Functions Of Code-switching Research Articles

Forms and Functions of Written Codeswitching among College Students on Facebook: Implications on English Language Teaching

Forms and Functions of Written Codeswitching among College Students on Facebook: Implications on English Language Teaching

A Case Study of Malaysian Radio Announcers’ Code-Switching

This study explores the code-switching patterns among Malaysian radio announcers, particularly the respective types and functions, focusing on bilingual radio announcers from Malaysia radio stations. Despite the frequency of code-switching studies in Malaysia, limited studies have focused on the use of code-switching in the context of broadcast media. The study draws on qualitative approach with a case study design to explore the code-switching patterns among Malaysian radio announcers. Data were collected from the respective online radio platforms, Hitz FM and Mix FM, where the instances of code-switching were transcribed. Utilising the typology of code-switching by Poplack (1980), the research identifies tag switching as the most prevalent form of code-switching, followed by intra-sentential switching with a preference for Malay nouns. By incorporating the theory of conversational functions of code-switching by Gumperz (1977), it was revealed that Malaysian radio announcers mainly use code-switching for interjections, followed by qualifying messages, reiteration, and quotation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that emphasising the role of code-switching as a communication strategy is important for catering to a diverse audience.

Linguistic Alternation in Libyan Arabic: A Sociolinguistic Examination of Code-switching

This study investigates the prevalence and functions of code-switching (CS) among non-Arabic-speaking educators at the University of Benghazi, with particular emphasis on how CS impacts identity formation and fosters a sense of belonging within the community. A sociolinguistic approach was adopted in the study, utilizing qualitative semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected sample to elicit in-depth insights into the types and functions of CS. Findings reveal that tag-switching is significantly more prevalent than inter-sentential code-switching, which improves social cohesiveness and interaction in bilingual settings. Participants strategically employed code-switching to create an inclusive learning environment, aligning with existing literature on the role of language choice in fostering student engagement. Furthermore, CS facilitates pragmatic functions, such as reducing tension and clarifying requests, while bridging language barriers with individuals of varying English proficiency. This article simply highlights CS as a significant social strategy that improves the educational process and fortifies cultural identification, suggesting its potential to be promoted inclusively in bilingual settings. The long-term impacts of code-switching on social integration and academic performance should be investigated in future research.

The supportive nature of Classroom Codeswitching functions in a Mexican EFL higher education language center: Does Codeswitching remain inadequately misunderstood?

Classroom codeswitching continues to be a debatable topic in current education practice as some teachers believe that the alternate codes of two languages in the classroom can conflictive as others view it as positive. Currently, in multilingual societies of the 21st century, codeswitching (CS) is an everyday occurrence where both teachers and learners’ resort to their L1 in order to achieve a specific communicative purpose. From an interactional point of view, this case study deriving from my PhD work, examines how EFL university students are using CS functions for diverse classroom purposes such as equivalence, reiteration, and socializing in a predominantly “only in English” context. Specifically, observation sessions were carried out as these depictions demonstrated what was taking place in the classroom. Field notes are used to triangulate data; therefore, a more in-depth and solid analysis is brought forth as to how these resources are used. Consequently, classroom data was analyzed using an applied CA approach as it yields an explanation of the practices at hand that enable the participants of a conversation to negotiate meaning. Findings support Macaro´s (2014) argument that for CS discourse to be authenticated, it has to be accepted by both parties (teachers and students) in the classroom context. Meaning that CS is utilized for the purpose of learning as well as communication if and only if the participants in the discourse agree that the interaction involving CS is appropriate for the purpose it was intended. This classroom data evidences whether the L1 should be present is a matter, which needs reasoned discussion among policy makers and specifically educators to fully understand the supportive nature of CS in the language classroom. Key words: Code-switching, only in English, code- switching functions, Conversation Analysis Approach, English as a foreign language

