Revision Of Code Research Articles

Design of cold-rolled stainless steel rectangular hollow section columns

Considering the effects of cold-forming and strain hardening in the design of cold-formed stainless steel columns is an effective way to reduce construction costs. This approach has become a common trend in the revision of relevant design codes. A few studies were conducted in the past on two key aspects: (i) predicting the enhanced material properties in cold-formed stainless steel cross-sections and (ii) modifying the design methods to adapt to stainless steel material characteristics. However, in the existing literature, they had been separately studied, and integration of these two aspects to form a complete design method was rarely reported. In this study, a series of column tests were conducted on 19 stub and 32 long columns in rectangular hollow sections. The measured imperfections, material properties, load-displacement curves, and failure modes were reported. A new design method for columns was developed, which could clearly and accurately determine the column capacity over the space encompassed by member slenderness and cross-sectional slenderness values. The proposed design method and the method laid out in the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel were evaluated against the test data. It was demonstrated that the two design methods were both very conservative in predicting the column capacity when material properties in the annealed condition were used. However, their performances improved when the predicted enhanced material properties were used. Generally, the predictions of the proposed design method matched the test data better. Furthermore, a reliability analysis was conducted, and resistance factors were recommended for the corresponding design methods.

Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind in the Revised Edition of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The Criminal Code of Uzbekistan, which was adopted in 1994 and entered into force in 1995, was the country’s first post-Soviet Criminal Code. In 2018, the President of Uzbekistan called for adoption of a revised edition of the Criminal Code whose provisions should correspond more closely to international law, and would be more appropriately suited to modern realities. The article offers an overview of the draft Chapter on crimes against the peace and security of mankind, as proposed by the author in his capacity as a member of the Working Group for revision of the Criminal Code. It draws upon the best practices of a number of States, and offers a concise article-by-article commentary on the draft Chapter.

A preliminary proposal towards the revision of Indian seismic code considering site classification scheme, amplification factors and response spectra

This paper aims to improve the site classification scheme and amplification factors for the Indian Seismic Code. The present code IS 1893 (1):2016 ignores the amplification of effective peak ground acceleration due to the existence of soft soil layers. This results in lower design spectral accelerations on soil sites compared to those adopted by codes in other nations. 124 well documented sites from India are considered for ground response analysis using the equivalent linear procedure of DEEPSOIL. Time histories recorded from India and abroad are made spectrum compatible with the Type I spectra of Indian code, corresponding to all the seismic intensities with Effective Peak Ground Acceleration of 0.1 g, 0.16 g, 0.24 g and 0.36 g. Statistical methods are used to construct mean, mean plus standard deviation and mean minus standard deviation response spectra and amplification factors for the sites considered. Before the statistical analysis, each amplification factor curve is normalized with the effective site period (Tg) which exhibits a “characteristic peak at values of T/Tg not far from 1”. Normalized acceleration response spectra as well as period dependent soil amplification factors and equations are proposed for the new classification system. It is observed that the stratigraphy, impedance contrast, sediment thickness and site period play an important role in determining the soil amplification factors and therefore, should be considered in the future site classification schemes of the Indian Seismic Code.

Behaviour and design of eccentrically loaded hot-rolled steel SHS and RHS stub columns at elevated temperatures

Abstract The structural fire response of hot-rolled steel square and rectangular hollow sections (SHS and RHS) under combined compression and bending is investigated in this study through finite element (FE) modelling. The developed FE models were firstly validated against available test results on hot-rolled steel SHS/RHS subjected to combined compression and bending at elevated temperatures. Upon validation, an extensive parametric study was then carried out to examine the resistance of hot-rolled steel SHS/RHS under combined loading at elevated temperatures, covering a wide range of cross-section slendernesses, cross-section aspect ratios, combinations of loading and temperatures up to 800 °C. The numerical data, together with the experimental results, were compared with the strength predictions according to the current structural fire design rules in the European Standard EN 1993-1-2 (2002) and American Specification AISC 360–16 (2016) for hot-rolled steel SHS/RHS under combined loading. The comparisons generally indicated significant disparities in the prediction of resistance of hot-rolled steel SHS/RHS under combined loading at elevated temperatures, owing principally to inaccurate predictions of the end points of the design interaction curves. The deformation-based continuous strength method (CSM) has been shown to provide accurate strength predictions for these end points i.e. the resistances of hot-rolled steel SHS/RHS stub columns and beams at elevated temperatures. In this study, proposals are presented to extend the scope of the CSM to the structural fire design of hot-rolled steel SHS/RHS under combined compression and bending. The CSM proposals are shown to offer improved accuracy and reliability over current design methods and are therefore recommended for incorporation into future revisions of international structural fire design codes.

