COD Values Research Articles

Enhancement of a Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System by Applying a Bio-tower - A Project for Improving our Environmental Footprint

To investigate if decentralized wastewater treatment systems impact on the environment performance can be improved, a Field Bio-tower Tank Septic system was designed, installed on an existing 1,500-gal (5678 l) decentralized wastewater treatment system. The system was started up during a 14-day start-up phase, followed by a 130-day test phase. The system was operated at an average hydraulic retention time of 16.7 days based on a 90 gal (204.4 l) daily influent wastewater flow.
 The systems recirculation flow for the bio-tower was 22.6 l/min (6 gal/min) for the start-up phase and 40.0 l/min (10.6 gal/min) for the test period with a corresponding recirculation of the entire septic tank from 5.7 to 10.1 times a day respectively.
 During the testing period a daily average temperature of 19.3°C (66.7°F) and an average rainfall of 5 l/m² was observed. The FBST system operated at an average influent pH level and temperature of 8.6 and 22.0°C. The average effluent pH and temperature was 8.5 of 20.9°C.
 The installed system reduced on average the influent TS from 79151 mg/l to 43021 mg/l and showed an average reduction of the TDS from 36424 mg/l to 21965 mf/l. The TSS and VSS was reduced on average from 94.1 mg/l to 69.9 mg/l and 89.0 mg/l to 64.9 mg/l.
 NH3-N content was reduced from 57.5 mg/l in the influent to 53.4 mg/l in the effluent. The average BOD and COD was reduced from the average influent value of 88.2 mg/l and 318.2 mg/l to 66.8 mg/l and 256.2 mg/l respectively. However, at the end of the 130-day test period BOD and COD values were the lowest at 15.5 mg/l and 56.0 mg/l respectively, indicating bacteria cultures are well established and the system operation of the FBTS system is mostly constant.
 This research showed that the FBST system can improve operations of a DWWTS system significantly reducing the effluent load over 10 times compared to the influent load of the system.

CHARACTERISATION AND POLLUTANT LOAD OF GREYWATER CONTAINING PERSONAL CARE COSMETIC PRODUCTS (PCCPS) FOR BODY CARE

Personal Care Cosmetic Products (PCCPs) are used on the exterior of the body, such as the skin, nails, hair, lips, external genitalia, teeth, and oral membranes. Greywater from a bathing activity is a significant contributor to domestic wastewater quantity. The greywater contains residual substances from the rinsing process of body care products. Aim: This study will focus on the characteristic and the specific pollutant load of greywater generated from the usage of shower gel. Methodology and Results: The characterization and specific pollutant loads are conducted based on artificial greywater which is made from three brands of shower gel which is diluted in tap water. The greywater from body cleaning activities has a pH value in the range of 7.26-7.33; total phosphate in the range of 1.71-3.09 mg/L; the value of NTK total Kjedahl nitrogen in the range of 2.45-4.03 mg/L; total COD in the range of 380.97-506.16 mg/L; dissolved COD values in the range of 310.92-393.68 mg/L; TSS value in the range of 62-229.50 mg/L; and TDS values in the range of 283-376.67 mg/L. The specific pollutant load generated from shower gel usage in greywater are 0.012 g TP/person/day; 0.016 g TKN/person/day; 2.14 g Total COD/person/day; 1.59 g dissolved COD/person/day; 0.94 g/person/day for TSS; and 1.48 g/person/day for TDS. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: The Greywater from shower gel usage contains physical and chemical constituents that can promote environmental deterioration. The finding of this research will provide useful information for domestic wastewater management and system design, especially for urban areas in Indonesia.

Evaluation of the impact of untreated cassava mill effluent on the physicochemical properties of the soil in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria.

