Revision Of Code Research Articles

Reconstruction of law criminal development on victims of restoration as form of renewal Criminal law

The crime of rape carried out by people, experiencing a development in criminal law, the formulation of offenses in the Criminal Code makes the criminal act, does not give a sense of justice to victims where the threat of punishment is relatively small and there are multiple interpretations of legal norms, while victims suffer a psychological loss which makes the victim lose his identity. In addition, the scope of the multi-interpretive criminal reparations is due to the unclear norms which regulate, for example, the category of rape itself. This research is a normative legal research that examines relevant laws and regulations and conceptualizes the law as the norm. From the results of the study found the unclear norms stipulated in article 285 of the Criminal Code, which resulted in the application of law enforcement to victims resulting in legal uncertainty, an increasingly broad category of actions while the legal norms did not specify the actions of the rape, from the results of the research the revision of the Criminal Code as a form of renewal of criminal law specifically article 285..

Mechanical properties of YSt-310 cold-formed steel hollow sections at elevated temperatures

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of YSt-310 cold-formed steel hollow sections, which is one of the most widely used structural steel in India, under steady state elevated temperatures ranging from approximately ambient to 800 °C. Elevated temperature stress–strain curves and reduction factors of key material parameters such as Young's modulus; yield stress; stresses corresponding to 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.0% strains; tensile strength and corresponding strain (%); fracture strain (%) and Ramberg-Osgood parameter are reported. Further, the reduction factors obtained from the current experimental programme are compared with predictions based on current fire design standards as well as those reported in literatures for cold-formed steel at elevated temperature. Statistical analysis was carried out to check the reliability of the elevated temperature reduction factors and it was found that the existing design rules are inaccurate and not applicable to cold-formed hollow steels at elevated temperature. A new set of fire design reduction factors are then proposed for cold-formed steels hollow sections based on lower bound values, considering both the current and previously reported experimental data. The newly proposed reduction factors are shown to offer improved mean (conservative) and reliable predictions and therefore recommended for inclusion in future revisions of fire design codes.

Mechanical Strength of Galvanized Steel Wire Mesh (GSWM) as a Strengthening Material of Short RC Column

Columns of varying shapes have been adopted in construction of various Reinforced Concrete (RC) building. The revision of the design codes or change in usage, strengthening is required to enhance the performance of the column whilst extending its design life. In this paper, three grades of concrete, i.e. M15, M20 and M25 are adopted for casting five different column shapes ranging from circular, square, rectangular, L-Shape and polygon and tested under axial compression. All the columns were wrapped with two layers of locally available Galvanized Steel Wire Mesh (GSWM) jacketed with cement mortar. A total of 30 RC columns were casted in which half of them were treated as control specimens. The columns were design as per IS 456:2000. The test results of the experimental investigation shows that the load carrying capacity of the columns can be increase to a considerable extent by using GSWM. The load carrying capacity decreases as the column shape change from circular to polygon. This shows that the column shapes plays an important role in determining its structural behaviour. In addition to this, the confined column shows a higher deformation, displacement ductility, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation as compared to the control columns. This improvement in the column behaviour may be attributed to the effectiveness of the GSWM jacket as a strengthening material and significant for low grade concrete as compared to higher grade.

‘2017년 일본 민법 (채권법) 개정에서 약관(‘정형 약관’) 규제 규율’

‘2017년 일본 민법 (채권법) 개정에서 약관(‘정형 약관’) 규제 규율’

2018년 일본 민법 (상속법) 개정 개요와 향후 과제

2018년 일본 민법 (상속법) 개정 개요와 향후 과제

2018년 일본 민법 (상속법) 개정 개요와 향후 과제

This paper will review the outline of the Japanese Civil Code(Inheritance law) revision in 2018 and future challenges.BR First of all, the amendment law newly established the right of a short-term residence and that of the residence for a spouse for the residence protection of a surviving spouse. First, the spouse`s short-term residence is the right that the wife can use the building free of charge for a certain period of time until the attribution of the building is confirmed by the inheritance partition after the death of her husband. Second, spousal residency means that a spouse has the right to use the building free of charge for a lifetime under certain requirements, such as when a wife has agreed to acquire a spouse

Fiduciary Duty under the Microscope: Stewardship and the Spectrum of Pension Fund Engagement