Research on Calculating Formula of Self-Weight of Column-Supported Space Truss

With the rapid development of steel structure engineering in China, grid structure has been widely used. For the self-weight of space truss, the current regulations give the corresponding calculation formula, but in practical engineering applications, it is found that the calculation formula for column-supported space truss has poor adaptability. Therefore, in this paper, the adaptability of the formula is analyzed according to the current self-weight calculation formula for cylindrical point supported space truss, and the self-weight estimation of the space truss is revised on the basis of statistics and regression analysis. The formula modification can improve the applicability of the grid estimation formula, and also provide some reference for the revision of relevant codes and regulations.

CDA: Characterising Deprecated Android APIs

Because of functionality evolution, or security and performance-related changes, some APIs eventually become unnecessary in a software system and thus need to be cleaned to ensure proper maintainability. Those APIs are typically marked first as deprecated APIs and, as recommended, follow through a deprecated-replace-remove cycle, giving an opportunity to client application developers to smoothly adapt their code in next updates. Such a mechanism is adopted in the Android framework development where thousands of reusable APIs are made available to Android app developers. In this work, we present a research-based prototype tool called CDA and apply it to different revisions (i.e., releases or tags) of the Android framework code for characterising deprecated APIs. Based on the data mined by CDA, we then perform an empirical study on API deprecation in the Android ecosystem and the associated challenges for maintaining quality apps. In particular, we investigate the prevalence of deprecated APIs, their annotations and documentation, their removal and consequences, their replacement messages, developer reactions to API deprecation, as well as the evolution of the usage of deprecated APIs. Experimental results reveal several findings that further provide promising insights related to deprecated Android APIs. Notably, by mining the source code of the Android framework base, we have identified three bugs related to deprecated APIs. These bugs have been quickly assigned and positively appreciated by the framework maintainers, who claim that these issues will be updated in future releases.

Distribution Features of the Minimum Rock Cover Thickness of the Surrounding Rock Self‐Stability of the Metro Tunnel in the Soil‐Rock Dualistic Stratum

Based on the maximum value of the self‐stability of surrounding rock, the key issues affecting the distribution of the minimum mock cover thickness of the surrounding rock self‐stability (MRCT‐SRS) of the metro tunnel in the soil‐rock dualistic stratum are discussed. The MRCT‐SRS was studied for different soft stratum thicknesses Hs and excavation spans D based on cusp catastrophe theory. Moreover, the 3D spatial distribution was determined, and the fitted curves were constructed according to the MRCT‐SRS, Hs, and D. This facilitated the assessment of the stability of the surrounding rock in the excavation of a metro tunnel. Combined with the construction practices used for the Qingdao metro project, the validity of the obtained MRCT‐SRS has been verified by the inverse analysis of the monitored data from the metro tunnel. Furthermore, the application of the MRCT‐SRS in determining the reasonable buried depth of a metro line has been explored. The research results have provided theoretical support and scientific basis for the preparation, revision, and improvement of the relevant codes, standards, and guidelines for metro tunnel planning and design.

Shaking Gordon Wilson Flats: early seismic engineering research in New Zealand

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Gordon Wilson Memorial Flats (Wellington, New Zealand, 1955–1959) was instrumented for seismic engineering research and subjected to vibration testing. The research was prompted by new thinking about architectural design in the mid-twentieth century (i.e. modernism) that had caused a mismatch between structural assumptions in building codes (which relied on significant amounts of uncalculated stiffness inherent in 1920s building design) and the structural characteristics of new buildings that had, for example, greater areas of glazing. This type of research led to the revision of New Zealand building codes in the 1960s and informed Japanese processes for permitting buildings higher than 100 ft (30·5 m). This paper outlines the research conducted and provides the context for understanding its significance. It is particularly topical given current proposals to instrument 400 Wellington buildings, creating the highest density of seismic instrumentation in any city.

