empathic about something, and the last the intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor.

The Analysis of Code Switching in EFL Students’ Online Presentation at University

Code-switching is a phenomenon of language exchange between one language and another which is often found in the communication of bilingual students, especially in EFL students. In this study, the researcher focuses to determine the types of code switching in EFL students’ online presentations, factors that influence code-switching in students’ online presentations and functions of code-switching in EFL students’ online presentations. This study applied a qualitative method by applying a case study. This research was conducted at Makassar State University. The subjects of this study were twenty-one students in the first semester of the postgraduate program whose selected by purposive sampling technique. This research was obtained by using observation and interviews as instruments. The results of this study indicate that three types of code-switching appear in EFL students’ online presentations, namely intra-sentential code-switching, extra-sentential or tag switching, and inter-sentential code-switching. Then, the factors that influence code-switching occur in students' online presentations are the interlocutor factor, physical situation, the topic of discourse, regional factor, and also lack of vocabulary. Furthermore, there are four functions of code-switching by EFL students during online presentations providing the keywords, explaining the material clearly, solving nervousness, and reducing tension.

Types of Code-Switching in Kisah Untuk Dinda Novel

This research aimed at analyzing the code-switching used by the novelist, Erisca Febriani in her novel entitled Kisah Untuk Dinda in order to classify the types of code-switching in the form of sentence, dialogue, and narration. The method applied in this research was descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was executed by reading the novel, taking notes, and classifying the types of code-switching. The theory used in this study was proposed by Poplack as the main theory in determining the code-switching types. The result of the data analysis was presented formally and informally. In the novel, there were 135 data of code-switching divided into 3 types of code-switching, such as tag switching with 19 (14,08%) data, inter-sentential switching with 5 (3.70%) data and intra-sentential switching with 111 (82.22%) data. The most frequent type of code-switching found in the novel was intra-sentential switching, while inter-sentential switching is the least types of code switching.

Code-Switching Done by Cinta Laura in “Mang Saswi Jatuh Cinta ke Cinta Laura Ini Talkshow”

The purpose of this study is to identify the types and reasons for Code-switching in the Youtube channel Ini Talkshow on the program Net TV. This study is concerned with the Codeswitching phenomenon involving the Indonesian-English language that was found in Cinta Laura's speech during channel on the program Net TV. The quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this study. Apple and Muysken's theory (1987:118) is referred to in the study of data to analyze the type of Code-switching, and Hoffman's theory (1991) is referred to analyze the reasons for code-switching. It is done formally and informally to show the product of the analysis. There are found intra-sentential 10 data, inter-sentential 2 data, and tag switching 1 data. The reason for Code-switching are found in talking about a particular topic 25%%, quoting somebody else 10%, showing empathy about something 20%, interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connector) 10%, repetition used for clarification 10%, expressing group identity 10%, and intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor 10%.

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE PADA KOMUNIKASI GURU DAN SISWA DI LINGKUNGAN SMP AL-KARIMAH SURABAYA

This study aims to describe the code switching and code mixing used by speakers in the AL-KARIMAH Middle School environment in Surabaya. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects used in this study are the languages used by teachers and students when communicating in the school environment. The object of this study is the speech of the use of code switching and code mixing used in communication (morning briefings, student briefings and so on). The methods used in collecting data are observation techniques and recording techniques. The results showed that the code switching and code mixing that occurred were Javanese, Madurese and Indonesian. The type of code switching found was Indonesian to Javanese. The types of code mixing found were internal code mixing and outgoing code mixing using Indonesian, Javanese and Madurese in the form of words, sentences and phrases.

A Sociolinguistic Analysis on the Types of English Course Instructor Code Switching in the English Teaching and Learning Process

This study focuses on sociolinguistics analysis towards the use of code switching produced by instructors in English teaching and learning (ELT) process. This study applied qualitative method and records the process of teaching English and interviews the instructors and students as a technique of this research to find the importance of code switching. The data were transcribed and analyzed use the concepts of Wardhaugh and Suwito about types of code switching and functions of code switching use the concept of Margana. The result shows that that there are 4 types of code switching used by instructors in English teaching and learning process. They are extern, intern, metaphorical and situational code switching.

CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING ANALYSIS IN INDONESIAN SONGS LYRICS BY UN1TY

This research analyzed the language codes used in the song lyrics of an Indonesian group called Un1ty. The purposes of this research were to identify the types of code-switching and code-mixing and the reasons for using the codes in the lyrics of the songs. This research used descriptive qualitative method and the data were analyzed using the theory of Hoffman (1991) to investigate the types of code switching and code mixing and to find the reasons of using the codes in the song lyrics. The results of this research indicated that there were 31 data points. For the type of code-switching, the researchers found that there were 21 data, namely 5 types of intra-sentential switching, 15 inter-sentential switching, and 1 tag switching. Meanwhile, there were 9 data for code-mixing, 8 for intra-sentential mixing and 1 for change pronunciations. Furthermore, for the reasons, there are 13 being empathic about something (express solidarity), 4 talking about particular topic, 1 expressing group identity, 8 intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutors, 1 repetition used for clarification and 3 interjection (insert sentence fillers or sentence connectors).