CODE-SWITCHING BETWEEN INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH ON A TELEVISION TALK SHOW

This study looked into Sarah Sechan's use of Indonesian-English code-switching on the private-run Net TV talk show host. The study looked at the different kinds of code-switching, its purposes, and the social encouragement provided by code-switching that took place during the conversation. After obtaining the data from the downloaded videos, the theories of Poplack (1980), Gumperz (1982), and Myers-Scotton (1998) were used to analyze the data. The discoveries uncovered that the three sorts of code-switching, the intra-sentential code-switching, the between sentential code-switching and the extra-sentential code-switching existed. The intra-sentential code-switching, which is thought to be the more complex of the three, was used the most frequently in verbal communication. Quote marking, addressee specification, interjections, reiteration, message qualification, personalization versus objectivization, topic switch, affective function, expressive, phatic, metalinguist, and directive were also identified as twelve functions of code-switching. Predominant was the reiteration function. In the meantime, the social triggers of code-switching were identified as the sequence unmarked choice maxim and the deference choice maxim.

Investigating the Functions of Code-Switching among EFL Lecturers and Undergraduate Students in Saudi Arabia

Many researchers have noticed that instructors who teach English as a foreign language (EFL) in language-learning institutions worldwide frequently implement code-switching (CS). Through this study, we investigate the functions of CS, specifically topic-switching, affective, and repetitive functions, as a pedagogical tool in an English for Specific Purposes classroom. The study is based on the perceptions of lecturers and students from two higher education institutions, Digital Colleges and Yanbu Industrial College, in Saudi Arabia. A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected through a questionnaire. The study incorporated a sample of 24 female EFL lecturers and 193 Saudi female students. The results indicate that both groups acknowledge using CS for topic shifting, with students displaying slightly higher acceptance. Additionally, both lecturers and students recognize the affective aspects of code-switching, with the students exhibiting greater agreement. Furthermore, lecturers and students agree regarding clearly identifying all repetitive functions. The study highlights the potential of CS functions as an educational tool to enhance interaction between EFL lecturers and students, encouraging engagement, cooperation, and academic achievements. It also underscores the significance of determining appropriate functions for various circumstances and shows that although acceptance may differ, there is general agreement on the various purposes for which CS is utilized in the EFL context.

Code-Switching in “Kongsi Raya”: Unveiling Communication Patterns in Cinema

Code-switching, a prevalent phenomenon in societies, especially among multilingual individuals, involves effortlessly transitioning between languages. Some scholars argue that code-switching signals a lack of language proficiency, while others believe it is an additional tool for achieving specific interactive goals when conversing with others. This behavior is not limited to real-life interactions but also appears in various creative mediums such as talk shows, music, films, and other artistic expressions. The primary objective of this research was to identify and analyze instances of code-switching in the film "Kongsi Raya." Using a qualitative descriptive methodology, the study collected and thoroughly examined selected scenes and dialogues from the movie, applying Malik's (1994) code-switching functions framework. The findings showed that code-switching was used either unconsciously or deliberately as an essential communication strategy to effectively convey the speakers' intended meaning, including emotions or simply providing information. This behavior reflects real-life communication scenarios in a culturally diverse country like Malaysia.

Code Switching and Code Mixing in Modern Public Communication (Indonesian Sociolinguistic Analysis)

This study seeks to examine how language is used in the social interactions of contemporary Indonesian society. The language use in question is an example of how modern culture in Indonesia interacts through code switching and code mixing. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, this type of research was conducted. The information referred to in this study is communication between contemporary Indonesians that demonstrates code switching and code mixing in modern culture. The speech in question takes the shape of a dialogue and includes words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that operate both as code switches and code mixers as well as having parts of both. Sources of data in this study came from the internet, namely previous research data, outstanding issues, and social media. Data analysis techniques were carried out with all utterances that show the occurrence of code- switching and code-mixing in the interactions of modern society in Indonesia. Furthermore, the classification and categories of the entire data are carried out. The data were analyzed by selecting and sorting out the forms and functions of code switching and code mixing in the interactions of modern society in Indonesia. After being analyzed and classified, the data is described and translated to find out the nature and applications of code switching and interference in contemporary Indonesian social interactions.