Patterns of Pediatric Firearm-Related Ocular Trauma in the United States

Gun violence represents a substantial public health issue, and firearm-related injuries rank second among the causes of injury-related deaths in children aged 0 to 17 years in the United States. Ocular trauma from firearm-related injuries can lead to devastating vision loss, but little is known to date about the specific demographics and characteristics of such injuries in children. To evaluate the epidemiologic pattern of pediatric firearm-related ocular injuries. This retrospective analysis used deidentified data from the National Trauma Data Bank, the largest national registry of hospitalized trauma cases in the United States. The firearm-related ocular injuries (n = 1972) of pediatric patients (defined as those younger than 21 years) hospitalized between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2014, were analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted from July 15, 2017, to June 15, 2019. Firearm-related ocular trauma. Pediatric patients with firearm-related ocular injuries were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes and external causes of injury codes. Patient demographics (age, sex, and race/ethnicity), type of ocular injury, injury intent, geographic location, length of hospital admission, health insurance status, disposition at discharge, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score were collected. A total of 8715 firearm-related ocular injuries were identified. Of these injuries, 1972 (22.6%) occurred in pediatric patients, most of whom were male (1678 [85.1%]) and adolescents (1037 [52.6%]), with a mean (SD) age of 15.2 (5) years. Common locations of injury were home (761 [38.6%]) and street (490 [24.8%]). Mean (SD) hospital length of stay was 7.6 (12) days, ISS was 16 (13.1), and GCS score was 11 (5.1). The most common types of firearm-related ocular injuries were open wound of the eyeball (820 [41.6%]) and ocular adnexa (502 [25.5%]), orbital injuries or fractures (591 [30.0%]), and contusion of the eye or adnexa (417 [21.1%]). Patients aged 0 to 3 years had greater odds of unintentional injuries (odds ratio [OR], 4.41; 95% CI, 2.51-7.75; P < .001) and injuries occurring at home (OR, 5.39; 95% CI, 2.81-10.38; P < .001), and those aged 19 to 21 years had greater odds of assault injuries (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.77-2.66; P < .001) and injuries occurring on the street (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.3-1.98; P < .001). Black patients had the greatest odds of having injuries with assault intention (OR, 4.53; 95% CI, 3.68-5.59; P < .001), and white patients had the greatest likelihood for self-inflicted injury (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 5.92-9.51; P < .001). Traumatic brain injury resulted mostly from self-inflicted trauma (OR, 5.99; 95% CI, 4.16-8.63; P < .001), as did visual pathway injuries (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.95-4.20; P < .001). The inpatient mortality rate was 12.2%. This study found that pediatric firearm-related ocular injuries from 2008 through 2014 were predominantly sight-threatening and associated with traumatic brain injury. If the possible risk factors, including sex, age, race/ethnicity, and injury intention, can be confirmed for 2015 through 2019, these findings may be useful in developing strategies to prevent pediatric firearm-related ocular injuries.

Parallel computing of wheel-rail contact

Railway wheel–rail contact simulations are the most important and time-consuming tasks when simulating the system dynamics of vehicles. Parallel computing is a good approach for improving the numerical computing speed. This paper reports the advances in parallel computing of the wheel–rail contact simulations. The proposed method uses OpenMP to parallelise the multiple contact points of all the wheel–rail interfaces of a locomotive model. The method has been implemented in the vehicle system dynamics simulation package GENSYS. Simulations were conducted using two numerical solvers (4th Runge-Kutta and HeunC) and a maximum of four computer cores. Simulation cases have shown exactly the same numerical results using serial computing and parallel computing, which prove the effectiveness of the parallel computing method. The HeunC solver achieved the same simulation results and is 3.5 times faster than the 4th Runge-Kutta method. Simulation results obtained from both numerical solvers show that parallel computing using 2, 3 and 4 computer cores can improve the simulation speeds by roughly 29, 39 and 41%, respectively. There is an apparent diminishing of the rate of improvement due to the increase of the communication resource overhead when more computer cores are used. Using up to four computer cores does not require revision of the GENSYS code, and simulations can be executed using personal computers.