AbstractUK pension fund trustees’ interpretations of their fiduciary duties may shape pension fund approaches to corporate stewardship and engagement envisioned by the UK Stewardship Code. Data from interviews with pension fund trustees, executives, investment intermediaries and pensions experts reveals interpretive pluralism of the concept of fiduciary duty in the area of pension funds. This article develops a model identifying the spectrum of pension fund engagement, linking interpretations of fiduciary duty to intensity and methods of engagement in practice. The findings help disambiguate the concept of ‘Fiduciary Duty’, highlighting the practical challenges of Stewardship Code application. These insights are relevant to the ongoing revisions of the Stewardship Code and policy clarifications of the nature of fiduciary duty by the UK Financial Conduct Authority. The paper encourages trustees, regulators and others to consider what role pension fund trustees should have in stewardship, which may not be directly relevant to their fiduciary duties as trustees.

Modeling of underexpanded hydrogen jets through square and rectangular slot nozzles

The development and revision of safety codes and standards for hydrogen infrastructure requires a solid scientific basis, including studies of unignited releases from high pressure systems for various scenarios. Most hydrogen releases are modeled as axisymmetric jets, but real leaks are more likely to be non-axisymmetric jets issuing from high aspect ratio cracks or slots. In the present study, underexpanded hydrogen jets from square and rectangular nozzles with aspect ratios of 1–16 were numerically modeled for stagnation pressures up to 20 MPa. The near and far flow fields were modeled separately using two sequential computational domains to accurately and efficiently capture the flow characteristics. The numerical models were first validated with experimental data from a previous experimental study and literature data. The mass fraction and velocity distributions show that the centerline decay rates increase as the nozzle aspect ratio increases, but this increase is dependent on the pressure. This means that the canonical decay law of round turbulent jets and plumes no longer applies to the slot nozzle jets for high pressures. The radial profiles collapse onto a Gaussian curve in the major axis plane, but neither collapse, nor are they Gaussian in the minor axis plane with peaks away from the jet centerline. Different shock patterns were identified along the major and minor axes and the axis switching phenomenon seen in the literature was also reproduced. The axis switching resulted in significantly wider flattened concentration distributions compared with the axisymmetric jet which may require consideration during safety analyses for non-circular nozzles. A scaling factor taking both the nozzle shape and pressure effects into account was then developed to better scale the centerline decay rates for jets from both the square and rectangular nozzles. The present study demonstrates that the nozzle shape effects on the jet spreading should not be overlooked and proper scaling factors are required to collapse the data and calculate decay rates.

Numerical model for the non-linear dynamic analysis of multi-storey structures with semi-rigid joints with specific reference to the Algerian code

The current paper aims at investigating the dynamic response of rigid and semi-rigid connections of steel structures built in high seismic areas. A nonlinear dynamic analysis model, which is an extension to the simplified and direct mechanical model used in the static analysis, is proposed and discussed. The novelty of the model consists in the introduction of a bar element with semi-rigid joint as a single element without the need to discretise it (i.e. without a finite element mesh) in the program where non-linearity is considered in the flexibility factor of the stiffness matrix. The model developed is validated through application to examples of steel frames with different types of connections under dynamic forces. The results obtained were very satisfactory. This work is motivated by the need for the revision of the Algerian seismic code (RPA99v2003) which does not yet consider provisions for the design of structures with semi-rigid joints. Based on the results of the study carried out on a multi-storey structure with different types of joints subjected to seismic loading, it can be seen that the safety justifications recommended by Algerian regulations RPA99 in terms of relative displacements as well as the dimension of the seismic joint prove to be too conservative compared to those by Eurocode 8.

The Positive Externalities of Chapter 13 “Cramdowns” Could Prevent the Next Foreclosure Crisis

:Revision of Bankruptcy Code 11 U.S.C. § 1322(b)(2) would permit “cramdowns” wherein bankruptcy judges would administer the modification of residential mortgages only when mortgage-lending abuses were most rampant (a real estate bubble). Foreclosure spill-over effects systemically worsened the housing crisis and were not evenly diffused throughout the broader housing market. Throughout 2003–2006, an oversupply of underpriced mortgage finance emanating from lax underwriting standards bid up residential prices. Relaxation of underwriting protocols came about from the mortgage market’s institutional swing from regulated agency securitization (predominantly government-sponsored enterprises “GSEs”) to unregulated securitization (shadow banking). This resulted in an untenable residential-price bubble as synthetically inexpensive credit from investors’ mispricing amplified mortgage demand, while greater mortgage quantity nudged up housing prices. The result was a self-referential cycle of waning residential prices supporting and perpetuating nigh incessant foreclosures: the bubble had burst. Cramdowns would incentivize lenders to be less inclined to loosen underwriting standards, or when done, to include this factor in the risk premium of the cost of credit. Enhancing Chapter 13 with the muscle to alter residential mortgages would ameliorate an institutionally structural issue endemic to the past (and upcoming?) foreclosure crisis.