The main pragmatic functions of code-switching in the English novel “Jeeves in the offing” by P. G. Wodehouse

The main pragmatic functions of code-switching in the English novel “Jeeves in the offing” by P. G. Wodehouse

Code-Switching in Bashkir Takhmaks-Chastushkas (Pragmatic Aspects)

This paper presents a pragma-linguistic analysis of language switches observed in samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas, a genre of Bashkir folk songs with a wide thematic range performed in a recitative and melodicrecitative style. The material for analysis comes from expedition records of the authors, samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas included in a separate volume of the multi-volume systematic scientific publication “Bashkir Folk Creativity”. It is demonstrated that a large number of bilingual Takhmaks function in Bashkir song folklore, their emergence influenced by centuries-old language contacts and the prolonged cohabitation of representatives of the Bashkir and Russian peoples on the same territory. Key pragmatic functions of code-switching (humorous, rhyme-forming, and referential) are identified, which can be combined within one realization of codeswitching. Despite differences between the two language systems, the composer of Takhmaks achieves semantic, compositional, and structural integrity of the text by mixing lexemes from the Bashkir and Russian languages. It is emphasized that code-switching is done to create a humorous effect, attract the audience’s attention, maintain rhyme and rhythm of the Takhmak, and compensate for speech gaps. If foreign material is replaced with native language content and brought into line with the norms of the native language, Takhmaks lose their humorous nuance.

Code Switching and Code Mixing in the “Induk Gajah” Movie: Sociolinguistic Study

This research is entitled "Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Induk Gajah Movie - Sociolinguistic Study." This research aims to describe the forms of code switching and code mixing, the factors causing code switching and code mixing as well as the function of code switching and code mixing contained in the film Parent Gajah. The theory used in this research is the sociolinguistic theory put forward by Soewito, using qualitative descriptive methods and using listening and note-taking techniques. The research results show that there are two forms of code switching, namely internal code switching and external code switching. The forms of code mixing are divided into code mixing in the form of words, code mixing in the form of baster, code mixing in the form of phrases, code mixing in the form of clauses and code mixing in the form of reduplication/repetition. The function of code switching and code mixing is to emphasize or convince something, to familiarize/relax the conversation, to evoke a sense of humor. Keywords: Code switching, code mixing, language

The Treatment of Unflagged New Testament Code Switching in English Bible Translations

The New Testament contains over 3,000 non-Greek words. Many of these are simply cases of loanwords, seen especially in the case of proper nouns and toponyms. However, others retain their foreign value in the text, illustrated especially by the addition of an in-text translation or explanation. These examples of flagged code switching point to further examples of unflagged code switching. After dealing with the function of code switching in the New Testament, this article analyzes the treatment of nine examples of unflagged code switching in forty-four passages. The results point to a clear distinction in the translational practice between traditional and modern Bible versions.

Code-Switching in Multilingual Societies

Purpose: The general aim of this study was to look into code- switching in multilingual societies.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to code switching in multilingual societies. The study provided valuable insights into the complex dynamics of language use within diverse linguistic environments. Through an exploration of code-switching behavior across various contexts, the study revealed how code-switching served as a versatile linguistic strategy, accommodating different communicative needs and reflecting speakers' social identities and cultural affiliations. The findings emphasized the sociocultural and pragmatic functions of code-switching, highlighting its role in effective communication and social cohesion within multilingual communities. Furthermore, the study underscored the importance of recognizing and valuing linguistic diversity, advocating for inclusive language policies and culturally responsive practices to celebrate and support multilingualism.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Sociolinguistic theory, Language Contact theory and the Identity theory may be used to anchor future studies on code switching in multilingual societies. The study provided a comprehensive set of recommendations that contributed to both theoretical understanding and practical applications in language policy and practice. The study suggested further research into the sociolinguistic motivations behind code-switching behavior, emphasizing a comparative approach to enrich existing theories. It recommended integrating code-switching into language teaching pedagogies and curricula, fostering linguistic awareness and proficiency. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of developing culturally responsive policies and fostering partnerships between stakeholders to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Professional development for language professionals and public awareness campaigns were also recommended to promote positive attitudes towards multilingualism and linguistic diversity. Overall, the recommendations aimed to create more inclusive, equitable, and linguistically diverse societies where all individuals could thrive.

The Metalinguistic Dimension of Literary Multilingualism: Linguistic Biographies in Italian Fiction

ABSTRACT In this article, I argue that a thorough analysis of literary multilingualism and code-switching needs to take their metalinguistic dimension into account. Many scholars have noticed multilingual authors’ tendency to frame code-switches with metalinguistic comments, but they are sometimes treated marginally, or as just one of the many functions of code-switching. My article argues that metalanguage is, in fact, a fundamental characteristic of literary multilingualism, and key to its interpretation. This is particularly evident when we look at how the contemporary Italian writers Laura Pariani, Silvana Grasso and Elena Ferrante construct their characters through linguistic biographies, and how they describe dialect use, bilingualism, language loss and shift and other collective and individual sociolinguistic processes. I also show that metalanguage needs to be analysed together with other tools used by authors to flag multilingualism: namely intratextual translations and peritextual elements (such as glossaries or notes), but also visual cues, such as italics.

Code Switching in English Teacher Instruction: A study of the Teacher Language in English Classroom and Its Implications for Indonesian Students Language Education

Teaching English in Indonesia is not the same as teaching English in a country where English is the native language. The teacher should make sure the students understand the explanation or instruction from the teacher. In the foreign language classroom, code switching is naturally occurring to make the teaching learning process run smoothly. Therefore, this study aimed to explain the function of code switching, students perceptions of the teacher’s code switching, and the effect of teacher’s code switching practices on students’ understanding in the teaching learning process. It was conducted at SMAN 9 Palu by using descriptive qualitative as the method. The researcher used observation, questionnaire and interview to get the data. The results of the study showed that first, there were three functions of code switching used by the teacher proposed by Sert (2005), those are topic switch, affective function, and repetitive function. Second, most of the students had positive perceptions about students' understanding and students' feelings during learning with code switching used by the teacher. Third, code switching used by the teacher in teaching learning English process provides a positive effect in providing a positive learning environment, and facilitating students with low level of second language proficiency
 .
 Keywords: Code switching, English classroom, teacher instruction

Perceptions of Code Switching in a Multilingual Language Classroom in Morocco

In this work students’ perceptions for code switching during group work in a multilingual classroom in Morocco are analyzed. This study is inspired by real time classroom experience. It reports on qualitative and quantitative data collected through an online survey, involving 50 participants. 80% of the respondents are multilingual in English, Arabic, Darija, and French, while 20% are monolingual in English. Casual observation of group discussions revealed that code switching occurred often during group discussion. This study confirms that 70% of students in this study switch codes during group discussions. Among students who do not understand the lingua franca, 79% feel left out and unheard during group discussions, when code switching occurs. Respondents mention the functions of code switching, which are; to fill in communication gaps that result from deficiency in English and to mitigate difficulties of explaining unfamiliar content, concepts, and ideas. Finally, this study finds that technology helps to close communication gaps in multilingual group tasks. The most frequently used technology tools in this study are Power Point, at 47%, and Word at 23%. Language translation tools are also mentioned as important.

English-Indonesian and Indonesian-English Code Switching Used by the Teachers in Teaching-Learning English at the 11th Grade of SMAN 2 Mataram in the Academic Year of 2022/2023

Language is the most important component of the lives of all individual’s life. People will be able to communicate with one another more conveniently and effectively if they use language. People speak a variety of languages for a variety of reasons. It could be anywhere, including home, work, school, or campus. In a communication process, people may switch language codes, such as the English language, to the Indonesian language or vice versa. This research aimed to identify and describe the types and functions of English-Indonesian and Indonesian-English code switching used by the teachers in teaching-learning English at the 11th Grade of SMAN 2 Mataram. This research concentrates on two English teachers who currently teach students in the 11th grade who are majoring in science during the academic year 2022/2023. This study employed a descriptive qualitative methodology, and observation was the primary data collection method. A pre-observation class will be held as the first step in this research project to choose the topic. From the results, during classrooms, the first English teacher’s utterances caused sixty-seven codes switching and the second English teacher’s utterances caused forty-six codes switching. While for the functions, both English teachers only used five out of six functions of code switching. The research results show that the type of code switching mainly used by the English teachers is inter-sentential code switching and the function used mainly by English teachers is managing class.

Codeswitching from Indonesian to English Encountered in the Three Naila Farhana's YouTube Videos

This study aims at describing the types and functions of codeswitching encountered in Naila Fahana’s YouTube videos. The data were collected from Naila Farhana YouTube channel with three selected videos entitled Mau Tips Lancar Belajar Bahasa Inggris, Pelajari 5 Kunci Sukses (Be Fluent in English, learn 5 successful keys), Cara Bahasa Inggris Tanpa Ngeblank (Learn English without Going Blank), American Accent_ Cara Belajar Aksen Amerika (American Accent_ How to Learn American Accent). This research was a descriptive study in which the writer described types of codeswitching using a theory of Peter Stockwell and functions of codeswitching using a theory of Marasigan. In collecting the data, this study utilized human instrument in which the researcher as the main source. Then, the data were sorted out of the corpora from video transcriptions with 4,622 words in total. The findings of this study showed that the dominant type of codeswithing is intrasentential switching (IaSCS) with 102 data out of 123 data and the dominant function of codeswitching is message of qualification (MQ) with 50 data out of 123 data. This research covered three types and seven functions of codeswitching as a discussion for further linguistic study on codeswitching.

A Case Study on the Use of Humorous Code-Switching in Harith Iskander’ Stand-Up Comedy Shows

Code-switching is a phenomenon where bilingual and multilingual speakers use two or more languages. Code-switching is a common situation in Malaysia due to the diversified cultural communities. However, little that we know how code-switching influences stand-up comedy shows. Hence, this paper explores the use of code-switching in stand-up comedy shows. Specifically, this paper explores the humorous code-switching that a comedian uses, the different linguistic types of code-switching used, and the conversational functions of code-switching. Data from this case study was collected by observing the stand-up comedy show from YouTube videos by one of the best Malaysian comedians, Harith Iskander. A total of ten YouTube videos were chosen where Harith used humorous code-switching to make the audience laugh. The data were analysed according to the objectives of this study The analysis revealed three types of humour that aligned with superiority theory: self-deprecating humour, disparaging others, and sarcasm. We found that ad-lib humour and funny comments aligned with the theory of incongruity. The analysis also revealed one humour that aligns with the relief theory. This study used Poplack’s (2008) three types of code-switching, namely tag-switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching. Based on Gumperz's (1982), six conversational functions, four of which have been identified in Harith Iskander's stand-up comedy shows: quotation, reiteration, message qualification, and personification versus objectification. This also suggests that humorous code-switching is invaluable for stand-up comedians and the audience, particularly those who are bilingual or multilingual.

Functions of Code-switching in the Egyptian EFL Settings

The main objective of this paper is to explore the alternation between languages, or what is recognized as the code-switching (CS) phenomenon among English language instructors in Egyptian universities. This is conducted by investigating the various purposes that might urge university instructors to code-switch between English and Arabic in their class interactions. This study, therefore, probes the extent to which code-switching is dexterously used in classroom discourse to communicate particular conversational and educational purposes pertinent to the teaching and learning process. Data are taken from 10 classes taught by five university teachers (two classes each) at the English Department, Cairo University. Data are collected through audio recordings of teachers' interactions in the class, and extracts from the participants' speeches are transliterated and analyzed. There are two overarching research questions in this study: first, do Egyptian university teachers of English code-switch? Second, what are the functions of teachers’ code-switching in classroom interaction? Findings indicate that there are instances of code-switching in the discourse of all five participants at varying levels. Findings also reveal a variety of conversational and educational purposes triggering code-switching by the participants. Despite the fact that the findings revealed in this paper are solely thought to be relevant to CS among English language instructors in Egyptian universities, they can be further applied to other classroom discourses and in other EFL settings.