Digital Ethics in Social Work Education

ABSTRACTAttention has been given to the revised National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics that guides social worker use of technology. The revision of the NASW Code of Ethics has signaled a transition in the profession toward ethical online practice using modern techniques and contemporary tools. Practicing social workers are applying these new ethical standards, and many social work educators are doing so when using information and communication technologies with students. However, little research focuses on teaching social work students about digital ethics and professional online conduct. This paper explores the importance of preparing social work students for ethical online behavior.

The evolution of the monitoring board in Japan: how the board performs monitoring function in Japanese corporate governance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to trace a legal evolution of the monitoring board and to reveal what brought the evolution and what is expected to emerge. The paper points to unique complementarities in Japanese corporate governance institutions and norms which will affect how the monitoring board performs its functions.Design/Methodology/ApproachAnalysis is based on texts on corporate governance legislations in Japan from the revision of Commercial Code in 1950 to the revision of Companies Act in 2014. Other sources include Tokyo Stock Exchange regulations, White Paper on Corporate Governance and other academic literatures on Japanese corporate governance.FindingsChanges of non-legal institutions and norms in Japanese corporate governance necessitated legal reforms toward the monitoring board. Persisting institutions and norms, in particular lifetime employment, influences how the monitoring board performs its functions in Japan.Originality/ValueThis paper explains how the evolution of the monitoring board in Japan emerged and what will cause different expected functions of the monitoring board in Japan and other jurisdictions.

개정 일본민법상의 채권자대위권과 한국민법의 개정

개정 일본민법상의 채권자대위권과 한국민법의 개정

Nonlinear modeling for bar bond stress using dynamical self-adjusted harmony search optimization

Design code provisions for reinforced concrete are often based on empirical relations resulting from simple statistical treatments of experimental data. Hence, they may provide inaccurate results for predicting complex structural behavior. In the present study, novel nonlinear regression for prediction of the reinforcing bar development length is developed using dynamical self-adjusted harmony search optimization. The nonlinear mathematical relations are regressed using 534 results of simple pullout tests on short unit bar lengths. A novel bi-nonlinear expression is proposed, and its predictive capability outperformed that of design code formulas such as the ACI 318-14, ACI 408R-03, and Eurocode 2 along with other existing empirical models. A parametric study was conducted to explore the sensitivity of the proposed models to influential input parameters. It was found that the new model offers a powerful predictive tool for reinforcing bar bond strength which differs from that of existing models that assume unrealistic uniform bond stress along the rebar. This flexible and data-intensive model could be further scrutinized for consideration in future design code revisions and enhancements.

Automatic Code Review by Learning the Revision of Source Code

Code review is the process of manual inspection on the revision of the source code in order to find out whether the revised source code eventually meets the revision requirements. However, manual code review is time-consuming, and automating such the code review process will alleviate the burden of code reviewers and speed up the software maintenance process. To construct the model for automatic code review, the characteristics of the revisions of source code (i.e., the difference between the two pieces of source code) should be properly captured and modeled. Unfortunately, most of the existing techniques can easily model the overall correlation between two pieces of source code, but not for the “difference” between two pieces of source code. In this paper, we propose a novel deep model named DACE for automatic code review. Such a model is able to learn revision features by contrasting the revised hunks from the original and revised source code with respect to the code context containing the hunks. Experimental results on six open source software projects indicate by learning the revision features, DACE can outperform the competing approaches in automatic code review.

A Research Tool Is Not Law: A Response to Code Revision Commission v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.

This article explores how the recent Eleventh Circuit decision, Code Revision Commission v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc., should be treated on appeal to the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeals held that a state could not claim copyright in the state’s statutes nor in the value-added materials the commercial publisher included in a state’s codification of its laws. This article considers questions of what is law, who is the author, and the legislative process in which all states’ laws are made. This article concludes that the democratic foundation of state legislatures requires recognition of the electorate as owners and authors of the law but distinguishes research tools created by commercial publishers in a work for hire arrangement dictated by statute as a delegation a step too far to constitute law or “law like” for denial of copyright protection. The question of copyrightability of value-added annotations to the law is currently pending review by the Supreme Court. This article examines the copyrightability of value-added content, considering the factors of author, authority, and process in the context of the creation of such content and concludes that this information, when assembled and selected by publishers, even when presented as part of a code with official status is copyrightable.