Strengthening of capacity deficient RC beams - An experimental approach

Any revision of seismic codes usually demands a higher capacity from structural members, making existing structures unsafe particularly from strength considerations. Retrofitting of capacity deficient members is very suitable for tackling such situations. This paper presents an experimental study on different retrofitting measures adopted for strengthening a series of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Four identical RC beam specimens were casted, out of which three specimens were strengthened by different schemes (viz., bolted hot rolled flat, bolted cold-formed steel channel, and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate, respectively) on their tension face and tested under four-point monotonic loading. This study focuses on the investigation of the flexural behaviour of these retrofitted beams, observed in terms of strength and stiffness. It was concluded that all retrofitting measures improved the structural performance of these beams. However, the cost involved with each strengthening mode was proportional to the improvement in the performance achieved.

Nove činjenice i novi dokazi kao osnov za ponavljanje krivičnog postupka

Reopening of criminal proceedings is a legal way to examine the factual basis of a final judgment based on an extraordinary legal remedy. The examination of the factual basis of the final judgment is initiated by the submission of a request for reopening the proceedings. This extraordinary remedy was established with the aim of establishing the truth in the criminal procedure, and is contrary to the principle of ne bis in idem. The factual deficiencies of a final judgment are remedied on the basis of new, or newly discovered facts, or evidence that arose after the finality of the judgment. Article 473 of the Criminal Procedure Code envisages the reasons for repeating the criminal proceedings. They can be grouped in various ways. One of the groups includes new facts and evidence, as a reason for repeating the proceedings. First of all, there are new facts and evidence that per se or in concert with other evidence may lead to a acquittal, or a repudiation judgment, or condemnation on a more lenient law (Article 473, para. 1, point 3 of the CPC). This group also includes new facts and evidence indicating that the defendant did not commit any of the actions of an extended criminal offense, or other offence, which includes several acts (Article 473, para. 1, point 5 of the CPC). The new facts and evidence, which would lead to a milder criminal sanction, are another reason that we classify in this group (Article 473, para. 1, point 6 of the CPC). Finally, there are also new facts and evidence that the defendant was not properly summoned for the main trial, which was held in his/her absence (Article 473, para. 1, point 7 of the CPC). Compared with the procedural laws of other states, our CPC provides a lot of grounds for reopening the procedure. In this way, an adequate legislative framework was provided for making a more favorable decision on the defendant in the procedure for this extraordinary legal remedy. Although the envisaged grounds for reopening criminal proceedings constitute a satisfactory basis for instituting proceedings under this extraordinary legal remedy, further clarification de lege ferenda is necessary. Our procedural law prohibits reopening criminal procedure to the detriment of the defendant. The prescription of the repetition of the proceedings to the detriment of the defendant, in some future revision of the procedural code, would not be contrary to the Constitution, except that, in the case of the merits of the request, the outcome would have been the adoption of the declaratory judgment. There are also interpretations that the Constitution allows both the conduct of the proceedings and rendering the decision at the detriment of the defendant in the procedure for extraordinary legal remedies. In that case, in the future, a reduced number of grounds for reopening the proceedings should be envisaged at the detriment of the defendant.

Finnish design ventilation rates for residential buildings

Implementation of EU directives has forced EU member countries to revise the building regulations related energy efficiency. The 2017 revision of the building codes is due to the requirement set in the EPBD 2010 for all new buildings to be nearly zero buildings by 2020. The Finnish Ministry of the Environment (in charge of building regulations) invited FINVAC Federation of Finnish HVAC Associations to revise the guidelines values of ventilation rates as part of the nearly zero energy building regulations. At the same time, the Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate updated its voluntary Classification of Indoor Environment. Several methods were used in the study to collect information and develop the new guideline values. European studies, such as HEALTHVENT, and relevant CEN standards were taken into consideration in drafting the design ventilation rates. Existing legislation on housing conditions gave the minimum levels and, finally, the recommended values were defined using expert interviews, workshops and public review process. Earlier studies had indicated that earlier design ventilation rates were too high for small apartments. Ventilation rates were considered too low for homes of elderly people and residential kitchen hoods, and some larger apartments. Furthermore, the balance of outdoor and exhaust air flows needed revision due to the improved tightness of the building envelope. Energy efficiency and avoidance of draught and noise were also taken into account. This paper presents the numeric values of the ventilation rates in the new building regulations and the design guidelines supporting them.