Samples of fresh cassava effluent, cassava effluent polluted soil and unpolluted soil were collected during the rainy season to evaluate the effect on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil in Aba, Abia State. The physical and chemical parameters of the untreated cassava mill effluent, untreated cassava mill effluent-polluted soil and unpolluted soil were determined using standard laboratory methods. It was observed that addition of cassava mill effluent to the soil resulted to changes in the physicochemical parameters. The cyanide content, conductivity, turbidity, moisture content, TDS, TSS, TS, total acidity, total alkalinity, total chloride, and magnesium were higher in the contaminated soil samples than the unpolluted soil. The values of pH, Total hardness, calcium hardness, phosphorus, organic carbon, COD and BOD of the contaminated soil samples were lower than those of the unpolluted soil due to high content of hydrogen cyanide present in the contaminated soil. The high cynogenic potential had been attributed to the high cyanogenic glucoside (linamarin and lotaustralin) contained in cassava. The pH range of the untreated cassava mill effluent and the untreated cassava mill effluent polluted soil were completely acidic while the unpolluted soil was neutral indicating that the effluent impacted acidic properties to the soil. Phosphorus buildup in the unpolluted soil can be caused by excessive use of inorganic fertilizer or use of composts and manures high in phosphorus. The effluent from cassava plant when discharged on soil causes physicochemical changes in the soil, which calls for serious concern if the soil will be used for agricultural and other purposes. Therefore, cassava mills must be owned and managed by individuals who have basic knowledge of environmental protection.

A Comparative analysis of neural networks and genetic algorithms to characterize wastewater from led spectrophotometry

The present research work seeks to solve the need for having real-time characterization of the pollutant load of urban wastewater using a robust and economical analytical technique such as spectrophotometry. For that reason, a comparison is presented between the use of neural networks (2 models) and genetic algorithms (4 models) to characterize COD and TSS values in raw and treated wastewater; over 500 wastewater samples were taken from the Mapocho-Trebal wastewater treatment plant in Chile. The results of this research indicate that, although both techniques provided similar fits, the neural networks generally performed better in estimating the test data than the genetic algorithms, with the exception of TSS characterization in raw wastewater, where the genetic algorithms performed better. The neural network presented an RMSE of 57.75 mg/l for COD and raw wastewater, while for TSS, the best performance was achieved with the genetic algorithm, with an RMSE of 36.7 mg/l. In treated wastewater, the neural network provided lower RMSE for COD and TSS than the genetic algorithm, 13.36 mg/l and 9.72 mg/l, respectively.The results obtained make it possible to consider using these economical, fast, and simple indirect techniques for the characterization of the pollutant load of wastewater in continuous operation, which will help to meet the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals of the UN.

Numerical Modelling of a Dam-Regulated River Network for Balancing Water Supply and Ecological Flow Downstream

Dam operation is regarded as an effective way to increase water, food, and energy security for society. However, with the increasing water demand and frequent extreme droughts, numerous rivers worldwide go through periods of water scarcity and water ecosystem deterioration to varying degrees. Balancing the water supply and ecological flow of the dam-regulated river network is essential in the context of river restoration. In this study, we proposed a hydrodynamic and water quality model of a dam-regulated river network balancing water supply and ecological flow using the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). A section of Jinjiang watershed located in the southwestern of China was chosen as the study area. Firstly, the model was calibrated and validated. By comparing the simulated values with the measured values, the statistical analysis results showed that the relative root mean-squared error (RRMSE) values of water level, COD and NH3-N were 5.5–8.1%, 23.6% and 28.4%, respectively, indicating an adequate degree of agreement between simulation and observation. Based on the established model, dam operation schemes under a dry hydrologic scenario and emergency contamination scenario were formulated to ensure the requirement of ecological water flow and water quality simultaneously. For the dry hydrologic scenario, the ecological water requirement could be satisfied through the dam operation. However, in an emergency contamination scenario, regional water quality requirements cannot be met through dam operation. The dam operation only plays a role in controlling the scope of pollution. This study is expected to provide scientific support for dam-regulated river network management and downstream river ecosystem protection.

Microbial metabolism regulation on the efficient degradation of aromatic compounds for biochemical treatment process of coal chemical wastewater in pilot scale