Current Judicial Reform in Ukraine and in Poland: Constitutional and European Legal Aspect in the Context of Independent Judiciary

Since the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, Ukraine has been carrying out revision and bringing to conformity with international standards of legislation in terms of judicial system and legal procedure. On 2 June, 2016 the law amending the Constitution of Ukraine in the part of justice, as well as the Law of Ukraine ‘On Judicial System and Status of Judges’ was adopted. On 13 July, 2017 a new Law of Ukraine ‘On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine’ was adopted. In the middle of December 2017, the election to the Supreme Court finished and its new composition was formed, at the same time the revision of all procedural codes took place. However, one on the main problems of the judiciary in Ukraine has been the problem of the judicial independence as a whole and in the part of independence of judges. The subject of this research is the question of judicial independence in the context of respective international standards. Similarly, the aim of part of the paper about the judicial system of Poland is to show the legislative changes regarding the judiciary which took place in Poland recently, i.e. within the last 3 years. As the ongoing changes of functioning, competence and organization of the Constitutional Tribunal, common courts, the Supreme Court and the National Council of Judiciary have been observed and commented upon by various European institutions, they will be shown in relation to the common European standards regarding the judicial independence presented in opinions and reports of Venice Commission, European Network of Councils of Judiciary and Consultative Council of European Judges.

DroidLeaks: a comprehensive database of resource leaks in Android apps

Resource leaks in Android apps are pervasive. They can cause serious performance degradation and system crashes. In recent years, many resource leak detection techniques have been proposed to help Android developers correctly manage system resources. Yet, there exist no common databases of real-world bugs for effectively comparing such techniques to understand their strengths and limitations. This paper describes our effort towards constructing such a bug database named DroidLeaks. To extract real resource leak bugs, we mined 124,215 code revisions of 34 popular open-source Android apps. After automated filtering and manual validation, we successfully found 292 fixed resource leak bugs, which cover a diverse set of resource classes, from 32 analyzed apps. To understand these bugs, we conducted an empirical study, which revealed the characteristics of resource leaks in Android apps and common patterns of resource management mistakes made by developers. To further demonstrate the usefulness of our work, we evaluated eight resource leak detectors from both academia and industry on DroidLeaks and performed a detailed analysis of their performance. We release DroidLeaks for public access to support future research.

Emergency department visits involving opioids in Connecticut, 2011–2015

ABSTRACTBackground: Opioid abuse has demonstrated an unwavering elevation in the past decade. This study examined emergency department (ED) utilization for this growing public health problem in the state of Connecticut.Methods: We evaluated the ED discharges involving opioids in individuals treated in Connecticut EDs from 2011 to 2015. International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification and external cause of injury codes were used to identify cases.Results: There were 38,003 ED visits involving opioids during the study period. Visits were most prevalent in males (63.4%) and in those aged 18–44 years (71.8%). The rate of visits (per 10,000 ED visits) in whites (72.7) was more than three times that of blacks (24.7) and nearly double that of individuals of Hispanic ethnicity (37.7). The rate of visits for females under the age of 18 was slightly greater than that for males in the same age groups (2.7 vs. 2.4/10,000 ED visits, respectively).Conclusion: Manual labor work and racial stereotyping are possible causal factors for higher rates of opioid-related ED visits among white males between the ages of 18 and 44, while higher levels of emotional distress may be contributing to similar rates among females under the age of 18 and over the age of 65.

Suggestions to Improve the Comprehensibility of Current Definitions of Scientific Authorship for International Authors

Much has been said about the need for improving the current definitions of scientific authorship, but an aspect that is often overlooked is how to formulate and communicate these definitions to ensure that they are comprehensible and useful for researchers, notably researchers active in international research consortia. In light of a rapid increase in international collaborations within natural sciences, this article uses authorship of this branch of sciences as an example and provides suggestions to improve the comprehensibility of the definitions of authorship in natural sciences. It assesses whether the definition of authorship provided by the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity can deal with current issues and problems of scientific authorship. Notably, problems that are experienced in project groups with researchers coming from multiple countries. Using theories developed by Jürgen Habermas and Robert Merton, a normative framework is developed to articulate ethical authorship in natural sciences. Accordingly, enriching the current definition of authorship with normative elements and using discipline-specific metaphors to communicate them are introduced as possible ways of improving the comprehensibility of the definition of authorship in international environments. Finally, this article provides a proposal to be considered in the future revisions of the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity.