COD Waste Research Articles

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on Filtration and Quality of Waste Liquid in Hospitals

ABSTRACT This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research trends regarding filtration and liquid waste quality in hospitals from 2018 to 2024. Using the Google Scholar database and bibliometric analysis applications such as VOSviewer, this study identified and analyzed relevant publications with the keywords filtration, effluent, hospital, COD, BOD, and Liquid Waste Quality. The data obtained was processed with occurrence 4 and term 20 parameters to identify the main patterns and trends in the literature. The analysis results show that the number of publications has increased significantly from year to year, with peaks in 2021 and 2022. The distribution of publication types shows the dominance of research articles with 42 out of 50 publications, followed by literature reviews (3) and conference articles (4). Analysis based on country of publication revealed the dominance of Indonesia with 23 publications, followed by India and several other countries with smaller contributions. Cluster analysis based on network visualization identified four main clusters: (1) effluent quality parameters such as BOD and COD; (2) hospital effluent management; (3) effluent treatment and management; and (4) effluent quality characterization and assessment.The results of density visualization showed a high concentration of quality parameters and treatment technologies, while overlay visualization revealed a close relationship between quality parameters and effluent management. The conclusions of this study highlight the major focus on technical parameters of effluent quality and treatment technology, as well as the importance of integration between effluent management and quality evaluation in research. The findings offer valuable insights for further research and development of innovative solutions in effluent management in hospitals. Keywords: Bibliometrics, Filtration, Effluent Quality, Hospital, Network Analysis

Anaerobic co-digestion of low Chemical oxygen demand concentration sludge mixture by different pretreatment methods

<p>Three laboratory scale systems were operated to study the anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with the excess activated sludge and cattle manure which contained low COD concentration. The experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of different methods of pretreatment. Since the poor organic substrate, the organic loading rate(OLR) was designed about 1.6kg total solids(TS)(l *d)-1 and the hydraulic retention time was controlled from 78days to 53days throughout the experiment to investigate the effects of the input on overall stability. When the digesters got stabilized, the COD removal efficiencies were 61%, 89% and 54%, respectively, and the pH value fluctuated little in the three digesters. The results indicated that the treatment of 1g volatile solids(VS) of SSEASCM on semi-continuous co-digestion generated more than 200ml of biogas on average. Thus, anaerobic co-digestion of the mixed sludge provided a means for low COD waste treatment and produced renewable energy.</p>

Potential of Cassava Peel as Cr Metal Biosorbent in Laboratory COD Waste

Cassava peel is an agricultural residual waste that can be found from industrial processing in Indonesia. Cassava peel contains cellulose which can be used as a biosorbent. The aim of this study was to optimize the adsorption of cassava peel waste on chromium metal ions and then to determine the adsorption capacity and adsorption constant values of the Langmuir model and the Freundlich model. The research was divided into four stages, namely manufacture, optimization conditions, maximum capacity, and application to waste. Optimization conditions for weight ratio, optimum concentration, pH, and contact time. Determination of chromium content, standard series, and testing using the APHA method SSA ed. 23rd 3030 D 3111 B, 2017 at a wavelength of 357.78 nm. Determination of adsorption isotherms of Langmuir and Freundlich models. The optimum condition results at a weight ratio of 1 gram in 10 ml of solution, a concentration of 10 ppm, pH 2, and a contact time of 180 minutes. The adsorption capacity is 0.10216 mg Cr/gram cassava peel biosorbent. Application to chrome contamination laboratory waste obtained an adsorbed concentration of 20.681 ppm. In the Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal model, the R2 value is 0.9668 and 0.9985, the n value is 0.73964.

Comparative Analysis of Conventional Anaerobic Digestion and Bio-Electrochemical Systems in Waste Organics Utilization

Anaerobic digestion is often used as an approach to deal with high COD waste streams. Compared to the aeration systems it allows better energy management due to the biogas production but also has several limitations including inlet waste streams quality and the additional equipment required for energy harvesting. In recent years, the bio-electrochemical systems (BES) and processes are intensively studied as a method for organic waste utilization, including wastewater. They potentially could bring several benefits to the wastewater treatment, mainly due to avoiding aeration (and aeration cost) and direct energy recovering in the form of electricity. Besides their anaerobic nature, the biological processes in BES are respiration-like contrary to the fermentative degradation typical for conventional anaerobic digestion which eventually will provide better mineralization and higher efficiency in terms of COD and BOD removal in such reactors. This study is a direct comparison between conventional anaerobic digestion and Microbial Fuel Cell (as a typical BES reactor) during utilization of wastewater from industrial production of ethanol by fermentation. COD removal rates and dynamics, energy recovery properties and parameters such as secondary sludge production are investigated in order to characterize the feasibility and technological readiness of BES as a step towards their commercialization.

Penurunan Kadar BOD dan COD Limbah Cair Dengan Sistem Coarse Screen, Sedimentasi, Biofilter Anaerob-Aerob

Waste from abattoir activities has high organic matter content. One wastewater alternative that suitable for abattoirs is used to utilize a combination of the anaerobic biofilter and aerobic biofilter. Which including a coarse screen, sedimentation, anaerobic biofilter, and aerobic biofilter. It made the treatment system can reduce levels of BOD snd COD waste batters. This study aims to determine the difference between the residence time variations of aerobic biofilter in reducing the BOD and COD levels of wastewater from abattoirs. The research is experimental. Using one group pretest-posttest design. Data analysis used the analysis of variance = 0,05.The analysis result of BOD and COD content wast decreased after treatment at each residence time, with 6 hours of residence time in an aerobics biofilter was reduced 70 percent BOD levels and 66,2 percent COD. 24 hours residence time had the ability to reduced 80 percent BOD content and 7 percent of COD content.Based on a one way analysis of variance results that there is a significant difference from all residence time because of Pvelue (0,00

EFEKTIVITAS EM-4 DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR COD LIMBAH CAIR BATIK CAP DI KELURAHAN SIMBANG WETAN KABUPATEN PEKALONGAN JAWA TENGAH

The objectives of this research are: (1) To know the effectiveness of lowering the rate of liquid waste COD stamp batik. (2) To know the most effective dose of the EM-4 in lowering the COD levels of liquid waste of stamp batik. (3) To know the day of how many EM -4 is most effective in lowering COD's liquid waste stamp batik. The study used the complete random design of the factorial pattern of dosage EM-4 0 ml/L, 10 ml/L, 15 ml/L and prolonged incubation for 1 day, 2 
 days, 3 days. The Data obtained is analyzed using two-lane analysis (Two Way Anova). Based on the results of the analysis of the treatment EM-4 and the old incubation against the liquid waste stamp batikobtained the following results: At a group of doses acquired F count = 4209.382 > F table 5% = 3.55, then H0 rejected or there is a real influence of various doses of EM -4 which is used against COD levels. At the time group gained F count = 77.756 > F table 5% = 3.55, then concluded that there is a real influence of incubation time against the rate of COD waste car stamp batik. The most effective EM-4 dosage to lower COD levels of liquid waste stamp batikis 15 ml/l 
 which is capable of lowering COD levels by 96.24% and the most effective prolongedincubation time is the first day.
 
 Keywords: Effectiveness, Prolonged incubation, EM-4, COD, Waste batik stamp.

Exploration on Recycling of Waste Liquid COD by Potassium Dichromate Method

The research is supported by a Project Funded by the brand professional project form Yancheng teachers college (2016) and the teaching reform and practice of medicinal chemistry (2018YCTUJGY006) and the Flagship Major Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions”(PPZY2015B113) 。 Abstract Potassium dichromate method was used to determine the high concentration of Hg 2+ , Ag + , Cr(VI), Cr 3+ and H 2 SO 4 in COD waste liquid. The waste liquid of COD was determined by potassium dichromate method, and the aluminum was used to replace Ag+ in the waste liquid to generate Ag and precipitate out, Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr 3+ , and then alkali neutralization, filtration and other measures were added to carry out treatment and recovery of useful substances, which not only reduced environmental pollution, but also recovered resources, with both economic and environmental benefits. Keywords Potassium dichromate method; Waste liquid; Reduction; Neutralization DOI : 10.7176/CER/11-10-08 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

PEMANFAATAN DAUN WARU (Hibiscus tiliance L) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU DETERJEN

SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) and LAS (Linear Alkyl Sulfonate) are active ingredients in detergents which have a negative impact on living things and the environment. To overcome these problems, one of the environmentally friendly alternative ingredients is waru leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the benefits of waru leaves in their use for washing cloth, knowing the effectiveness of waru leaves as an active ingredient in cleaning stains and knowing the level of contamination of COD waste waru leaf extract. The composition of the detergent formula uses the experimental method with 1 factor, namely the concentration of waru leaves (80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, 88%). The sample selection stage is based on the parameters of pH, foam height, optimal viscosity. From this stage, two best formulas were obtained, namely 80% and 82% waru leaf extract. The two best samples were washed so that the best formula was 82%. Further testing is carried out to measure the level of waste contamination. The sample had a pH of 7.56, foam height of 4.10 cm, viscosity of 539.0, white degree of WI-CIE 155.02 and level of COD contamination of 308.25 mg / l. These results can prove that waru leaves can be used as detergent raw materials.

STRATEGI PERLINDUNGAN BRANDING BATIK KOTA PEKALONGAN MENYONGSONG AFTA 2015 : IDENTIFIKASI, DAN SOLUSI PENERAPAN SOP (STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE) “HEALTH ENVIRONMENT & SAFETY WORKER”

Background : AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) is a form of free trade which requires Indonesia to be
 excellentin terms of products that promote not only quality products but also processes, ensuring quality and 
 standards. Indonesian batik has been recognized by UNESCO as an in tangible cultural Indonesian nation, which 
 mustbeone of exellent products that will participate in the AFTA. Branding the world city of batik for
 Pekalongan, a positive consequence very proud. But on the other side of the batik processis generally still
 dependent on raw materials hazardous material negative impact on workers and the environment. The purpose of 
 this study rests on the demands of AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) in 2015 is to improve the quality and the 
 quality and the protectionof domestic products (batik) to be able to compete with foreign products brought
 marketable products, wherethe production process considering various aspects of health and safety works. 
 Technical outputis generated in the form of data on workers health problems batik, and identification of wastes
 in this production of Pekalongan City in 2014 through the study and measurement of epidemiology and
 Environmental Health. Such data as one of the keyst in batik branding strategy formulation protection in the 
 form of a draft SOP and healthy environment for the workers to wards the implementation SMK3 the batik
 industry with zero accident and zero cases. Results. Batik worker health problems in the form of 67.5% 
 lungcapacity disorders; 33.8% decrease invisual function; dermatitis extremities 30%. Distribution of workers
 with impaired lung capacity, decreased visual function, and dermatitis extremities were observed at the stage of
 wax sticking, respectively 64.8%; 48.1%; and 66.7%. While the profile of batik waste outlet or point before
 entry into free waters showed temperature (30
 o
 C), pH(9), and COD (18.7 ppm) waste is under the maximum
 level (safe), where as the levels of BOD(162 ,2ppm) as of yet safe because it is still above the maximum levels
 of environmental quality standards. Conclusion :Some of the health problems in batik workers found that lung
 capacity disorders, visual impairment, and dermatitis extremities. While batik waste profile shows temperature, 
 pH, TSS, and COD are under environmental quality standards, but still above the levels of BOD quality 
 standards.
 
 Keyword: Batik, health problems, waste

Efektivitas Jenis Koagulan Poly Aluminium Chloride Menurut Variansi Dosis dan Waktu Pengadukan terhadap Penurunan Parameter Limbah Cair Industri Tahu

Tofus industry is a business built in the framework of the development of activities in the field of food that has a positive and negative impact on the environment. The negative impact of the tofus industry in the form of waste disposal that causes pollution problems that damage the environment Pollution environment. The result of solid waste (tofus waste) and liquids waste. Most of the liquid wastes produced by the tofu manufacture industry are viscous liquids that are separated from the clump of tofu called whey. Objective: To determine the effect of Coagulant PAC (Polyaluminium Chloride) with dose of 75 mg / l, 150 mg / l, 225 mg / l, 300 mg / l and slow stirring time 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes and 25 minutes in BOD parameters , COD and TSS liquid waste tofu. This type of research is a real experiment with a Pretest-Postest Research with A Control Group Design. this study can be performed using PAC as a coagulant with a dose and slow stirring time which is effective in lowering BOD, COD and TSS levels in tofus wastewater. The research was conducted at Integrated Laboratory of Poltekkes Tanjungkarang and samples were taken were tofus waste in Kelurahan Gunung Sulah Bandarlampung. The population in this study is the tofus waste generated from the tofu industry in Kelurahan Gunung Sulah. Samples taken in this study are liquid waste generated from the tofu industry in Kelurahan Gunung Sulah Bandar Lampung, taken early morning around 09.00 WIB. The results of this study contain an effective compound of administration of Polyalumunium Chloride (PAC), for all parameters of industrial waste know BOD, COD, and TSS, in accordance with Regulation of Minister of Environment No. 5 years 2014 is 765 mg / l, with a stirring time of 25 minutes.

Pollutants of Fish Processing Industry and Assessment of its Waste Management by Wastewater Quality Standards

The aim of this research was to evaluate the waste management by analysing pollutants produced by the Fish Processing Industry (The XYZ Company). Field observations were carried out to see the conditions of management. While, wastewater samples were carried out in each production process. The method of analysis was covered by the conditions of waste management, and the quality and quantity of wastewater that assed based on waste quality standards for the Fish Processing Industry. The results showed that waste management at XYZ Company has not been done optimally. This is indicated by the wastewater directly only through the sewerage and it is not possible to utilize waste. In addition, the parameters of wastewater are above the wastewater quality standards. It showed the parameters of BOD5 and COD in the melting process (566.67 mg/l and 1,790 mg/l), cooking (971.67 mg/l and 1022.33 mg/l), and washing (788.33 mg/l and 2.518 mg/l). In addition, the parameters of BOD5 and COD waste load in the cooking process (1.397 kg/tonnes of raw material and 3.008 kg/tonnes of raw material) and washing (2.564 kg/tonnes of raw material and 8.684 kg/tonnes of raw material). The management improvement can encourage the ustainability of water and sanitation for all.

Managing the excessive proliferation of glycogen accumulating organisms in industrial activated sludge by nitrogen supplementation: A FISH-NanoSIMS approach

Defluviicoccus vanus-related glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) regularly proliferate in industrial wastewater treatment plants handling high carbon but nitrogen deficient wastes. When GAO dominate, they are associated with poor performance, characterised by slow settling biomass and turbid effluents. Although their ecophysiology has been studied thoroughly in domestic waste treatment plants, little attention has been paid to them in aerobic industrial systems.In this study, the effect of nitrogen addition on GAO carbon metabolism was investigated during an 8h cycle. Activated sludge dominated by GAO from a winery wastewater sequencing batch reactor was incubated under different carbon to nitrogen (COD:N) ratios (100:1, 60:1 and 20:1) using 13C — acetate and 15N — urea. GAO cell assimilation was quantified using FISH-NanoSIMS. The activated sludge community was assessed by 16S rRNA gene profiling, DNA and storage polymer production. Carbon and nitrogen quantification at the cellular level by NanoSIMS revealed that low (COD:N of 100:1) or null nitrogen concentrations enhanced GAO carbon uptake. COD:N ratios of 60:1 and 20:1 reduced GAO carbon uptake and promoted whole microbial community DNA production. Nitrogen dosing at COD:N ratios of 60:1 or higher was demonstrated as feasible strategy for controlling the excessive GAO growth in high COD waste treatment plants.

Penurunan Kadar BOD, COD dan TSS pada Limbah Tahu Menggunakan Effective Microorganism-4 (EM4) Secara Aerob

Abstract : Decreased Levels BOD, COD and TSS Waste Of Tahu Using Effective Microorganism-4 (EM4) In Aerobic. Wastewater was generated from industry tahu still contains levels of polluters such as BOD, COD and TSS are still high that can pollute waterways, Therefore it must be lowered levels before discharge into waterways. One way to do is wastewater treatment with EM4. This type of research was a quasi experiments aimed to determine the reduced levels of BOD, COD and TSS waste of tahu with wastewater treatment using the activator Effective Microorganism-4 (EM4) in aerobic with variation concentrations of 0%, 3%, 5%, 7% and retention time of 72 hours, 144 hours, 216 hours. The results showed the highest decrease levels wastewater concentration treatment of 7% EM4 with retention time of 216 hours with a BOD value 399,9 mg/L (88,8%), COD 1355,2 mg/L (85,3%) and TSS 287 mg/L (72,7%). Data analysis used two-way anova in the treatment group EM4 concentration and retention time obtained p value = 0.000 and α = 0.05 the results showed that there were significant differences due to variations in the concentration of EM4, due to the retention time and due to the effects of interactions EM4 concentration with retention time. The treatment results still exceeded the quality standard so before doing aerobic treatment, the first can do anaerobic treatment, so that wastewater treatment is getting better effluent.
 
 Keywords: Waste of tahu; levels of BOD; COD;TSS; EM4; retention time.

Recovery and Reuse of Sliver and Sulfuric Acid from Waste Liquid of COD Determining

Silver sulfate in waste liquid of COD determining could be recycled by NaCl-H2SO4 technology, the recovery rate could be reached 80.5 %. Make a comparison between recyclable Ag2SO4 and commercially available Ag2SO4, and make seven kinds of wastewater COD experiment. The result of basic statistic analysis showed that recyclable Ag2SO4 could be recycled available for the determination of COD in water. The sulfuric acid in COD waste liquid (except silver) could be recycled by acid retardation technology, the recovery rate could be reached 91.7 %. Ag2SO4 and sulfuric acid in COD waste liquid was effectively recycled by NaCl-H2SO4-acid retardation coupling technology.

High quality fish protein hydrolysates prepared from by-product material with Fucus vesiculosus extract

Value added products such as fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) can be produced from fish by-products. Lipid oxidation and bad taste are the major challenge in the commercialization of bioactive FPH. The aim of this research was to study the production of high quality FPH from fish by-products prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis using a natural antioxidant extracted from the Icelandic brown algae Fucus vesiculosus (Fv). FPH were produced from cod waste material; i.e. cod bone mince, in the absence and presence of an Fv extract (Fv-e). Oxidation during the FPH production was evaluated (lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). The FPH were sensory analyzed (generic descriptive analysis) and in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated. Results show that Fv-e contributed to better tasting FPH with regard to bitter, soap, fish oil and rancidity taste. Results from the oxidation and antioxidant activity assays indicated a protecting effect of Fv-e during processing.

Photo Catalytic Degradation of Effluent of Iron and Power Plant Industries in Aqueous Solution by CDS Nano Catalyst Using UV Irradiation

The iron and power plant industries consume significant amount of water during the power generation and finishing operations. In this operation a used water having high chemical oxygen demand contents and the waste water discharged in rivers or public sewage treatment plant. Their treatment has been a necessary aspect for human prosperity and ecological environment. This paper shows the detailed study of photo catalytic degradation of effluent carried out in the presence of an aqueous solution of TiO2 nano catalyst irradiated with UV light in a batch reactor. It was observe that photo catalytic degradation of effluent obey pseudo first order kinetics according to langum-uir Hinshelwood model. The influences of various factors in rate of reaction are, initial effluent concentration, catalyst concentration and UV light irradiation time on degradation efficiency were scientifically studied. The degradation of eluent was determined by Photo colorimeter and determines the COD degradation through transmittance of effluent. Keywords - Photo catalytic degradation, TiO2 nano catalyst, COD, AOP's, Iron and power plant waste water. I. INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution is produced either by a natural source or by some anthropogenic activity, or by human. Which has an adverse effect on humans, animals, plants and materials? The inordinate population growth, fast industrialization, rapid urbanization and modified agricultural operations have intensified the pollution of air and water both and as a consequence, the human health is seriously affected by this environmental and ecological disorder. If this situation is not controlled timely, it would become a malignant problem for the survival of mankind on this planet. Environment pollution by organic pollutant also sets several ecological problems, which is increased by the fact that most of them are difficult to degrade using standard biological methods. For the removal of such recalcitrant pollutants some traditional, physical techniques such as adsorption on activated charcoal, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis and coagulation is used efficiently. Nevertheless they are nondestructive. Recently there has been considerable interest on the utilization of advanced oxidation process (AOPs) for the destruction of organic compounds in contaminated water. The key advantage of this degradation method is that it can be carried out under ambient condition and lead to complete degradation of organic compounds. Among the advanced oxidation process heterogeneous photo catalysis appears as an emerging technology leading to the total mineralization of most of the organic pollutants. If a suitable semiconductors are irradiated with visible or UV light electron excitation from Valance band to conduction band results and a vacancy or hole is left in the valance band such have the effect of a positive charge. Thus in turn generates the formation of holes on the surface of the semiconductor, which can react with oxygen, water and hydroxide ion to form hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, super oxide radicals are formed from the reaction of excited electrons with oxygen molecules. The highly reactive oxygen species so formed react with the organic pollutants resulting in their oxidation. The kinetics of photo catalytic degradation of many organic compounds in TiO2 suspensions under visible irradiation has often been matched to the simple langmuir-hinshelwood equation -1 r = -dc/d t ……equation-1

Environmental emissions by Chinese industry: Exergy-based unifying assessment

Based on chemical exergy as an objective measure for the chemical deviation between the emission and the environment, a unifying assessment is carried out for major environmental emissions covering COD, ammonia nitrogen, SO2, soot, dust, NOx and solid waste by Chinese industry over 1997–2006, with emphasis on the sectoral and regional levels in 2006. Of the total emission in exergy up to 274.1PJ in 2006, 67.7% is estimated from waste gases, 29.9% from waste water and 2.4% from solid waste. Five of 40 sectors and 12 of 30 regions are responsible for 72.7% and 65.5% of the total emission, respectively. SO2 is the leading emission type in 9 sectors and 25 regions, and COD in another 28 sectors and 5 regions. Some pollution-intensive sectors such as Production and Distribution of Electric Power and Heat Power and Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products, and western and inland regions such as Guangxi and Ningxia with high emission intensities are identified. By clustering and disjoint principal component analysis with intensities of emissions and fuel coal use as variables, three principal components are extracted, and four statistically significant clusters are pinpointed in the sectoral and regional analysis. Corresponding policy-making implications are addressed.

Impact of Regional Economic Integration in East Asia

The current study evaluates the economy wide impact of trade liberalization in the ASEAN region along with China, Japan and Korea (ASEAN + 3) by the year 2020 using the GTAP framework. The study also assesses the environmental impact of the trade liberalization in the region focusing on the seven environmental indicators (CO2, CH4, N2O, BOD, COD, Suspended Solid and Industrial Waste). The result shows that the countries under agreement (ASEAN + 3) will benefit with increased output, expansion of trade and welfare due to trade reforms. Further, the integration will increase the global welfare, although the regions not under agreement in the world will show a decline in output growth. Vietnam will be gaining with the highest output growth among the ASEAN region; however, the impact on the environment would not be favourable. The environmental impact reveals a mixed outcome for participating countries under the agreement. The paper provides useful insight in pursuing greater trade liberalization among the countries under the study.

The Improved Whitening of Minced Cod Flesh Using Dispersed Titanium Dioxide

A simple effective method of whitening fish mince using titanium dioxide has been developed. The whitener comprised a dispersed titanium dioxide (TiO2) suspension stabilised with xanthan gum (20 g TiO2/1 g xanthan gum/79 ml water) which produced significant whitening of fish mince derived from cod waste. The whitener was incorporated during the mixing stage of conventional fish mince manufacture, and achieved an even spread of coloration. The whitened fish mince was found to be stable to high temperature cooking systems, such as frying. Taste and texture of the fish mince were not affected by the level of xanthan gum and TiO2 used. Xanthan gum and TiO2 were sufficiently heat stable and inert with respect to taste, odour and chemical reactivity, to be suitable for use for such a purpose, unlike other compounds investigated and conventional dispersed fat/oil whiteners. A level of 1 g kg-1 of TiO2 in the fish mince was found to give optimal level. © 1997 SCI.

The Improved Whitening of Minced Cod Flesh Using Dispersed Titanium Dioxide

A simple effective method of whitening fish mince using titanium dioxide has been developed. The whitener comprised a dispersed titanium dioxide (TiO2) suspension stabilised with xanthan gum (20 g TiO2/1 g xanthan gum/79 ml water) which produced significant whitening of fish mince derived from cod waste. The whitener was incorporated during the mixing stage of conventional fish mince manufacture, and achieved an even spread of coloration. The whitened fish mince was found to be stable to high temperature cooking systems, such as frying. Taste and texture of the fish mince were not affected by the level of xanthan gum and TiO2 used. Xanthan gum and TiO2 were sufficiently heat stable and inert with respect to taste, odour and chemical reactivity, to be suitable for use for such a purpose, unlike other compounds investigated and conventional dispersed fat/oil whiteners. A level of 1 g kg-1 of TiO2 in the fish mince was found to give optimal level. © 1997 SCI.