CODE SWITCHING USED BY INTERNATIONAL TOURIST TO LOCAL PEOPLE IN SORAKE BEACH

Code switching as one of the language events that often occurs in social interactions between speakers and interlocutors due to the ability of language users as bilinguals or multilingual. This research aimed to describe and to explain the types and the reasons of code switching occurrence between local people in Botohili Sorake Village and international tourists in Sorake Beach. The participants of this research were the international tourists (foreign tourist) in Sorake Beach. This research was conducted by utilized qualitative method with descriptive approach. The instruments applied in collecting data were the observation and interview. The data acquired were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman’s mode: 1) data condensation, 2) data displayed, and 3) conclusion drawing/verification. The results of this study indicate that the types of code switching used by international tourists (foreign tourist) in their interaction to local people in Sorake Beach, Botohili Sorake Village, Luahagundre District were: a) Inter-sentential Code Switching, b) Intra-sentential Code Switching. Thus, based on the results found, it can be concluded that the code switching in an interaction is very helpful for language users, both speakers and interlocutors in understanding and conveying messages or information. This study also reveals several reasons for the use of code switching in an interaction, none other than to avoid misunderstanding the meaning of language between the speakers and interlocutors and as an advantage, especially for bilingual. Briefly, it can be stated that code switching has an important role in a communication. However, although the presence and role of code switching is quite important in language, the researcher also suggests to language users to increase the ability to use language as communication tool, both in their own language and in other language.

Code Switching Used by Certified and Non-Certified English Teachers

This research conducted to analyzed the code switching used by certified and non-certified teachers. The researcher applied the qualitative method. The subject of this research was certified and non-certified English teachers at Senior High School 1, 7, and 13 Bone consisted in 2 teachers that were certified and 2 teachers that were non-certified. The data were collected through audio recording, observation checklist, and interviews to find out type of code switching used by teachers, factor of code switching used by teachers, and certified and non-certified English teacher perception of code switching used. The result of this research that there were five types of code switching used by certified teacher in the classroom. They were inter-sentential, intra-sentential, metaphorical, emblematic and establishing continuity switching. Non-certified teachers also used also five types of code switching, they are inter-sentential, intra-sentential, metaphorical, tag and establishing continuity switching. The used of code switching of the teachers dominated by intra-sentential and inter-sentential switching both for certified and non-certified teachers where the usage frequency was over in certified teachers. The occurrence of code switching appears more in certified teachers. The factors of code switching used were intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, repetition used for clarification, translate the unknown vocabulary and talking about particular topic. Certified English teachers perceive that the used of code switching is not directly affected by certification. However, the teacher consciously admits that it affects the teacher's performance when managing the class and in their professional appearance at school. On the other hand non-certified teacher used code switching influenced by their experiences to provide an even understanding for students and main the class situation.

Code Switching in English Teaching Learning Processes of English as a Foreign Language

This research was done because code-switching was a phenomenon that exists in teaching-learning English as a foreign language, where the teachers used more than one language to communicate including in the teaching-learning processes of English as the foreign language at SMAN 2 Bukittinggi. The design of this research was descriptive qualitative research. The instruments of this research were interview for analyzing the functions of teacher’s code-switching and the observation for analyzing the types and the frequencies of teacher’s code-switching. The population of the research was all the English teaches. The sample was one of the English teacher eleventh’s grade at SMAN 2 Bukittinggi taken by randomly technique where the teacher was no-native of English speaker. The result of the research showed that in the three types of teacher’scode-switching they were 139 times inter sentential switching, 256 times intra sentential switching, 79 times tag switching. Besides, in the functions of code-switching were in 115 times of total frequencies by different modified of the functions were in classroom management (24,35%), inserting humor (2,60%), clarification of information (47,83%), increasing students’ comprehension (18,26%), and interpreting the lesson (6,96%). Then, distributions of teachers’ languages were 474 times or frequencies, the languages distribution were Pure English (44, 30%), Indonesian (29, 96%), and local language (25, 74%). Thus, this research found about three factors of teacher’s code switching that were the types of codeswitching, the functions of code switching, and the frequencies of teacher’s code-switching.

The used code mixing and code switching by students in classroom interaction

Despite several researches have been conducted to investigate the issue of code-switching and code mixing, the findings of this research are significant as they can assist both students and teachers to consider the use of code-switching and code mixing in classroom interaction, specifically in Indonesia. The aim of this research 1) to classify the type of code mixing and code switching that used by student in classroom interaction, 2) to interpret the function of code mixing and code switching that used by student in classroom interaction. This research employed descriptive qualitative method. Data collection instruments were the observation and interview. The data of type of code mixing were analyzed based on Hoffman’s theory, namely intra-sentential code mixing, intralexical code mixing and involving a change of pronunciation. The data of type of code switching were analyzed based on Poplack’s theory, namely inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching and tag switching. The most common used is inter-sentential switching and intra sential switching. The functions of code mixing and code switching were analyzed by Marsigan’s theory, namely, quotation, addressee specification, repetition, interjection, message qualification, personalization and objectivization, and facility of expression. The most usually function is facility of expression.

