Coding Scheme Research Articles

Coding scheme of the interviews

Coding scheme of the interviews

Low-Complexity Alternatives to the Optimal Linear Coding Scheme for Transmitting ARMA Sources.

In the era of the Internet of Things, there are many applications where numerous devices are deployed to acquire information and send it to analyse the data and make informed decisions. In these applications, the power consumption and price of the devices are often an issue. In this work, analog coding schemes are considered, so that an ADC is not needed, allowing the size and power consumption of the devices to be reduced. In addition, linear and DFT-based transmission schemes are proposed, so that the complexity of the operations involved is lowered, thus reducing the requirements in terms of processing capacity and the price of the hardware. The proposed schemes are proved to be asymptotically optimal among the linear ones for WSS, MA, AR and ARMA sources.

Developing a Coding Scheme for Exploring Preservice Science Teachers’ Metacognition in a Method Course

Promoting metacognition in preservice science teachers (PSTs) is necessary for effective science teaching. However, metacognition is an abstract attribute that requires in-depth investigations with qualitative methods. This study aimed to express the process utilized to develop a coding scheme of PSTs’ metacognition (CSPM). Methods: This study started with a review of the metacognition conceptual framework. Next, the researchers collected data about PSTs’ metacognition from a metacognitive self-report (MS) and a metacognition interview protocol (MIP). The participants were 22 third-year PSTs who studied at one public university. All data were analyzed for codes by using content analysis. Results: The CSPM consisted of 177 codes that can be divided into two main components and six subcomponents. The validity of the CSPM was checked by a panel of experts through the item–objective congruence index (IOC) into two different levels: an IOC between codes and components of metacognition, and an IOC between codes and levels of metacognition. The IOCs of the CSPM in the two levels were acceptable. In conclusion, the CPSM was a qualified coding scheme for qualitatively analyzing metacognition in PSTs as well as other types of participants. This study also pointed out an urgent need to develop metacognition in PSTs.

Student characteristics associated with interpersonal skills in medical consultations

BackgroundThe quality of medical care depends on effective physician–patient communication. Interpersonal skills can be improved through teaching, but the determinants are poorly understood. We therefore assessed the factors associated with the interpersonal skills of medical students during simulated medical consultations.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of fourth-year medical students participating in simulated consultations with standardized patients. Each video-recorded medical consultation was independently assessed by two raters, using a cross-cultural adaptation of the Four Habits Coding Scheme (4-HCS) into French. We then collected information on demographics and education-related characteristics. The relationship between the overall 4-HCS score and student characteristics was modeled using univariable and multivariable linear regression.ResultsOur analytical sample included 165 medical students for analysis. The factors significantly associated with 4-HCS score were gender (β = − 4.8, p = 0.011) and completion of an international clinical placement (β = 6.2, p = 0.002) or a research laboratory clerkship (β = 6.5, p = 0.005). Education-related characteristics, multiple-choice examinations in the first to third preclinical years, and number of medicine or surgery clerkships were not significantly associated with 4-HCS score.ConclusionsUndergraduate students with higher level of interpersonal skills during video-recorded medical consultations with standardized patients are more likely to be female, to have completed international clinical placement as part of the ERASMUS exchange program or research laboratory clerkship.

LTE Modulation and Coding Schemes for 6G Networks

Background: Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) mobile communication technology developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In comparison to previous generations of cellular systems, LTE incorporates several innovative technologies. These innovative technologies are used to increase spectrum efficiency and data speeds, as envisioned by designers Methods: This study provides a comprehensive investigation of orthogonal frequency division multiple access and Single carrier frequency division multiple access transmission model and investigate physical layer performance of LTE system using MATLAB – Simulink Environment. Results: By providing spectrum flexibility, the SC-FDMA-OFDMA 16 QAM with AWGN Channel Transmission model achieves a higher outcome and has a packet loss rate of 0%. The numerical evaluation is used to illustrate the trade-off between loss of capacity in the time and frequency domains. Conclusion: SC-FDMA has a lower multipath propagation rate and peak to average power ratio than OFDM; therefore, multipath must be eliminated to make it more efficient. The final section of this study contains a full description of the techniques required in simulating a simple communication model.