At present, the common problems of biochemical treatment systems of coal chemical wastewater were the poor system stability and the difficulty in reaching COD discharge standards. Aromatic compounds were the main contributors to COD value. The effective removal of aromatic compounds was an urgent problem in the biochemical treatment systems of coal chemical wastewater. In this study, the dominant microbial strains that could degrade phenol, quinoline, and phenanthrene were isolated respectively and inoculated into the pilot scale biochemical tank of coal chemical wastewater. The regulation effect and mechanism of microbial metabolism on the efficient degradation of aromatic compounds were studied. The results indicated that the various aromatic compounds were significantly removed under the regulation of microbial metabolism, the removal efficiencies of COD, TOC, phenols, benzenes, N-CHs, and PAHs were increased by about 25%, 20%, 33%, 25%, 42%, and 45%, respectively, and their biotoxicity was also drastically reduced. Moreover, the abundance and diversity of microbial community, and the microbial activity were obviously improved, as well as the various functional strains were selectively enriched, suggesting that the regulation system could resist environmental stresses with high substrate concentration and toxicity, which could lead to more enhanced performance for aromatic compounds removal. In addition, the microbial EPS content was significantly increased, implying the formation of microbial hydrophobic cell surfaces, which could improve the bioavailability of aromatic compounds. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity analysis revealed that the relative abundance and activity of key enzymes were all obviously improved. In conclusion, multiple lines of evidence were provided to clarify the regulation mechanism of microbial metabolism on the efficient degradation of aromatic compounds for biochemical treatment process of coal chemical wastewater in pilot scale. The results laid a good foundation for realizing the harmless treatment of coal chemical wastewater.

Sequential application of activated sludge and phytoremediation with aquatic macrophytes on tannery effluents: in search of a complete treatment.

Tannery effluents with a high organic matter load (indicated by their COD level) have to be treated before they are discharged, so as to minimize their negative impact on the environment. Using field mesocosm systems, this study evaluated the feasibility of treating such effluents through bioaugmentation with activated sludge, followed by phytoremediation with aquatic macrophytes (Lemnoideae subfamily). Regardless of its quality, the activated sludge was able to remove approximately 77% of the COD from effluents with a low initial organic load (up to 1500 mg/L). The macrophytes then enhanced removal (up to 86%), so the final COD values were permissible under the current legislation for effluent discharge. When the initial organic load in the undiluted effluents was higher (around 3000 mg/L), the COD values obtained after consecutive bioaugmentation and phytoremediation were close to the legally allowed limits (583 mg/L), which highlights the potential of phytoremediation as a tertiary treatment. This treatment also brought total coliform counts down to legally acceptable values, without plant biomass decreasing over time. Moreover, the plant biomass remained viable and capable of high COD removal efficiency (around 75%) throughout two additional reuse cycles. These findings indicate that the efficiency of the biological treatments assayed here depends largely on the initial organic load in the tannery effluents. In any case, the sequential application of activated sludge and aquatic macrophytes proved to be a successful alternative for remediation.

Landfill leachate a new threat to water quality: a case study from the Temperate Himalayas.

Landfills are commonly seen as the most cost-efficient and practical approach to waste management in various regions around the world. Nonetheless, the infiltration of hazardous materials from poorly managed dumping sites remains a significant environmental issue in most developing countries such as India. Leachate serves as a prominent point source of contamination in many environmental media like soil, groundwater, and surface water around the world. So the prime issues humans are experiencing are associated with water quality. Thus, the investigation was undertaken to assess the impact of leachate from the Achan landfill on surface water quality in the Temperate Himalayas. Monitoring was done during in all four seasons, viz., spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Among the sites, the leachate outflow site was found to have the highest mean value of pH (7.95), EC (2.16 dS/m), total nitrogen (2.64mg/l), P (4.75mg/l), K (1.41mg/l), Ca (107.45mg/l), Mg (54.93mg/l), Zn (0.8mg/l), Fe (1.78mg/l), Cu (0.66mg/l), Mn (0.81mg/l), BOD (21.47mg/l), COD (66.24mg/l), temperature (14.22°C), turbidity (14.29 NTU), while lowest mean values of all parameters were recorded at control site. Among the seasons, summer season was found to have maximum value of pH (7.9), EC (2.36 dS/m), total nitrogen (2.54mg/l), P (4.0mg/l), K (0.89mg/l), Ca (85.94mg/l), Mg (43.91mg/l), Fe (1.4mg/l), Cu (0.52mg/l), Mn (0.64mg/l), BOD (22.82mg/l), COD (65.87mg/l), temperature (18.99°C), and turbidity (8.49 NTU). The maximum mean value of Zn (0.66mg/l) was recorded during winter season, while other parameters were found to be minimum during winter season. From this study, we concluded that a decreasing trend was observed during all the seasons in the concentration of all physico-chemical parameters with an increase in distance from the landfill. So it is recommended that the leachate should be treated at the source before disposing into the water body and the landfill should be lined properly to prevent the entry of leachate into water sources.

Photocatalytic degradation of multi-organo-sulfur industrial wastewater using TiO2 produced from modified sulfate process

This study focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of industrial wastewater containing organic pollutants using modified sulfate process derived-titanium dioxide (mspd-TiO2). The mspd-TiO2 is duly characterized and compared with commercially available Degussa P-25 TiO2. The industrial effluent is assayed for pollutants and is found to have high sulfur content (S = 11.37 ± 0.15 %) and the presence of organic compounds. The powder studied, mspd-TiO2, demonstrated a desirable efficiency in treating the industrial wastewater, as the COD value decreased from 7680 mg/l to 320 mg/l after degradation. Sulfur Black and Acid Orange 7, both of which are in the industrial effluent, are degraded using mspd-TiO2. The efficiency of mspd-TiO2 in degrading the pollutants is 80 ± 3 % for Sulfur Black and 72 ± 3 % for Acid Orange7 within 2 h. This is achieved at a loading of 150 g/l TiO2 at pH 5 (k = 0.0125 ± 0.002 min−1). Results indicate that the catalyst remained structurally stable after degradation. The mspd-TiO2 exhibited decreased activity during the reusability test due to loss of activation sites, particle aggregation, and mass loss. Overall, significant degradation of the pollutants is observed. This study demonstrates the potential of mspd-TiO2 for efficient and cost-effective treatment of industrial wastewater containing complex sulfur-containing organic pollutants.

Pemanfaatan Sisa Kulit Kayu sebagai Karbon Aktif dalam Pengolahan Air Lindi Industri Pulp and Paper

The pulp and paper industry produces the remaining bark as solid waste, where this solid waste pile when it rains will produce leachate that seeps into the ground, causing soil and groundwater pollution. This wood waste can be used as activated carbon (adsorbent) for leachate treatment. The research was divided into two stages, namely adsorbent production and leachate treatment. Production of activated carbon from bark (bark) was activated using a solution of NaOH and H2SO4 as an activator, with variations of bark (gr): activator (ml) = 20:100; 50:200; 70:300. The leachate adsorption process used activated carbon with a mass of 2.5 and 5 g for 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The lowest adsorbent water content was 0.87% activated using NaOH, and the lowest ash content 0.79% when activated with H2SO4. This is still in accordance with the SII standard No.0258-88. The best variation occurred when the addition of activated carbon which was activated using 5 grams of H2SO4 for 120 minutes caused the most significant decrease in COD value of 52%, and pH 7.32. From the variations in the activation of activated carbon adsorbents, the activation of acidic solutions is better in leachate treatment.

Seeding and Acclimatization for Aerobic Processing of Restaurant Wastewater with Sequencing Batch Reactor

Restaurant wastewater has a relatively high organic matter content, so it needs to be treated to meet the specified quality standard. One of the technologies that can be used in restaurant wastewater treatment is Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) technology. The purpose of this study is to set up an aerobic SBR system with seeding and acclimatization treatments to reduce the amount of organic matter in restaurant wastewater when a shock load occurs. The research was done using wastewater from a restaurant in Bandung and activated sludge from the food industry in Bogor as seeds for microorganisms. In this study, the seeding process was carried out by introducing 25% activated sludge and 75% nutrients into the reactor, and the acclimatization process was carried out by introducing a specific ratio of nutrients and wastewater into the reactor gradually until the waste concentration reached 100%. The parameters tested were COD, MLVSS, DO, pH, and temperature. During the seeding procedure, the initial COD value of 3,200 mg/L declined. It began to stabilize on the seventh day, with a COD value of 1,080 mg/L. The COD removal reached a relatively stable condition in the acclimatization process starting on day 2, where COD decreased from the original 1,280 mg/L to 480 mg/L.

An economical electrocoagulation process of a hazardous anionic azo dye wastewater with the combination of recycled electrodes and solar energy.

The energy and electrode costs are the restrictions of applying electrocoagulation (EC) in wastewater treatment and many attempts have been made to decrease these costs. In this study, an economical EC was investigated to treat a hazardous anionic azo dye wastewater (DW) that threatens the environment and human health. Firstly, an electrode for EC process was produced from recycled aluminum cans (RACs) by remelting in an induction melting furnace. The performance of the RAC electrodes in the EC was evaluated for COD, color removal, and the EC operating parameters such as initial pH, current density (CD), and electrolysis time. Response surface methodology which is based on central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used for the optimization of the process parameters which were found to be pH 3.96, CD 15mA/cm2, and electrolysis time 45min. The maximum COD and color removal values were determined as 98.87% and 99.07%, respectively. The characterization of electrodes and the EC sludge was conducted by XRD, SEM, and EDS analyses for the optimum variables. In addition, the corrosion test was conducted to determine the theoretical lifetime of the electrodes. The results showed that the RAC electrodes show an extended lifetime as compared to their counterparts. Secondly, the energy cost required to treat DW in the EC was aimed to decrease by using solar panels (PV), and the optimum number of PV for the EC was determined by the MATLAB/Simulink. Consequently, the EC with low treatment cost was proposed for the treatment of DW. An economical and efficient EC process for waste management and energy policies was investigated in the present study which will be instrumental in the emergence of new understandings.

Green synthesis of highly efficient and stable copper oxide nanoparticles using an aqueous seed extract of Moringa stenopetala for sunlight-assisted catalytic degradation of Congo red and alizarin red s

Environmental pollution by organic pollutants because of population growth and industrial expansion is a global concern. Following this, the fabrication of single and efficient nanomaterials for pollution control is highly demanded. Under this study, highly efficient and stable copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through the green method using Moringa stenopetala seed extract. XRD, UV–vis, FT-IR, and SEM were applied to characterize the synthesized material. From XRD data, the average particle size was found to be 6.556 nm, and the nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. The formation of CuO NPs was demonstrated by FT-IR spectra of Cu–O in different bending vibration bands at 535 cm-1 and 1122 cm-1, as well as stretching vibration of Cu–O at 1640 cm-1. From UV–visible spectroscopic measurements, the energy band gap of greenly synthesized CuO NPs was found to be 1.73 eV. The SEM result shows that the nanoparticles' surfaces are rough, with some of the particles having spherically random orientation. The photodegradation efficiency of green synthesized CuO NPs photocatalyst was found to be 98.35% for Congo red at optimum experimental parameters (initial concentration, 25 mg/L; exposure time, 120 min; catalyst dose, 0.2 g; and pH, 5) and 95.4% for Alizarin Red S at optimum experimental parameters (catalyst dose, 0.25 g; initial concentration, 40 mg/L; exposure time, 120 min; and pH, 4.6). The COD values determined for the degraded product strongly support the complete mineralization of the dyes toward nontoxic materials. Reusability of the catalyst was investigated for five cycles, and the results clearly indicate the green synthesized CuO NPs are highly stable, can be used for several times, and are cost-effective as well. The degradation of Congo red and Alizarin red S on the surface of the CuO NPs follows the MBG kinetic model.

KEMAMPUAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 DALAM SERAPAN LOGAM BESI (Fe) PADA LIMBAH LINDI DI TPA GAMPONG JAWA KOTA BANDA ACEH

Leachate is a liquid containing hazardous materials such as metal Iron (Fe). One method that can be used to reduce Fe levels in leachate is using the bioremediation method. This study aimed to determine the absorption ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in remediating Fe as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of leachate such as COD, TSS, and pH before and after using P. aeruginosa. This study used an experimental method of four treatments and three replications. The concentration of bacteria used was 108 CFU/ml with ex-situ contact times of 0, 10, 20, and 30 hours. The results showed that the highest decrease in Fe, COD, TSS, and pH occurred at 30 hours. The Fe value can be reduced to 4.45 mg/L with an absorption effectiveness of 38.19%; the initial COD value of 1.432 mg/L decreased to 1.301 mg/L. In addition, the TSS value decreased to 213 mg/L from the initial level of 223 mg/L and the highest pH decreased, namely 9.6 to 8.1. The uptake of P. aeruginosa bacteria is good in reducing acceptable levels of Fe and pH.

Co-hydrothermal carbonization of pine residual sawdust and non-dewatered sewage sludge – effect of reaction conditions on hydrochar characteristics

Waste valorization is mandatory to develop and consolidate a circular bioeconomy. It is necessary to search for appropriate processes to add value to different wastes by utilizing them as feedstocks to provide energy, chemicals, and materials. For instance, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an alternative thermochemical process that has been suggested for waste valorization aiming at hydrochar production. Thus, this study proposed the Co-HTC of pine residual sawdust (PRS) with non-dewatered sewage sludge (SS) – two wastes largely produced in sawmills and wastewater treatment plants, respectively – without adding extra water. The influence of temperature (180, 215, and 250 °C), reaction time (1, 2, and 3 h), and PRS/SS mass ratio (1/30, 1/20, and 1/10) on the yield and characteristics of the hydrochar were evaluated. The hydrochars obtained at 250 °C had the best coalification degree, showing the highest fuel ratio, high heating value (HHV), surface area, and N, P, and K retention, although presenting the lowest yields. Conversely, hydrochar functional groups were generally reduced by increasing Co-HTC temperatures. Regarding the Co-HTC effluent, it presented acidic pH (3.66–4.39) and high COD values (6.2–17.3 g·L−1). In general, this new approach could be a promising alternative to conventional HTC, in which a high amount of extra water is required. Besides, the Co-HTC process can be an option for managing lignocellulosic wastes and sewage sludges while producing hydrochar. This carbonaceous material has the potential for several applications, and its production is a step towards a circular bioeconomy.

Strategi Pemantauan Kualitas Air Bersih pada Rumah Tangga Miskin di Kampung Holtekamp, Kota Jayapura, Papua

Jayapura City is an indicator of Papua's development in general. In 2012, the city of Jayapura had 25,653 poor households, with a total population of 102,612. Muara Tami District is a district with a total number of households that reaches 86.6%. The highest population density is in Muara Tami district, located in Holtekamp village with a total of 243 households. Clean water quality includes physical, chemical and biological parameters. Determination of precise parameters based on pollutant sources and determination of sampling points, as well as the weather are effective means of cost-efficiency in air quality monitoring. The results of the analysis show that the dug wells of Holtekamp village residents are in the category of heavy pollution. Most of the physical - chemical - biological conditions of the air did not meet the class I air quality standards. The lowest COD value was 25 mg / L and reached 35 mg / L, as well as the lead content (Pb), the lowest was 0.035 mg/L and the highest was 0.37. mg / L, while the lowest E. Coli content was 29 MPN / 100 mL and the highest was 390 MPN / 100 mL. This is due to poor sanitation and construction of dug wells. Keywords: Holtekamp, dug wells, water pollution

Electrochemical catalyst 4-Acetamido-TEMPO oxidation degumming of scutched flax tow (SFT): Promoting of lignin depolymerization and restraining of cellulose degradation

Bast fiber degumming can be achieved in TEMPO/NaClO/NaBr, TEMPO/laccase system, however, large amounts of harmful chemicals and/or expensive enzymes used in these systems caused high pressure on the environment and economic cost. To solve this problem, electrochemical catalyst TEMPO system (ECTS) was established for the degumming of scutched flax tow. Results showed that successful degumming could be achieved under the assisting method which could provide shearing force to the system (e.g., stirring, shaking, etc.), but could not be achieved with assisting method providing other kinds of force (e.g., ultrasound, electrode covering, etc.). The use of proton exchange membrane could improve the degumming efficiency. The reaction efficiency of ECTS decreased in the order of NHPI > 4- Acetamido -TEMPO > TEMPO; working electrode material of titanium ruthenium iridium > graphite > glassy carbon; and the rising of working electrode area. Under the optimal reaction condition (5 × 5 cm2 graphite flake working electrode, shaking speed 700 rpm, 0.2 mol/L 4- Acetamido -TEMPO, 0.25 mol/L electrolyte, pH 11.0, 2.1 V, 120 min, 85 °C), the cellulose content, lignin content, tenacity of the resulted SFT reached 82.3%, 1.8% and 1200 N/g, respectively. The waste water COD value of ECTS was 61.7% lower than that of TEMPO/NaClO/NaBr degumming, and similar with that of TEMPO/laccase degumming.

Evaluation of the olive mill wastewater treatment based on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), flocculation, and filtration

Different eco-friendly processes are under study to treat olive mill wastewater in the line with European 2024 zero-waste plan. This study is focused on the application of advanced oxidation processes, flocculation, and filtration to determine the best operational condition to obtain high-quality regenerated water in a simple and fast process. In this sense, after photo-Fenton high organic matter removal percentages were obtained: turbidity = 78.3 ± 6.4 %, chemical oxygen demand = 82.9 ± 0.1 %, total organic carbon = 68.9 ± 8.2 %, total phenolic compound = 20.8 ± 9.1 %, and total nitrogen = 64.1 ± 2.1 %. However, the total iron was increased to 792 ± 71 mg/L generating toxicity in the wastewater (100 % mortality in D. magna toxicity test). The subsequent flocculation and filtration steps, refine the water quality. In this sense, different flocculants have been studied to optimize regenerated treated water and the operations time, determining the sedimentation rate in a typical Kynch curve. In quality terms, adjusting the oxidized water to pH = 6 showed the best option to determine lowest values of COD = 131 mg O2/L, TPCs = 0.110 mg/L, and total iron = 0.380 mg/L but with high values for sodium = 1320 mg/L and chloride ions = 473 mg/L. However, with a minimum amount of Nalco 9913 (10 mg/L) and Nalco GR-204 (50 mg/L) highest sedimentation rate was achieved. After three filtration steps, regenerated water for irrigation purposes with the following quality parameters pH = 7.0, electric conductivity = 6.04 mS/cm, turbidity = 0.66 FTU, COD = 451 mg O2/L, TOC = 142 mg/L, TPCs = 0.13 mg/L; sodium ions = 1.50 mg/L, chloride ions = 221 mg/L, total iron = 0.247 mg/L, and no toxicity was obtained.

Performance investigation of a novel design of vertical micro-screen drum filter for a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

The present study proposes a new design of mechanical filter to suit the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) as a high-efficiency alternative filter to the conventional swirl separator (CSS). The new filter is considered the developed version of CSS; thus, it is called thereafter as the swirl-vertical drum filter (SVDF) which is provided with a rotating vertical micro-screen drum equipped with a fixed vertical brush as a self-cleaning tool instead of the conventional backwash system. The performance of SVDF was evaluated under different drum rotational speeds, and drum rotation times using sinking and floating fish feed pellets and magnetic field device, and then, it was compared to CSS in terms of water quality and filtration efficiency under the same operational conditions. Experimental results showed better values of water quality including Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and unionized ammonia (NH3). Also, the lowest value of COD was found to be 18.33 mg/L by using SVDF with floating feed pellets, whilst the highest value of 100.73 mg/L was found in the case of using the CSS with sinking pellets. Meanwhile, the magnetic field device had no effect on the filtration process. The lowest surface area of the vertical micro-screen drum of 0.217 ± 0.013 m2 was obtained at the drum’s rotational speed of 20 rpm (0.39 m/s), rotation time of 150 min with floating feed pellets. Experimentally, it is found that the new SVDF has higher filtration efficiency than the CSS by about 57.57% under the same operational conditions.

The Babar Sari Water Quality Status of Analysis in Eco-Tech-Edu Tourism Planning Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park

UNPAB is currently developing a use plan for 10 ha and is expected to cultivate a total of 20 ha of land. In this planning, UNPAB involves all study programs that are in its hands. Basic Concepts The development of the land meets the needs of learning, practicum, research, and innovation centers of UNPAB which can become an income generator. The flow of Babar Sari river looks clear and flows well, so this is used in the construction of living labs and industrial parks. To determine the burden of pollutants, it is necessary to carry out water analysis and water status analysis based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment no. 115 of 2003 concerning guidelines for water quality status. This study is an experimental descriptive study. COD levels are higher than BOD levels. Bod and COD levels were 83.53 mg/L and 40.7 mg/L, respectively, indicating that there are many organic compounds in the water. The value of COD is always higher than that of BOD, this is because many organic substances are chemically oxidized but cannot be biologically oxidized. A score of -18 belongs to class C or moderately polluted. Based on the US-EPA that Class C: moderate, score = -11 to -30 including moderate pollutants at the time of sampling was raining. And some of the previous days also rained successively and affected the BOD, COD, and DO values of the Babar Sari river. However, the Babar Sari river can be utilized by water management and management in the planning of the Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park. Keywords: Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park, Water Quality, Water Quality Status