Coconut Varieties Research Articles

Adaptation of Several New Superior Varieties of Rice under the Shade of Coconut

One of the efforts to increase rice production can be done by utilizing land between plantation crops. However, the obstacle faced by intercrops among plantation crops is the low light intensity received by plants. The solution that can be done is to use new high yielding varieties that are shade tolerant. This study aims to produce several varieties of rice that have good adaptation to growth and yield in shaded conditions under coconut stands. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) which consisted of 7 treatment varieties, namely Rindang 1, Rindang 2, Inpago 8, Inpago 9, Situ Bagendit, Inpari 32 and Jeliteng, then repeated 4 times. The results showed that the Rindang 1, Rindang 2, Inpago 8 and Inpago 9 varieties were higher than the high yielding varieties between 15.16-52.04 cm. The number of contents and the number of grain per panicle was highest in the Inpago 8 and Inpago 9 varieties. The highest 1000 grain weight was in the Rindang 2 variety, which was 31.09 g. VUB adaptation test under the shade of coconut varieties Inpago 8 and Inpago 9 productivity above 4 tons-1, while the varieties Rindang 1 and Rindang 2 productivity 3.7 tons-1 and 3.9 tons-1

Modelling the Kinetics, Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) during Convective Drying

The drying kinetics, thermodynamic properties, and energy consumption of five potential coconut cultivars identified by Ghana's CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute were studied. Drying was carried out in a convectional dryer using four temperatures (70, 80, 90 and 100oC) and 2.0 m/s air velocity. The asymptotic model was adjudged the best fit model in predicting moisture content based on the highest coefficient of determination (0.9589-0.9998) and lowest residual sum of squares (8.427-252.61), chi-square (0.52671-16.8409) and root mean square error (2.8744-3.4421). Temperature caused between 66.8-96.5% variations in moisture diffusivity. Thermodynamic study revealed endothermic and non-spontaneous reactions in the drying system resulting from enthalpy change and Gibbs free energy change. Meanwhile, a direct relation was established among higher spontaneity and higher temperature. Despite the high drying temperatures used for the experiment, internal cellular composition was not affected as a result of excellent rehydration capacity. In effect, the Vanuatu TThe drying kinetics, thermodynamic properties, and energy consumption of five potential coconut cultivars identified by Ghana's CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute were studied. Drying was carried out in a convectional dryer using four temperatures (70, 80, 90 and 100oC) and 2.0 m/s air velocity. The asymptotic model was adjudged the best fit model in predicting moisture content based on the highest coefficient of determination (0.9589-0.9998) and lowest residual sum of squares (8.427-252.61), chi-square (0.52671-16.8409) and root mean square error (2.8744-3.4421). Temperature caused between 66.8-96.5% variations in moisture diffusivity. Thermodynamic study revealed endothermic and non-spontaneous reaction in the drying system resulting from enthalpy change and Gibbs free energy change. Meanwhile, a direct relation was established among higher spontaneity and higher temperature. Despite the high drying temperatures used for the experiment, internal cellular composition was not affected as a result of excellent rehydration capacity. In effect, the Vanuatu Tall was adjudged as the best coconut variety based on its lower energy consumption and activation energy, shorter drying time and higher moisture diffusivity. All was adjudged as the best coconut variety based on its lower energy consumption and activation energy, shorter drying time and higher moisture diffusivity.

Mobile application devices for MATAG coconut variety detection based on spectral signature analysis: A review

A smartphone is a high-speed technology with many new features available. Users can install games, education, health, financial, safety, and even agriculture apps. Some smartphones can detect plant species based on the processed images from RGB and its algorithm. MATAG hybrid process including fermentation is being described. This review also shows the current trend of MATAG variety identification based on spectral signature differences between MATAG hybrid. It can be linked via mobile applications to detect the species. This review then elaborates the image segmentation in the smartphone for the segregation of digital images into several segments and locates the objects and the bounding lines of the pictures. Applications of computer vision techniques such as machine learning and support vector machine to identify MATAG variety based on spectral analysis is being reviewed. As a user-friendly approach, the mobile application is essential for farmers to capture the MATAG information from smartphones’ cameras with all the processing links to the server and finally will help farmers identify the species using the mobile apps.

