Code Conversion Research Articles

Decimal Multiformat Online Addition

This paper presents and analyzes two different strategies for designing multiformat online decimal adders ( $\text{olDFA}_{\text{Mformat}}$ ). The first strategy uses a code conversion stage plus an online Decimal Full Adder (olDFA); the second one involves designing specific adders by modifying the architecture of the olDFA. These strategies are applied in the design of specific architectures to deal with financial analysis calculations. We use synthesis results to verify the theoretical aspects of the designs and to analyze the robustness and lacks of the strategies. The guidelines presented in the paper are valuable to designers of online multiformat-based solutions.

Application of micro-ring resonator as high speed optical gray code converter

In the field of the optical computing, all optical logical functionality possesses the central importance. The descriptive paper puts some interesting phenomena associated with micro-ring resonator (MRR) switching activity. The different types of logic functionality can be implemented using the MRR structures. There are some considerable advantages, e.g. compact size, immunity to electro-magnetic interference, low attenuation, higher bandwidth and safe computing. The paper includes the detailed mathematical description about the all optical 4 bit binary to gray code converter. The proposed scheme is verified using the MATLAB simulation result.

Novel Binary to Gray Code Converters in QCA with Power Dissipation Analysis

Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) are pledging nanotechnology which has been used widely in digital circuits and systems. Conventional lithography based VLSI model encounter acute challenges of tunneling, variation of doping and short channel issue. In a remarkably fast development of VLSI technology, it is the cardinal of the age to reach a stable model with area and low power consumption. QCA is a promising alternative to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology with many enticing features such as high-speed, low power consumption and higher switching frequency than transistor based technology. The code converters are the basic unit for transformation of data to execute arithmetic processes. In this paper, a novel QCA based 2-bit binary-togray, 3-bit binary-to-gray, and 4-bit binary-to-gray code converter have been proposed. The proposed design reduces the number of cells, area, and raises switching speed. The energy dissipation by the proposed circuits are evaluated which certifies the prospect of QCA nano-circuit presenting as a substitute level for the attainment of reversible circuits. The consistency of the proposed circuits is tested under thermal randomness that reveal the functioning effectiveness of the circuits. The proposed circuits are simulated using QCADesigner and Microwindlite tool which is widely used for simulation and verification.

Binary to Octal and Octal to Binary Code Converter Using Mach–Zehnder Interferometer for High Speed Communication

Abstract Binary to octal and octal to binary code converter is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using external gates. In this paper, binary to octal and octal to binary code converter is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).

Hybrid Code Converters using Modified GDI Technique

gate forms an indispensable component in the design of code converters. The paramount concern in the design of code converters is power dissipation along with issues in delay and layout area. Various topologies to design code converters and several techniques for designing XOR gate are analyzed. GDI approach tends to provide the optimized conditions. The methodology then is applied to the conventional Binary code to Gray code converter and Gray code to Binary code converter. In this paper conventional code converters are analyzed and then a hybrid architecture for obtaining high speed, lower area, reduced power dissipation and lower propagation delay is presented. In addition to this an architecture of BCD to Excess-3 code conversion is also presented. The circuits are schematized using a Dsch tool. The layout and analysis is done through BSIM simulator and Microwind 3.1 tool.

Armadillo: a template-based C++ library for linear algebra

The C++ language is often used for implementing functionality that is performance and/or resource sensitive. While the standard C++ library provides many useful algorithms (such as sorting), in its current form it does not provide direct handling of linear algebra (matrix maths). Armadillo is an open source linear algebra library for the C++ language, aiming towards a good balance between speed and ease of use. Its high-level Application Programming Interface (API) is deliberately similar to the widely Matlab and Octave languages (Eaton et al. 2015), so that mathematical operations can be expressed in a familiar and natural manner. The library is useful for algorithm development directly in C++, or relatively quick conversion of research code into production environments. Armadillo provides efficient objects for vectors, matrices and cubes (third order tensors), as well as over 200 associated functions for manipulating data stored in the objects. Integer, floating point and complex numbers are supported, as well as dense and sparse storage formats. Various matrix factorisations are provided through integration with LAPACK (Demmel 1997), or one of its high performance drop-in replacements such as Intel MKL (Intel 2016) or OpenBLAS (Xianyi, Qian, and Saar 2016). It is also possible to use Armadillo in conjunction with NVBLAS to obtain GPU-accelerated matrix multiplication (NVIDIA 2015). Armadillo is used as a base for other open source projects, such as MLPACK, a C++ library for machine learning and pattern recognition (Curtin et al. 2013), and RcppArmadillo, a bridge between the R language and C++ in order to speed up computations (Eddelbuettel and Sanderson 2014). Armadillo internally employs an expression evaluator based on template metaprogramming techniques (Abrahams and Gurtovoy 2004), to automatically combine several operations in order to increase speed and efficiency. An overview of the internal architecture is given in (Sanderson 2010).