Improved Constructions of Coding Schemes for the Binary Deletion Channel and the Poisson Repeat Channel

This work gives an explicit construction of a family of error correcting codes for the binary deletion channel and for the Poisson repeat channel. In the binary deletion channel with parameter <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm {BDC}}_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) every bit is deleted independently with probability <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . A lower bound of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(1-p)/9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is known on the capacity of the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm {BDC}}_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , yet no explicit construction is known to achieve this rate. We give an explicit family of codes of rate <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(1-p)/16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , for every <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . This improves upon the work of Guruswami and Li (2018) that gave a construction of rate <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(1-p)/120$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The codes in our family have polynomial time encoding and decoding algorithms. Another channel considered in this work is the Poisson repeat channel with parameter <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> (PRC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) in which every bit is replaced with a discrete Poisson number of copies of that bit, where the number of copies has mean <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . We show that our construction works for this channel as well. As far as we know, this is the first explicit construction of an error correcting code for PRC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> .

Internationalization of Medical Education - Motivations and Formats of Current Practices.

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the importance for medical professionals to engage in work transcending national borders and to deeply understand perspectives of health in other countries. Internationalization of medical education can play a key role to that end, by preparing culturally competent and globally conscious medical healthcare professionals.The aim of this scoping review is to identify current practices and formats in internationalization in medical education, which to date has received sparse academic attention. The need for this review is heightened amid COVID-19 where a clearer understanding of current internationalization efforts can inform more effective practice. We also explore if the motivations driving internationalization activities in medicine align with current practice and formats based on a framework of thematic categories found in the field of international higher education. In addition, we identify gaps in existing research.MethodsUsing a scoping review, an international and interdisciplinary research team employed a comprehensive search strategy to identify publications on existing efforts in IoME, published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2020, in Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied to identify relevant data from publication titles, abstracts, and main texts, which were subsequently summarized. Coding schemes were developed based on models for comprehensive internationalization in higher education.Results350 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles originated from the high-income countries of the Global North and accounted for a literature base favoring perspectives and understandings that were typically representative of this region. Whereas motivations for internationalizing medical curricula in high-income countries were generally rooted in a model of social transformation/justice/health equity, drivers relating to competition and workforce preparation were common in the low- and middle-income countries.Importantly, the motivations driving internationalization activities generally did not align well with reported internationalization formats, which included student mobility, international curricula at home, and global partnerships. There was a disconnect between what medical curricula/professionals hope to accomplish and the reality of practice on the ground.Discussion and ConclusionThere is a need for a common definition of internationalization of medical education and a more balanced and unbiased literature base, capturing the full spectrum of internationalization activities existing in both the Global North and South. International partnership frameworks need to equally benefit institutions of both the Global North and Global South. Currently, institutions in the low- and middle-income countries generally cater to the needs and interests of their high-income counterparts. There are concerns about student mobility from high-income countries to low- and middle-income countries. Finally, medical education should be more inclusive and all medical students should gain access to international perspectives and experiences.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-022-01553-6.

Performance enhanced probabilistically shaped PAM4 signal based on nonlinear differential coding for IM/DD system

In this paper, the probabilistically shaped pulse amplitude modulation (PS-PAM) signal is proposed in intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) system. For the traditional shaping scheme with constant composition distribution matcher (CCDM), there are several problems that high-precision algorithm for long block coding, the loss of information rate for short block coding. In addition, it can increase nonlinear interference. In order to reduce computational complexity and alleviate the influence of nonlinear interference on the system, the nonlinear differential coding (NLDC) scheme is used to realize PS, which can be better integrated with the cost-effective optical access network. This paper evaluates seven shaping spectrums obtained by different NLDC coding coefficients. As the coding coefficient increases, the performance of the system gradually improves. Moreover, this paper proposed the machine learning includes neural network (NN) and improved K-means clustering algorithm at the receiver. The results show that the PS-PAM4 signal is significantly better than the ordinary PAM4 signal in improving the channel bandwidth tolerance and signal transmission rate. Under the same data rate, using NLDC can save 5.8 GHz bandwidth for the system. For the bandwidth-limited system, the PS-PAM4 signal can obtain 19Gbit/s bit rate gain compared with the ordinary PAM4 signal. Compared with the typical shaping scheme using CCDM, this scheme can achieve 2.2 GHz band tolerance gain and 5Gbit/s rate gain in nonlinear fiber channel.