THE DIFFERENCE OF COCONUT VARIETIES AND TEMPERATURE IN CARRAGEENAN EXTRACTION FROM SEAWEED (EUCHEUMA COTTONII)

The use of coconut water as a natural solvent is needed in the extraction of carrageenan, as an alternative to the use of KOH as a synthetic solvent. This study aims to examine the effect of using coconut water from two different varieties of coconuts as solvents and different extraction temperature in extracting carrageenan. The study was conducted in 2 steps. Step 1 was carrageenan carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii with coconut water solvent, then analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the carrageenan produced such as yield, gel strength, viscosity, moisture and ash content. Step 2 was the application to chicken meatball. The results showed that the the best carrageenan in this study was carrageenan that was extracted with solvent from hybrid coconut water and temperature of 80°C with a yield of 75.48%, gel strength of 579.874 g/cm 2 , viscosity of 5.1 cps, moisture content of 10.85% and ash content 11.32%. Application of the best carrageenan from the best treatment produced chicken meatballs with chewiness of 49.26 N, brightness of 73.35, a value of 0.95 and b value of 11.6 . The use of coconut water can be used as an alternative natural solvent in extracting carrageenan K eywords : carrageenan, chicken meatball, coconut water, natural solvent, temperature DOI : https://doi.org/10.33005/jtp.v16i1.2895

Molecular characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties in Vietnam using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers

Molecular characterization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties in Vietnam using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers

Reference-aided full-length transcript assembly, cDNA cloning, and molecular characterization of coronatine-insensitive 1b (COI1b) gene in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.).

In the Philippines, 26% of the total agricultural land is devoted to coconut production making coconut one of the most valuable industrial crop in the country. However, the country's multimillion-dollar coconut industry is threatened by the outbreak of coconut scale insect (CSI) and other re-emerging insect pests promoting national research institutes to work jointly on developing new tolerant coconut varieties. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of coronatine-insensitive 1 (COI1) gene, one of the candidate insect defense genes, using 'Catigan Green Dwarf' (CATD) genome sequence assembly as reference. Two (2) splicing variants were identified and annotated-CnCOI1b-1 and CnCOI1b-2. The full-length cDNA of CnCOI1b-1 was 7919bp with an ORF of 1176bp encoding for a deduced protein of 391 amino acids while CnCOI1b-2 has 2360bp full-length cDNA with an ORF of 1743bp encoding a deduced protein of 580 amino acids. The 3D structural model for the two (2) isoforms were generated through homology modelling. Functional analysis revealed that both isoforms are involved in various physiological and developmental plant processes including defense response of plants to insects and pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis confirms high degree of COI1 protein conservation during evolution, especially among monocot species. Differential gene expression via qRT-PCR analysis revealed a seven-fold increase of COI1 gene expression in coconut post introduction of CSI relative to base levels. This study provided the groundwork for further research on the actual role of COI1 in coconut in response to insect damage. The findings of this study are also vital to facilitate the development of improved insect-resistant coconut varieties for vibrant coconut industry.

Physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of different varieties of coconut water and flesh