Traitement Des Investissements Étrangers Dans Les Législations Nationales: Regard Croisé Sur Les Incitatifs Du Code Burundais Des Investissements De 2008

This reflection assesses the incentives of the Burundian code of investments of 2008 as for their extent and effectiveness. It shows that the 2008 Burundi Investment Code has created a favorable business climate. It provides for very generous tax and customs incentives that can influence foreign investors in the choice of destination for their investments. However, these incentives have been constantly nibbled following the entry into force of the budget laws of 2016 and 2017 and even a straddle of the general tax code of 2013. From the analysis, it appears that these incentives have lost their substance and that the 2008 code and the Free Zone Act of 2001 have become lapsed instruments that display incentives that have been flawed to the point that some have even been removed. Given the fact that there is a gap between the planned and the actual incentives, there is a need to compile these incentives to identify those that have become archaic and to redefine them to make a new one. The ultimate outcome of this work would be the revision of the investment code of 2008. It is in this respect that the Burundian legislator could reinforce predictability and transparency and keep in the logic of increasing the flow of foreign investments that can generate new sources of financing for development.

Incorporation of Dynamic SSI Effects in the Design Response Spectra

Many studies in the past on dynamic soil–structure interactions have revealed the detrimental and advantageous effects of soil flexibility. Based on such studies, the design response spectra of international seismic codes are being improved worldwide. The improvements required for the short period range of the design response spectra in the Indian seismic code (IS 1893:2002) are presented in this paper. As the recent code revisions has not incorporated the short period amplifications, proposals given in this paper are equally applicable for the latest code also (IS 1893:2016). Analyses of single degree of freedom systems are performed to predict the required improvements. The proposed modifications to the constant acceleration portion of the spectra are evaluated with respect to the current design spectra in Eurocode 8.

Empirical Study on the Evolution of Developer Social Networks

Software development is incredibly complex. Specifically, open-source software (OSS) development requires developers to collaborate with each other to conduct their work. Because software systems are evolving with time, collaboration among software developers may affect the quality of evolved software. The OSS developer teams collaborate in various tasks, including communications, coordination, and making various social collaboration in the OSS projects (e.g., bug/issue report, discussion, code revisions, and so on) without access restriction, and all these activities are used to generate an implicit developer social network (DSN). The DSN that is based on a bug tracking system is one of the most important DSNs that reflect the real collaboration between developers. As the software system evolves, the DSN evolves. This paper describes an empirical study of the evolution of DSNs on OSS projects collected from GitHub. Four perspectives were used: social network analysis, DSN as an ecosystem, community evolution patterns, and the core-periphery structure. The results demonstrated the DSNs over time have followed the power law degree distribution with +1% or more as an increasing rate to be more fitting overtime. DSNs over time are considered a small-world community. DSNs over time exhibits about 55% diversity with 75% of evenness between the developers to contribute in different OSS projects in the same environment. Moreover, DSNs over time have a few developers as core members and large developers as peripheral members. Finally, about 10% of developers changed their positions frequently over time.

Boosting renewable power generation in Indonesia electricity sector: a policy action by the government