Fidelity to Program Specification of the National Health Service Digital Diabetes Prevention Program Behavior Change Technique Content and Underpinning Theory: Document Analysis.

BackgroundThe National Health Service (NHS) Diabetes Prevention Program is a behavior change intervention for adults in England who are identified as being at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The face-to-face service was launched in 2016, followed by a digital service (NHS Digital Diabetes Prevention Program [NHS-DDPP]) in 2019. A total of 4 service providers were commissioned to deliver the NHS-DDPP and were required to deliver the digital service in line with a program specification detailing the key intervention content. The fidelity of the behavior change content in the digital service (ie, the extent to which the program is delivered as intended) is currently unknown. Digital interventions may allow higher fidelity as staff do not have to be trained to deliver all intervention content. Assessing fidelity of the intervention design is particularly important to establish the planned behavior change content in the NHS-DDPP and the extent to which this adheres to the program specification. This is the first known independent assessment of design fidelity in a large-scale digital behavior change intervention.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the fidelity of the behavior change content in each of the 4 NHS-DDPP providers’ intervention designs to the full program specification.MethodsWe conducted a document review of each provider’s NHS-DDPP intervention design, along with interviews with program developers employed by the 4 digital providers (n=6). Providers’ intervention design documents and interview transcripts were coded for behavior change techniques (BCTs; ie, the active ingredients of the intervention) using the Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy version 1 and underpinning theory using the Theory Coding Scheme framework. The BCTs identified in each digital provider’s intervention design were compared with the 19 BCTs included in the program specification.ResultsOf the 19 BCTs specified in the program specification, the 4 providers planned to deliver 16 (84%), 17 (89%), 16 (84%), and 16 (84%) BCTs, respectively. An additional 41 unspecified BCTs were included in at least one of the 4 digital providers’ intervention designs. By contrast, inconsistent use of the underpinning theory was apparent across providers, and none of the providers had produced a logic model to explain how their programs were expected to work. All providers linked some of their planned BCTs to theoretical constructs; however, justification for the inclusion of other BCTs was not described.ConclusionsThe fidelity of BCT content in the NHS-DDPP was higher than that previously documented for the face-to-face service. Thus, if service users engage with the NHS-DDPP, this should increase the effectiveness of the program. However, given that a clear theoretical underpinning supports the translation of BCTs in intervention designs to intervention delivery, the absence of a logic model describing the constructs to be targeted by specific BCTs is potentially problematic.

Modeling the Contribution of Aerosols to Fog Evolution through Their Influence on Solar Radiation

Aerosols and in particular their black carbon (BC) content influence the atmospheric heating rate and fog dissipation. Substantial improvements have been introduced to the solar scheme of the computational fluid dynamic model code_saturne to estimate fluxes and heating rates in the atmosphere. This solar scheme is applied to a well-documented case of a fog that evolves into a low stratus cloud. Different sensitivity tests are conducted. They show that aerosols have a major effect with an overestimation of the direct solar fluxes by 150 W m−2 when aerosols are not considered and a reduction of the heating of the layers. Aerosols lead to an increase of the heating rate by as much as 55% in the solar infrared (SIR) band and 100% in the Ultra-Violet visible (UV-vis) band. Taking into account the fraction of BC in cloud droplets also accentuates the heating in the layers at the top of the fog layer where water liquid content is maximum. When the BC fraction in cloud droplets is equal to 8.6 × 10−6, there is an increase of approximately 7.3 °C/day in the layers. Increasing the BC fraction leads to an increase of this heating in the layer, especially in the UV-vis band.

Metacognition and self-regulation in young children: does it matter if metacognitive experiences are communicated?

ABSTRACT This study investigated six-year-old children’s metacognitive and self-regulatory processes during task engagement and their relations to children’s online metacognitive experiences, particularly feelings of difficulty (FOD). Sixty first graders (57% boys; M age: 6.2 yr., SD = 3 months) were individually interviewed. They were engaged in an ecological and challenging graphic task. Based on C.Ind.Le Coding Scheme, the present study took into account indicators of metacognitive knowledge (i.e., knowledge of persons, tasks and strategies), metacognitive regulation (i.e., planning, monitoring, control and evaluation) and emotional and motivational regulation (i.e., emotional and motivational monitoring and control). Moreover, children’s spontaneous comments of FOD were coded. Results showed that the communication of the FOD were significantly associated with the deployment of metacognition and self-regulation, with the exception of planning. The communication of FOD during the task allowed children to mobilize resources and to achieve their goals. Indeed, children who displayed higher evidence of metacognition and self-regulation felt that the task would be difficult but that they would be able to solve it. We discuss the importance of promoting and hearing the children’s voices and judgments about their metacognitive experiences to solve the activities in educational contexts.

Weather-Conscious Adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme for Satellite-Related Ubiquitous Networking and Computing

As a crucial part of ubiquitous networking and computing (UNC) technologies, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications aim at providing internet connectivity services everywhere. To improve the spectrum efficiency of satellite-to-ground communications, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) are widely used, which can adjust the modulation and coding types according to the varying channel condition. However, satellite-to-ground communication channels have the characterizations such as fast dynamic change, fast switching, and significant fading. These characterizations make it challenging to predict the channel state information accurately and, thus, to perform accurate AMC. For example, rain loss is one of the crucial factors in satellite-to-ground channel fading. In general, it is difficult to build an integrated global model for rain loss because it varies in different regions around the world. Moreover, for the emerging applications of multiple antennas on satellites, the conventional look-up table method cannot cope with the high-dimensional inputs of the multiple antennas. To tackle the above challenges, we propose an AMC method based on deep learning (DL) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for ubiquitous satellite-to-ground networks. The proposed method directly processes real-time global weather and location information in the environment and intelligently selects encoding schemes to maximize system throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed method can increase the total throughput. The total number of correctly transmitted bits per unit time is improved, and the efficiency of the satellite-to-ground communication is enhanced.

Performance Analysis of User Speed Impact on IEEE 802.11ah Standard affected by Doppler Effect

Internet of Things (IOT) offers a new dimension of technology and information where connectivity is available anywhere, anytime, and for any purpose. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network group is a standard that developed to answer the needs of wireless communication technology (WI-Fi). Recently, IEEE 802.11 working group released the 802.11ah technology or Wi-Fi HaLow as a Wi-fi standard. This standard works on the 1 GHz frequency band with a broader coverage area, massive device and the energy efficiency issues. This research addresses, the influence of Doppler Effect using Random Waypoint mobility model on 802.11ah with different user speed are analyzed. The design of the simulation system is done by changing user speed and MCS. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the overall performance of the network with all of the parameter scenarios is decreasing along with the increasing user speed, RAW group, and bandwidth. In the user speed scenario, the MCS 5 with RAW group = 2 and bandwidth = 2 MHz in v = 10 km/h scenario has the worst performance with an average delay which is about 0.065463 s, throughput is about 0.328120 Mbps, and PDR is about 99.8901%. Keywords: Restricted Access Window (RAW), IEEE 802.11ah, Random Waypoint, Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), Network Simulator 3.