Coconut water is a sweet and refreshing drink obtained directly from the immature coconut and its flesh is smooth with a jelly-like structure. This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of different varieties of coconut water and flesh. , The varieties of coconut used in this study were tall, dwarf, and hybrid coconut. Firstly, the weight of the coconuts were determined in which the tall variety was the heaviest coconut compared to the others. Tall coconut also showed a significantly higher amount of water volume and weight of coconut flesh. The dwarf coconut water revealed the highest pH (5.48± 0.02) with the lower titratable acidity (0.045±0.01 %). The highest total soluble solid (4.97±0.15 oBrix) was found in tall coconut. The fructose and glucose content of coconut water were found in a range of 2.70-3.58% and 2.04-3.24%, respectively. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in all coconut samples in which a larger quantity was found in water of tall coconut and flesh of dwarf coconut. The Folin–Ciocalteu method showed that dwarf coconut water (9.07±0.00 mg GAE/100 ml) and hybrid coconut flesh (11.57±0.34 mg GAE/100 g) had higher phenolic content than the others. Hybrid coconut flesh exhibited the lowest crude fat content (18.33±1.22 %) than others. Meanwhile, dwarf and hybrid coconut water were more acceptable and appreciated in terms of taste, sweetness, sourness, and overall acceptability. Although the tall coconut flesh was the least acceptable in terms of taste and texture, all samples' overall acceptability was acceptable. In conclusion, dwarf and hybrid coconut have a big potential to produce high-quality beverages and have a good quality of flesh.

The Bido variety is an essential genetic material for coconut breeding

Several tall dwarf and hybrid types coconut were released by IPCRI-IAARD as commercial varieties since more than 40 years ago. Bido is a recently release tall coconut variety having many excellent traits such as early flowering, low height increments, and high yielding. With good cultivation practices, Bido tall variety could flower as early as three years and the first harvest was in 4 years after planting. Bido tall variety yield potential could reach up to 120 nuts/palm/year. As germplasm collections, Bido tall variety was planted in 2017 at Mapanget Experimental Garden. Subsequently, Bido tall variety seed garden was planted in 2018 at Kayuwatu Experimental Garden, North Sulawesi Province. The Bido tall coconut was recently used as parent to generate progenies derived from self- and cross-pollinations. Moreover, the Bido tall variety has been used as male parent and hybridized with some Dwarf coconut varieties to develop hybrid coconut varieties in the future.

Resistance trials of plants of coconut varieties naturally exposed to palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas in Tabasco and Yucatán

Resistance trials of plants of coconut varieties naturally exposed to palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas in Tabasco and Yucatán

Zabak Tall as a potential coconut variety in tidal areas

A challenge still being faced at the coconut farmers’ level is the low productivity, which is only at an average of 1.2 tons of copra per hectare per year. Apart from being caused by old plant age, it is also caused by low-quality seeds. The types of superior coconut that are currently available are still limited, especially the tidal-specific varieties. The research was conducted in the Village of Tanjung Solok, East Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province, Indonesia, from 2015 to 2018, using an observational survey, which was aimed to find promising lines of coconut that suitable for the tidal areas. The observed characters include vegetative, generative, and fruit components. The analysis of the coefficient variance was carried out to determine the level of variance and production potential of the Zabak Tall coconut. Meanwhile, the yield stability was analyzed by observing the linearity of the production characters for three years. The results showed that the productivity of Zabak Tall is at about 3.09 tons of copra per hectare per year, which is stable for three years of observation and even tends to increase due to selection activities.

Profile of amino acids and fatty acids of some Indonesia tall coconut varieties

The main content of coconut kernels are fats and fatty acids as well as protein and amino acids, and these contents vary among the varieties. This variation of amino acids and fatty acids also occurs in Indonesian tall coconut varieties. The objective of this study was to characterize amino and fatty acids content of Indonesian tall coconut varieties, namely Mapanget Tall, Palu Tall, Bali Tall, Tenga Tall, Selayar Tall, OdeskaLobu Tall, Babasal Tall, and Mastutin Tall. This study was conducted in Manado and Bogor from 2014 - 2019 by using an observational method. The results showed that the coconut kernel has eight types of non-essential amino acids and eight types of essential amino acids. Palu Tall has the highest amino acid content: alanine, arginine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Mapanget Tall has the highest contents of caprylic, capric, and lauric fatty acids, each with 9.04, 6.71, and 53.67 %, respectively. The result of this study can be used to develop varieties to obtain coconuts with high essential amino acids and fatty acids for the production of VCO, desiccated coconut, and other raw food materials.