All-optical programmable Binary-to-Gray or Gray-to-Binary code converter using TOAD based reversible new multiplexer

Recently, reversible logic gate provides an alternative to overcome many problems in computing technologies as their zero-power dissipation under ideal condition and it is emerged as a promising computing paradigm with applications in low-power CMOS, quantum computing, optical computing and nanotechnology. Optical logic gates become potential component to work at macroscopic (light pulses carry information), or quantum (single photon carries information) levels with high efficiency. This paper proposes a low-power design of all-optical programmable Binary-to-Gray or Gray-to-Binary code converter using reversible new multiplexer in all-optical domain. By Matlab-7.0 the simulation results verify the functionality of both the new multiplexer and programmable code converter as well as reversibility.

Interoperability in encoded quantum repeater networks

The future of quantum repeater networking will require interoperability between various error correcting codes. A few specific code conversions and even a generalized method are known, however, no detailed analysis of these techniques in the context of quantum networking has been performed. In this paper, we analyze a generalized procedure to create Bell pairs encoded heterogeneously between two separate codes used often in error corrected quantum repeater network designs. We begin with a physical Bell pair, then encode each qubit in a different error correcting code, using entanglement purification to increase the fidelity. We investigate three separate protocols for preparing the purified encoded Bell pair. We calculate the error probability of those schemes between the Steane [[7,1,3]] code, a distance three surface code and single physical qubits by Monte Carlo simulation under a standard Pauli error model, and estimate the resource efficiency of the procedures. A local gate error rate of $10^{-3}$ allows us to create high-fidelity logical Bell pairs between any of our chosen codes. We find that a postselected model, where any detected parity flips in code stabilizers result in a restart of the protocol, performs the best.

확장성을 고려한 QCA BCD-3초과 코드 변환기 설계

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) consists of nano-scale cells and demands very low power consumption so that it is one of the alternative technologies that can overcome the limits of scaling CMOS technologies. Typical BCD-EXCESS 3 code converters using QCA have not considered the scalability so that the architectures are not suitable for a large scale circuit design. Thus, we design a BCD-EXCESS 3 code converter with scalability using QCADesigner and verify the effectiveness by simulation. Our structure have reduced 32 gates and 7% of garbage space rate compare with typical URG BCD-EXCESS 3 code converter. Also, 1 clock is only needed for circuit expansion of our structure though typical QCA BCD-EXCESS 3 code converter demands 7 clocks.

A contribution to the design of fast code converters for position encoders

ABSTRACTPseudorandom binary sequences (PRBS) are very useful in many areas of applications. Absolute position encoders based on PRBS have many advantages. However, the pseudorandom code is not directly applicable to the digital electronic systems, hence a converter from pseudorandom to natural binary code is needed. Recently, a fast pseudorandom/natural code converter based on Galois PRBS generator (much faster than previously used converter based on Fibonacci PRBS generator) was proposed. One of the main parts of the Galois code converter is an initial logic. The problem of the design of the initial logic has been solved only for some single values of resolution, but it is still not solved for any value of resolution, which significantly limits the applicability of the fast Galois code converter. This paper solves this problem presenting the solution for the design of the initial logic of the fast Galois pseudorandom/natural code converters used in the pseudorandom position encoders, in general manner, that is for any value of the resolution, allowing for a wide applicability of the fast Galois pseudorandom position encoders. Rigorous mathematical derivation of the formula for the designing of the initial logic is presented. Simulation of the proposed converter is performed in NI MultiSim software. The proposed solution, although developed for pseudorandom position encoders, can be used in many other fields where PRBS are used.

A novel quantum dot cellular automata for 4-bit code converters

Quantum-dot cellular automata is a promising successor of CMOS technology. QCA proposed by Lent et al. is an emerging technology that offers an innovative approach for computing at nano-scale by monitoring the position of a single electron. This technology allows the implementation of logic devices using quantum dots instead of transistors, diodes. QCA technology has large potential in terms of high space density and power, possible to achieve miniaturization of circuits and high speed processing. The paper provides an efficient design and layout of code converters based on quantum-dot cellular automata using QCADesigner tool. In this paper a number of new results on binary to gray and gray to binary code converters and detailed simulation using QCAD designer tool is presented. We have performed a comparative study of proposed design with recent previous designs and proved that proposed design is efficient in terms of complexity, cell count, area usage and clocking.

Code Converters with City Block Distance Measures for Classifying Epilepsy from EEG Signals

This paper aims to compare the performance of code-converter as a feature extraction technique followed by various distance measures such as City Block Distance (CBD) measure and Euclidean Distance (ED) measure for the perfect classification of epilepsy risk levels from Electroencephalography (EEG) Signals. From the extracted parameters such as sharp and spike waves, energy, peaks, duration, variance, events and covariance from the EEG Signals of an epileptic patient, the risk level of epilepsy is classified. The City Block Distance Measure and Euclidean Distance Measure is then applied to the Code Converter's risk level classification output in order to optimize the risk levels for the characterization of the patient. In this study, a group of 10 patients with known epilepsy findings are utilized here. The Performance metrics is computed with the help of parameters like Performance Index (PI) and Quality Values (QV).

A Low Power Reconfigurable Encoder for Flash ADCs

The present analysis suggests a competent low power thermometer code to binary code converter anticipated for a 3 GS/s five bit flash analog to digital converter. The speed and power are the bottle neck parameters in the design of thermometer to binary code converter. With the aim of medium speed and low power dissipation, the first stage of encoder is designed using dynamic logic. To make the code more resilient to bubble errors, the last stage is designed in wallace tree fashion with the help of four full adders. With the use of CADENCE tool, the proposed encoder is designed using 90nm technology with a power supply of 1.2V. The simulation results shows that maximum operating frequency of 3GHz can be accomplished with a power dissipation of 2.424 mW which is a less value in comparison with other methods of implementation. The reconfigurable property of the proposed encoder makes it useful in reconfigurable flash ADCs.

Optoelectronic Digital Angle Converter with Weighted Channel Multiplexing

Design concepts and a brief theory are considered for optoelectronic digital-to-analog converters as multiplexing elements in digital angular displacement converters, as well as the design of an angle–code converter based on fiber-optic digital-to-analog converters with elimination of binary code reading ambiguity.

IMPLEMENTATION OF BINARY TO GRAY CODE CONVERTERS IN QUANTUM DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA

Quantum dot cellular automaton (QCA) are dominant nanotechnology which has been used extensively in digital circuits and systems. It is a promising alternative to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology with many enticing features such as high-speed, low power consumption and higher switching frequency than transistor based technology. The code converters are the basic unit for transformation of data to execute arithmetic processes. In this paper, QCA based 2-bit binary-to- gray; 3-bit binary-to-gray and 4-bit binary-to-gray code converter have been proposed. The proposed design reduces the number of cells, area and raises switching speed. The simulations are completed using QCADesigner and Microwindlite tool which is widely used for simulation and verification.

Impairments Computation for Routing Purposes in a Transparent-Access Optical Network Based on Optical CDMA and WDM

AbstractOptical access networks are becoming more widespread and the use of multiple services might require a transparent optical network (TON). Multiplexing and privacy could benefit from the combination of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical coding (OC) and wavelength conversion in optical switches. The routing process needs to be cognizant of different resource types and characteristics such as fiber types, fiber linear impairments such as attenuation, dispersion, etc. as well as fiber nonlinear impairments such as four-wave mixing, cross-phase modulation, etc. Other types of impairments, generated by optical nodes or photonic switches, also affect the signal quality (Q) or the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), which is related to the bit error rate (BER). Therefore, both link and switch impairments must be addressed and somehow incorporated into the routing algorithm. However, it is not practical to fully integrate all photonic-specific attributes in the routing process. In this study, new routing parameters and constraints are defined that reflect the distinct characteristics of photonic networking. These constraints are applied to the design phase of TON and expressed as a cost or metric form that will be used in the network routing algorithm.

Development of an implicit material point method for geotechnical applications

An implicit material point method (MPM), a variant of the finite element method (FEM), is presented in this paper. The key feature of MPM is that the spatial discretisation uses a set of material points, which are allowed to move freely through the background mesh. All history-dependent variables are tracked on the material points and these material points are used as integration points similar to the Gaussian points. A mapping and re-mapping algorithm is employed, to allow the state variables and other information to be mapped back and forth between the material points and background mesh nodes during an analysis. In contrast to an explicit time integration scheme utilised by most researchers, an implicit time integration scheme has been utilised here. The advantages of such an approach are twofold: firstly, it addresses the limitation of the time step size inherent in explicit integration schemes, thereby potentially saving significant computational costs for certain types of problems; secondly, it enables an improved algorithm accuracy, which is important for some constitutive behaviours, such as elasto-plasticity. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a unified MPM framework, in which both quasi-static and dynamic analyses can be solved, and to demonstrate the model behaviour. The implementation closely follows standard FEM approaches, where possible, to allow easy conversion of other FEM codes. Newton’s method is used to solve the equation of motion for both cases, while the formation of the mass matrix and the required updating of the kinematic variables are unique to the dynamic analysis. Comparisons with an Updated Lagrangian FEM and an explicit MPM code are made with respect to the algorithmic accuracy and time step size in a couple of representative examples, which helps to illustrate the relative performance and advantages of the implicit MPM. A geotechnical application is then considered, illustrating the capabilities of the proposed method when applied in the geotechnical field.

Modified Low Power Binary to Excess Code Converter

Utilization of power is a major aspect in the design of integrated circuits. Since, adders are mostly employed in these circuits, we should design them effectively. Here, we propose an easy and effective method in decreasing the maximum consumption of power. Carry Select Adder is the one which is dependent on the design of two adders. We present a high performance low-power adder that is implemented. Also, here in Carry Select Adder, Binary Excess Code-1is replaced by Ripple Carry Adder. After analyzing the results, we can come to a conclusion that the architecture which is proposed will have better results in terms of consumption of power compared to conventional techniques.

Magnitude of Impact, Overall and on Subspecialties, of Transitioning in Radiology from ICD-9 to ICD-10 Codes

PurposeConverting the nation’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis coding system, from 14,025 ICD-9 to 69,823 ICD-10 codes, is projected to have enormous financial and operational implications. We aimed to assess the magnitude of impact that this code conversion will have on radiology claims. MethodsThe most frequently billed ICD-9 diagnosis codes for 588,523 radiology claims from five hospitals and affiliated outpatient sites during a 12-month period were mapped to matching ICD-10 codes using a Medicare-endorsed tool. The code-conversion impact factor was calculated for the entire radiology system, and each individual subspecialty division. ResultsOf all ICD-9 codes, only 3,407 (24.3%) were used to report any primary diagnosis. Of all claims, 50% were billed using just 37 (0.3%) primary codes; 75% with 131 (0.5%), and 90% with 348 (2.5%). Those 348 ICD-9 codes mapped onto 2,048 ICD-10 codes (5.9-fold impact), representing just 2.9% of all ICD-10 codes. By subspecialty, the conversion impact factor varied greatly, from 1.1 for breast (11 ICD-9 to 12 ICD-10 codes) to 28.8 for musculoskeletal imaging (146 to 4,199). The community division, reflecting a general practice mix, saw a conversion impact factor of 5.8 (254 to 1,471). ConclusionsFewer than 3% of all ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes are used to report an overwhelming majority of all radiology claims. Although the number of commonly used codes will expand 5.9-fold overall, musculoskeletal imaging will experience a projected 28.8-fold explosion. Radiology practices should target their ICD educational and operational conversion efforts in an evidence-based manner.

A real time experimental setup for classification of epilepsy risk levels

The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of singular value decomposition, expectation maximization, and Elman Neural Networks in optimization of code converter outputs in the classification of epilepsy risk levels from EEG (electroencephalogram) signals. The signal parameters such as the total number of positive and negative peaks, spikes and sharp waves, their duration etc., were extracted using morphological operators and wavelet transforms. Code converters were considered as a level one classifier. Code converters were found to have a performance index and quality value of 33.26 and 12.74, respectively, which is low. Consequently, for the EEG signals of 20 patients, the post classifiers were applied across 3 epochs of 16 channels. After having made a comparative study of different architectures, SVD was found to be the best post classifier as it marked a performance index of 89.48 and a quality value of 20.62. Elman neural network also exhibits good performance metrics than SVD in the morphological operator based feature extraction method.