Indonesia is committed to reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) by 29% against Business as Usual (BAU) projections in 2030 with its own efforts and 41% with international assistance as part of the Paris Agreement. In the management and utilization of electricity, the development of renewable energy (RE) power generation in Indonesia is carried out while taking into account the balance with other aspects, namely Energy Security, Energy Equity, and Energy Sustainability or called as Energy Trilemma. In accordance with PLN’s Electricity Supply and Demand Business Plan (RUPTL) 2018-2027 that has been approved by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, the total capacity of RE power generation to be built up to 2025 is about of 14.3 GW consists of geothermal power generation (PLTP) of 4.6 GW; hydro power generation (including mini-hydro and pump storage): 7.7 GW; solar power generation (PLTS): 1.0 GW; wind power generation (PLTB): 0.6 GW; and biomass/waste power generation (PLTBm/PLTSa): 0.4 GW. The RE power generation to be developed is still dominated by "Non-Intermittent" RE power generation (89%). While the "Intermittent" RE power generation that will be developed is still relatively small, which is only about 11%. This is due to challenges in its development, namely PLN is the only "Off-Taker" in the electricity business, and not all RE power generation can be accepted by the electricity system. As an effort to improve the development of RE power generation, the policy actions that have been or will be implemented by the government are 1) Development of RE power generation should be consider the balancing between "supply and demand" and the readiness of the electricity system to tapping the RE power generation at the most competitive costs; 2) Development of Distributed Generation or Micro-Grid; 3) Revision of the Grid Code to accommodate the Intermittent RE power generator; 4) Development of Smart-Grid; and 5) Acceleration of the Electric Vehicle Program.

Telepractice in speech-language pathology and audiology: Prospects and challenges

With the advancement in science and technology, the information and communication technology (ICT) mode has been put to best use in the health-care sectors. Unlike health, communication disorders pose special challenges to service delivery. The Discipline of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology is an integrated health-care profession which is only about half-a-century old in India. The disproportion in the ratio of qualified service providers to service receivers is highly prevalent. In view of this, “Telepractice” (The term telepractice is used in this article to mean tele-rehabilitation for persons with communication disorders since the service comprises of multifaceted objectives such as rehabilitation in the Discipline of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology) as a means of “reaching the unreached” fits well when the service delivery is provided across geographic, time, social, and cultural barriers using ICT mode. Telepractice is generally provided from a remote site using store-and-forward as well as real-time technology using ICT platforms. The platform for telepractice in India is well set, with a considerable number of people being “digitally literate.” Yet, there are several concerns such as development of professional skills for telepractice; development and validation of digital resources; empirical studies on face-to-face, virtual, or hybrid service delivery; revision of code of ethics for telepractice; and mechanism to protect client's privacy on e-platforms that need to be addressed if telepractice has to be launched on a large scale in India. Insights gained from the work carried out at the Telecenter for Persons with Communication Disorders highlight on the advantages of telepractice from client/caregiver's perspective besides reflections on the prospects and challenges of telepractice in India.

Poštovanje prava na privatnost žrtava saobraćajnih nesreća u online komentarima na crnogorskim portalima

The emergence of digital media on the market is accompanied by new ethical problems and dilemmas, which urges the necessity of a constant revision of codes of ethics. Technological development has led to the participatory journalism, which was supposed to result in the transformation of the media into a public forum. However, there is a clear tendency of citizens not only to exchange opinions in relation to topics of public interest, but also to comment on crime column articles, without paying attention to the victims' right to privacy and mocking those affected. If journalists violated the citizens' right to privacy with sensationalist reporting about crime and interviews with controversial figures in the 1830s, then today citizens are the ones violating the right to privacy of crime and accident victims by disclosing details about those involved in the events, while the media do not try to tackle this problem through internal codes of ethics. On the basis of content analysis of the comments posted on the two most visited online portals in Montenegro (Vijesti and Analitika), in this paper we aim to determine to what degree the media, but also the citizens, respect the right to privacy of the victims of traffic accidents. The results show that both portals take care of the ethical dimensions of the content of online comments: they are dominated by ethical comments in which the citizens express their views. With much higher number of comments than Analitika, portal Vijesti has a harder task and it allowed for publication the comments which contain sarcastic remarks about the texts.

Investigating The Effectiveness Of Corporate Governance Code Revisions On The Perspective Of The Revision Interval

Thisstudy investigatesthe effectiveness of corporate governancecode revisionsonfirm value using 35 countries’ public listed firms over 2007-2014.First, this study finds that progressive code revisions have significant positive relationship with firm value. Second, this study finds that theinterval ofcorporate governancecode revision is significant to influence the effectiveness of code revisions. Further analysis reveals that the relationship between code revision interval and firm value is non-linear, whichis depicted in inverted U-shaped. The findings suggest that a moderate code revision interval, i.e. 4 years once is optimal to maximize firm value. In overall, the findings of thisstudy have suggestedseveral practical implications to the development of thenationalcodesof corporate governance.