King coconut - The golden nut of Sri Lanka

King coconut (Cocos nucifera), a variety of coconut that is native to Sri Lanka. King coconut water is one of the fastest growing export commodities in Sri Lanka during the last decade. Rich nutritional profiles of sugars, vitamins, minerals and amino acids with profound therapeutic values have made king coconut water a popular functional beverage worldwide. This paper highlights the importance of optimum pre-harvest factors (variety, maturity) along with systematic processing, packing, transporting and storage; to maintain a consistent quality of the king coconut water.

Physicochemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil Extracted from Different Coconut (Cocos nucifera L) Varieties

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a superior edible oil extracted from fresh coconut (Cocos nucifera L) kernel using mixed coconut varieties without considering the varietal effect. Therefore, this research focuses on the quality evaluation of VCO extracted from four types of coconut varieties, namely Sri lanka Tall×Tall (TT), a tall variety of Gon Thambili (GT), a tall variety of Ran Thambili (RT) and Philippines tall variety of San Ramon (SR). Mature coconuts from each variety were collected from the Bandirippuwa Estate of the Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka to extract VCO by cold press oil extraction method. The extractability of VCO from different varieties was investigated. Moisture, free fatty acid (FFA), fatty acid profile (gas chromatography), peroxide value (PV), color (Lovibond scale), total phenolic substances (Galic acid equivalent), antioxidant capacity (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, 0.1mM – DPPH method) and sun protection factor (SPF) of VCO extracted from each variety were analyzed. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data were analyzed using ANOVA using Tukey’s test by MINITAB 17. Oil extractability (58%-59%), FFA (0.04%-0.12%), color (0.43–0.93) and fatty acid profile of VCO did not show variation among varieties. A higher concentration of total phenolic substances was observed in GT (0.24±0.03mg GAE/100g) while antioxidant capacity (857.19±14.99mg/ml) and SPF (8.99±1.26) was rich in RT.

Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid and Activated Charcoal on Callus Induction of Cocos Nucifera L. Hybrid MATAG Inflorescence

Cocos Nucifera Linn. Var. MATAG is a Dwarf coconut variety that had high demand in Malaysia but low supply. Vegetative propagation of high-yielding MATAG coconut by using in vitro cloning must be considered in contributing to increase coconut productivity. Thus, attempts were made to develop a protocol that would enhance callogenesis as a first preliminary step towards a protocol for mass propagation of C. nucifera L. var. MATAG. The anther isolated from immature inflorescence was used as explants and cultured on modified Eeuwens Y3 media in different concentrations of 2,4-dicholorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and activated charcoal. The highest callus induction percentage (31.25 ± 12.18) was observed in 20 mg/L 2,4-D. However, 2,4-D at any level tested were not statistically significant. Callus induction media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L activated charcoal gave the highest callusing percentage (25.89 ± 13.59 %) indicating a positive effect of activated charcoal on callusing even though the result obtained not significant compared to control (15.95 ± 6.76 %). But, activated charcoal supplemented in media produced a significant effect compared to control in reducing the percentage of browning. In conclusion, media supplemented with activated charcoal produced a higher rate on callus induction and preventing tissue browning in explant. Besides that, the anther and ovule explant may serve as an efficient explant to study the callus induction of C. nucifera L. var. MATAG and as a basis to screen the potential useful plant growth regulators for somatic embryogenesis.

Preliminary Investigation of The Potential of Coconut Sugar Production Using Dwarf Varieties

Coconut sugar is one of the high economic value products. The production of coconut sugar In Indonesia is about 300,000 tonnes/year. During the last few years, the supply of raw materials for the coconut sugar product has diminished due to stagnant production caused by the lack of coconut climbers collecting coconut sap. The scarcity of labor is caused by several factors, especially young tappers who are less interested in climbing tall coconut palms. To solve this problem, it is necessary to evaluate the potency of dwarf coconuts, with short trunk and fast fruiting. The objective of this study was the evaluation and selection of Dwarf coconut varieties that have high yield potential as a producer of sap and coconut sugar. The research was conducted in North Sulawesi Province by evaluating 9 Dwarf coconut varieties. The results of research on the production of coconut sap and sugar from 9 Dwarf coconut varieties with different plant ages, gave mixed results among coconut varieties. The length of tapping sap varied between 31.42 - 43.21 days/bunch, the volume of sap varied between 1.1 - 3.3 liters/tree/day, the pH of sap ranged between 6.49 - 7.86 and the Brix value varied between 14.01 - 17.64. The most important traits such as the sap yield and sugar production also varied from 14.54 to 18.95% among varieties, and between 0.16 to 0.42 kg/tree/day respectively. The Dwarf coconut varieties with the highest potential yield of sap and sugar are the Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), and Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), with the potential sugar yield of 2.09 tons, 1.64 tons, and 1.56 tons/month/ha respectively. It is hoped that these Dwarf coconut varieties would be attractive for young tapers and could be introduced to farmers in several Provinces for tapping purposes for the production of coconut sugar.

Different Maturities and Varieties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Flesh as Fat Replacers in Reduced-Fat Meatballs

Meatball is a popular meat product in Malaysia but it has high-fat content that could often bring health problems such as non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to produce replaced-fat meatballs using coconut flesh with three different varieties (i.e. MAWA, MYD, and Pandan) at two levels of maturities (young and matured). Meatballs with animal fat were used as control. All samples were analysed for the proximate composition, cooking yield, water holding capacity (WHC), texture and sensory properties. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the interaction between the maturity and variety of the coconut for all parameters with post-hoc analysis to observe the significant difference (p<0.05). The maturity and variety of coconuts showed significant interactions (p<0.05) in affecting most of the meatball properties. Young coconuts were superior to mature coconut with better cooking yield (p<0.05), texture and sensory properties. Meatballs with young Pandan had the highest moisture content (p<0.05) (71.78%), low fat (3.56%) (p<0.05), and overall sensory acceptance. Meatballs with young MYD had low fat content (3.50%) (p<0.05), high WHC (52.11) (p<0.05), high redness (6.09) (p<0.05) with a high score of the colour (7.13) taste (7.17), texture (7.30) and overall acceptability (7.03) for the sensory properties. Since both young Pandan and young MYD managed to reduce the fat content in the meatballs as compared to the control sample and other treatments while maintaining the quality characteristics of the meatballs, both can be concluded to have potential as the fat replacers in the production of reduced-fat meatballs.

English

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is widely referred as the “tree of life” for its important role in the livelihoods of 10 million persons from over 90 countries globally. In Kenya, the coconut sub-sector is valued at KES 25 billion, yet only 65% is utilised, which is partly contributed by insufficient knowledge of the coconut’s physico-chemical features and investment in the sector. Physico-chemical analysis of four coconut varieties’ kernel grown in two counties (Kilifi and Kwale) of Kenya was carried out. Based on the de-husked coconut fruit, coconut kernel was the highest component (46.58 - 48.70%) in comparison to shell (25.93±0.72% - 28.46±0.29%) and water (23.75±1.07% - 27.11±1.49%) across the varieties. The colour of the coconut kernel was marked by generally high L* values (85.34 - 93.35) and low a* (0.51 - 0.81) and b* (1.53 - 2.20) values among the varieties confirming the milky- white colouration of the kernel. All the varieties contained high crude fat (35.01±1.0 - 38.28±1.09%) content. Fatty acid analysis profile revealed that lauric acid (45.91- 50.72%) was the predominant fatty acid. Most of the oil extract was saturated (91%) but comprising of middle chain fatty acids. This indicates stability for storage and suitability for use in ketogenic diets.   Key words: coconut kernel, coconut variety, colour, proximate analysis, fatty acid profile.

Comparative Biology of Coconut Leaf Beetle (Clb) Brontispa longissimi (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Selected Coconut Varieties

Comparative biology and development study of B. longissima Gestro was conducted using different coconut varieties namely: Baybay tall (BAYT) green, Baybay tall (BAYT) brown, Malayan Red dwarf (MRD), Malayan Yellow dwarf (MYD), Albuera dwarf (ALD), and Tacunan dwarf (TACD) varieties was investigated in the laboratory. The duration of the developmental period of B. longissimi was influenced by the different coconut varieties used as host plant. Duration from egg laying to hatching of eggs of B. longissima on tall varieties ranged from 3 to 5 days, while on dwarf varieties it took 4 to 5 days. In all varieties, Brontispa beetles underwent 5–6 instars. In addition, it was observed that the fifth and sixth instars took a longer time period compared to other instars. The total mean developmental period of Brontispa on BAYT (green and brown) was shorter in days compared to all dwarf varieties except to ALD. The results generally showed that BAYT (green and brown) seemed to be a preferred variety. There was considerably higher larvae mortality in dwarf variety like MRD (40%) than those reared in the BAYT green and brown (22.21%, 19.12%), respectively. Beetles reared on BAYT (brown) also had the highest fecundity which was statistically different from the rest of the varieties. In addition, results showed that adults reared in both BAYT (green and brown) had the highest longevity observed compared to other varieties

Degree of damage and infestation of coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima (Gestro) on seedlings of selected coconut varieties

The Coconut Leaf Beetle, scientifically known as Brontispa longissima (Gestro), is an introduced species that is becoming an alarming pest of coconuts in the Philippines. The infestation caused by this pest is damaging to all stages of coconut growth. This study was conducted to assess the degree of damage and infestation caused by Brontispa longissima on the seedlings of 10 selected tall and dwarf coconut varieties in the National Coconut Research Center at Visayas State University, Leyte, Philippines. Among the selected varieties, seedlings of Baybay Tall (green and brown) and Albuera Dwarf varieties succumbed to more damage by B. longissima beetles compared with the other varieties observed with 41-80% of the first openned leaf area damaged. Seedlings of Malayan Yellow Dwarf and Malayan Red Dwarf varieties had the least damage with 0-20% of the first openned leaf area damaged. The high damage ratings of Baybay Tall and Albuera Dwarf were expected because these varieties had high infestation rates and harbored the most numbers of B. longissima adults, eggs, and larval stages, which indicated the preference of B. longissima for these varieties. The developmental period of B. longissima in Baybay Tall and Albuera Dwarf of 44 days and 45 days on the average, respectively, was shorter than in other varieties, indicating that these are suitable and preferred hosts. Baybay Tall seemed to be the most preferred variety. The beetles had least preference for Malayan Yellow Dwarf and Malayan Red Dwarf varieties.

Physiology Response and Resistance Evaluation of Twenty Coconut Germplasm Resources under Low Temperature Stress

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a tropical evergreen crop with high economic value. Low temperature is one of the main environmental factors that limit coconut productivity. Therefore, it is necessary and significant to research the growth trend and physiological changes of coconuts under a low temperature environment. In this study, the physiological response of 20 coconut germplasm resources is presented in an integrated perspective to provide a holistic view of the behavior of coconut trees facing cold stress under four temperature conditions (25 °C, 15 °C, 10 °C, 5 °C). It was shown that low temperature would lead to the increase of relative electrical conductivity, MDA content, soluble protein content, and proline content. In addition, the activities of defense enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX) were increased to resist the cold environment. In a comprehensive analysis, it was revealed that coconut germplasms with high cold resistance, such as C2, C7, and C10 as well as POD activity, proline content, and soluble protein content, were defined as representatives for coconut cold resistance evaluation. Through the exploration of osmotic adjustment substances and defense enzymes, the breeding and quality improvement of cold-resistant coconut varieties could be promoted. As a result, understanding the physiological response and tolerance mechanisms of coconuts to low temperature stress was essential, as this perception may serve as the foundation for coconut resistance evaluation, cultivation, and breeding.