CODE-SWITCHING IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM

Code-switching is one of sociolinguitics phenomenon when a a speaker of bilingual or multilingual switch from a language to another one. The research aims to figure out types of teacher’ code-switching in the teaching and learning process in English class. The study applied a case study of qualitative descriptive research. The participant of the research was an English teacher at a state Islamic school in Sumedang. Observation and interview were used to collect the research data, and the data were analyzed based on code-switching theory proposed by Poplack (1980). The study revealed that (1) teacher applied three types of code switching, namely: intrasentential code switching, inter-sentential code switching, and tag switching; (2) the most frequently used types of code switching used was intrasentential code switching followed by inter sentential code switching and tag switching. Code switching is used by the teacher to reduce either students' misunderstanding of the lesson or their difficulty understanding the English lesson offered by the English teachers in the classroom

Code Switching Used by Judges and Models in Indonesia's Next Top Model in NET TV

This study aimed to analyze the types, social function, and the construction of speaker’s identity in code switching. This research used mixed (qualitative and quantitative) method by transcribing and analysing the videos to find out the types, social functions, and identity in code switching. The data were utterances uttered by participants in Indonesia’s Next Top Model cycle 2. The result of the study showed there were three types of code switching, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag switching. The most dominant type was intra-sentential switching with 192 utterances, 41 utterances are inter-sentential switching, and 19 utterances for tag switching. Then five function of code switching found in this research, referential function with 3 utterances, directive function with 15 utterances, expressive function with 37 utterances, phatic function with 13 utterances, and metalinguistic function which most dominant function used by the speaker with 184 utterances. The construction of identity were divided into four categories, classification with 4 occurrences, relational identification with 15 occurrences, physical identification with 8 occurrences, and functionalization with 34 occurrences.

Code-Switching Used by Multilingual Person (Jerome Polin) in Nihonggo Mantappu Youtube Video

Language contact is the phenomenon of using two or more languages at the same time and place. The purpose of using two or more languages in communication is to build good communication based on social factors. Language contact caused various linguistic phenomena, such as bilingualism, multilingualism, diglossia, code-switching, code-mixing, and language shift. This research is about code-switching. This research aims to identify the types, reasons, and errors made by Jerome Polin when he did code-switching. The theories used in this research are by Bloom and Gumperz (1972) about types of code-switching, Hoffman (1991) about reasons why people did code-switching, and surface strategy taxonomy by Dulay et al (1982) about types of error. This research was descriptive research with a qualitative approach to solving research problems. The data was taken from the Nihonggo Mantappu youtube video, and in the form of utterances. The results of this research show there are five types of code-switching used by Jerome Polin caused by various reasons. In addition, it was also found that there were errors made even though he had mastered a language.

What Sentence Repetition Tasks Can Reveal about the Processing Effort Associated with Different Types of Code-Switching

In this study, we explored the linguistic consolidation processes associated with bilingual processing using an experimental paradigm novel in bilingualism research, i.e., sentence repetition. We tested 46 L1-German L2-English bilinguals immersed in the L2 context. Firstly, we compared participants’ sentence repetition accuracy in single-language sentences and in sentences involving code-switches. Secondly, we investigated the processing cost associated with different types of code-switching, i.e., alternation, insertion, and dense code-switching. Finally, we assessed the following potential predictors of repetition accuracy: regular usage of different code-switching types, executive functions (working memory and inhibitory control), as well as relevant bilingualism variables (proficiency, dominance, and immersion). Our first finding was that bilinguals displayed reduced repetition accuracy in sentences involving code-switches compared to single-language sentences, but only when the single-language sentences were in the participants’ L1. This suggests that any processing costs associated with code-switching are modulated by bilinguals’ language background. Moreover, bilinguals’ poor performance in L2 compared to L1 single-language sentences, despite reporting high levels of L2 exposure frequency, highlights the importance of age of acquisition and dominance profiles for language processing. In terms of code-switching, our results revealed that bilinguals’ repetition accuracy differed across different types of code-switching. The processing effort associated with different types of code-switching in the sentence repetition task was primarily driven by the structural depth and the degree of mixing of the involved code-switch, i.e., dense forms of code-switching involving high levels of linguistic co-activation were harder to repeat than alternations involving unintegrated language switching. This effect partially converged with bilinguals’ sociolinguistic practices because bilinguals also reported lower exposure frequency to dense code-switching, but no direct correlations were observed at the level of individual differences. In terms of general cognitive functions, repetition accuracy was modulated by working memory but not by inhibitory control. By investigating this issue, we hope to contribute to our understanding of language processing in the face of cross-linguistic consolidation processes.