Intelligent Ultra-Light Deep Learning Model for Multi-Class Brain Tumor Detection

The diagnosis and surgical resection using Magnetic Resonance (MR) images in brain tumors is a challenging task to minimize the neurological defects after surgery owing to the non-linear nature of the size, shape, and textural variation. Radiologists, clinical experts, and brain surgeons examine brain MRI scans using the available methods, which are tedious, error-prone, time-consuming, and still exhibit positional accuracy up to 2–3 mm, which is very high in the case of brain cells. In this context, we propose an automated Ultra-Light Brain Tumor Detection (UL-BTD) system based on a novel Ultra-Light Deep Learning Architecture (UL-DLA) for deep features, integrated with highly distinctive textural features, extracted by Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). It forms a Hybrid Feature Space (HFS), which is used for tumor detection using Support Vector Machine (SVM), culminating in high prediction accuracy and optimum false negatives with limited network size to fit within the average GPU resources of a modern PC system. The objective of this study is to categorize multi-class publicly available MRI brain tumor datasets with a minimum time thus real-time tumor detection can be carried out without compromising accuracy. Our proposed framework includes a sensitivity analysis of image size, One-versus-All and One-versus-One coding schemes with stringent efforts to assess the complexity and reliability performance of the proposed system with K-fold cross-validation as a part of the evaluation protocol. The best generalization achieved using SVM has an average detection rate of 99.23% (99.18%, 98.86%, and 99.67%), and F-measure of 0.99 (0.99, 0.98, and 0.99) for (glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumors), respectively. Our results have been found to improve the state-of-the-art (97.30%) by 2%, indicating that the system exhibits capability for translation in modern hospitals during real-time surgical brain applications. The method needs 11.69 ms with an accuracy of 99.23% compared to 15 ms achieved by the state-of-the-art to earlier to detect tumors on a test image without any dedicated hardware providing a route for a desktop application in brain surgery.

COVID-19, "A Gift and a Curse" in Unsettling Times: A Qualitative Study.

The objectives of this study were to rapidly explore the perceptions of female-headed African American families on "stressors," "stress reactions," and "opportunities" amid the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown mandates. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 9 African American women in a rural Midwestern (US) community, who were single parents/grandparents and cared for at least one child/grandchild aged 5 to 17 years. A thematic analytical approach was used to review, code, and analyze phone interview transcripts. Coding schemes were developed through an interactive iterative process. Three main themes emerged-pandemic as a curse, de-stressors and coping mechanisms, and the pandemic as a gift. Most participants reported increased stress for themselves and their children and adopted several coping strategies. However, for most mothers, COVID-19 was paradoxical because it also provided opportunities for families to bond despite these stressors. Public health actions such as social and physical distancing infringe on personal freedoms and can have negative effects on the health of those affected. There is a need to proactively address important areas such as health education and economic and social support to mitigate common sociopsychological effects of a pandemic.

Development of a Novel Coding Scheme to Explore Interactions in the Co-Production of Public Services with Priority Populations

This study focuses on the development of a reliable coding scheme (CP-CODER) for studying interaction dynamics during the co-production of a public service involving priority communities. CP-CODER addresses the need to involve priority populations in the development of public services, an approach that has been recognized as difficult because of the high possibility of their experiencing negative health, social, and economic outcomes. The coding scheme was designed to capture group dynamics and forms of public engagement by adopting and integrating existing theoretical frameworks in the public service management and qualitative method literature. Coding was conducted on the transcripts of four co-production workshops, which included 26 family caregivers, three local health and social care service provider representatives, and five researchers involved in the co-production of new community-based services. One category was added to the two theoretical frameworks. The kappa ranged from 0.70–1.00 for the eight variables and the 26 individual items. The overall kappa was 0.91, while the overall percentage of agreement was 91.16%. The results of the pilot test showed the importance of integrating and managing three dimensions in co-producing with a priority population: the turn-taking, the content, and the level of abstraction of the discussion. The findings of this study have enhanced and supported both practitioners and researchers in co-producing services, ensuring the equal contribution of all participants, even those whose voices are rarely heard.

Constrained Coding and Deep Learning Aided Threshold Detection for Resistive Memories

Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) is a promising emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technology that shows high potential for both data storage and computing. However, its crossbar array architecture leads to the sneak path (SP) problem, which may severely degrade the data storage reliability of ReRAM. Due to the complicated nature of the SP-induced interference (SPI) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> , it is difficult to derive an accurate channel model for it. The deep learning (DL)-based detection scheme (Zhong <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">et al.</i> , 2020) can better mitigate the SPI, at the cost of additional power consumption and read latency. In this letter, we first propose a novel constrained coding (CC) scheme which can not only reduce the SPI, but also effectively differentiate the memory arrays into two categories of SPI-free and SPI-affected arrays. For the SPI-free arrays, we can use a simple middle-point threshold detector to detect the low and high resistance cells of ReRAM. For the SPI-affected arrays, a DL detector is first trained off-line. To avoid the additional power consumption and latency introduced by the DL detector, we further propose a DL-based threshold detector, whose detection threshold can be derived based on the outputs of the DL detector. It is then utilized for the online data detection of all the identified SPI-affected arrays. Simulation results demonstrate that the above CC and DL aided threshold detection scheme can effectively mitigate the SPI of the ReRAM array and achieve better error rate performance than the prior art detection schemes, without the prior knowledge of the channel.

Opportunistic Fountain Coding With Coordinative Routing

Fountain codes are widely employed to improve reliability and efficiency in wireless communication systems due to their simple coding mechanisms. In this letter, we propose an opportunistic decoding and recoding mechanism with coordinative routing algorithm for fountain codes to improve the expected transmission counts (ETX) performance and to reduce computational complexity of fountain decoding at each relay in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. The full recovery in existing cooperative fountain coded networks is replaced by a new partial decoding and recoding mechanism in which both the recovered and the unrecovered packets at the intermediate nodes are considered as recoding candidates. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing opportunistic routing-based fountain code schemes.

Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space-Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications.

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling a new paradigm for healthcare delivery. This paradigm is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT devices are typically connected via a wide range of wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks. The ZigBee protocol is considered to be an ideal protocol for IoMT communication due to its low cost, low power usage, easy implementation, and appropriate level of security. However, maintaining ZigBee’s high reliability is a major challenge due to multi-path fading and interference from coexisting wireless networks. This has increased the demand for more efficient channel coding schemes that can achieve a more reliable transmission of vital patient data for ZigBee-based IoMT communications. To meet this demand, a novel coding scheme called inter-multilevel super-orthogonal space–time coding (IM-SOSTC) can be implemented by combining the multilevel coding and set partitioning of super-orthogonal space–time block codes based on the coding gain distance (CGD) criterion. The proposed IM-SOSTC utilizes a technique that provides inter-level dependency between adjacent multilevel coded blocks to facilitate high spectral efficiency, which has been compromised previously by the high coding gain due to the multilevel outer code. In this paper, the performance of IM-SOSTC is compared to other related schemes via a computer simulation that utilizes the quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results show that IM-SOSTC outperforms other related coding schemes and is capable of providing the optimal trade-off between coding gain and spectral efficiency whilst guaranteeing full diversity and low complexity.

Coded-GFDM for Reliable Communication in Underwater Acoustic Channels.

The performance of the coded generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) transceiver has been evaluated in a shallow underwater acoustic channel (UAC). Acoustic transmission is the scheme of choice for communication in UAC since radio waves suffer from absorption and light waves scatter. Although orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has found its ground for multicarrier acoustic underwater communication, it suffers from high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and out of band (OOB) emissions. We propose a coded-GFDM based multicarrier system since GFDM has a higher spectral efficiency compared to a traditional OFDM system. In doing so, we assess two block codes, namely Bose, Chaudari, and Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, and several convolutional codes. We present the error performances of these codes when used with GFDM. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of the proposed system using two equalizers: Matched Filter (MF) and Zero-Forcing (ZF). Simulation results show that among the various block coding schemes that we tested, BCH (31,6) and RS (15,3) give the best error performance. Among the convolutional codes that we tested, rate 1/4 convolutional codes give the best performance. However, the performance of BCH and RS codes is much better than the convolutional codes. Moreover, the performance of the ZF equalizer is marginally better than the MF equalizer. In conclusion, using the channel coding schemes with GFDM improves error performance manifolds thereby increasing the reliability of the GFDM system despite slightly higher complexity.