COC Users Research Articles

Analisis User Experience (UX) Pada Aplikasi Game Clash Of Clans Menggunakan Metode User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ)

Information technology is currently developing very rapidly and meets people's needs to make work easier, fulfill entertainment needs, and even fulfill sports needs among people in the era of the industrial revolution generation 4.0. What is currently popular is Clash of clans or better known as "CoC". One game that is quite popular among young people. Based on 54.9 million reviews on Android devices and 2.3 million reviews on iOS devices, it still gets negative reviews from CoC users themselves who are not satisfied with the features or security of the game itself. From the problems above, a User Experience (UX) evaluation can be carried out using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) method, which is an analysis of user experience reviews in order to improve the quality of the game based on six different variables. The review was carried out by distributing an online questionnaire in the form of a Google form consisting of 26 questions and succeeded in collecting 105 respondents. Then, after the analysis was carried out, it was concluded that all aspects of the Clash Of Clans game application received positive evaluation values, namely with a mean value > 0.8 starting from the aspects of Attractiveness, Perspicuity, Efficiency, Dependabilit(Accuracy), Stimulation (Stimulation), and Novelty (Novelty). However, in the Dependability aspect, one of the indicators has a neutral evaluation value, namely the indicator can be predicted or cannot be predicted. This is influential because the resulting mean value is based on the benchmark results graph, namely "below avarege". Based on the analysis that has been carried out on the Clash of Clans game, it can be concluded that in using this application some users are satisfied, but there needs to be improvements to this game by providing more sophisticated security features and providing continuous innovation.

Brain Effects of CONTRAceptives in long-term hormonal contraceptive users

Brain Effects of CONTRAceptives in long-term hormonal contraceptive users The ERC Starting Grant project “How birth control pills affect the female brain (BECONTRA)” intends to characterise neuronal, emotional and cognitive effects of COC treatment and its reversibility upon withdrawal in a longitudinal design. The effects will be compared between the most commonly used contraceptives and between adolescent and adult COC users.

Effect of the Monthly Injectable Combined Contraceptives versus Oral Contraceptive Pills on Mood.

BackgroundContraceptive agents are widely used by women of reproductive age, and resulting depression is the most common side effect of this usage. This study aimed to study the effect of monthly injectable combined contraceptives versus that of combined oral contraceptive pills (COC) on patients’ mood.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted on 124 females aged 18–45 years attending the Kom-Ashfeen Family Medicine Unit, El-Kalyubia, Egypt. Participants were divided into three groups according to their choice: group A included 44 participants who received monthly combined injectable contraceptives (CIC); group B included 40 participants who took COC; and group C included 40 participants who used the copper intrauterine device (IUD). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score was assessed at the beginning of the study and after 6 months of follow-up.ResultsAfter 6 months of follow-up, there were mild but statistically significant increases in the PHQ-9 score in groups A and B, with group A (CIC users) showing the highest increase. Approximately 34.1%, 27.5%, and 15% of CIC, COC, and IUD users, respectively, moved from the non-depression stage to mild depression after 6 months; this change was statistically significant in groups A and B only.ConclusionMonthly injectable combined contraceptives and oral contraceptive pills were associated with an increased risk of developing mild depression; this risk was higher in users of CICs, although the difference was not statistically significant. Thus, it is crucial to counsel patients about this possible risk and to follow them up. However, further studies are required to confirm our results.

Estetrol (E4) is a native fetal estrogen that does not modify coagulation markers in postmenopausal women and maintains sensitivity to activated protein C (APC)

Objective: Compared to non-users, the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been reported to be increased in women using hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). This risk increase is explained, at least in part, by an acquired resistance towards activated protein C (APCr) which is induced by the estrogenic component. The APCr is assessed by measuring the amount of thrombin generated in the absence and presence of exogenous APC. Results are reported as normalized APC sensitivity ratio (nAPCsr), a scale which has been found to correlate with the VTE risk observed in COC and HRT users.

Concerns on future fertility among users and past-users of combined oral contraceptives: a questionnaire survey

Objective: The combined oral contraceptive pill is the most preferred contraceptive method worldwide. Despite high life-time prevalence of infertility of 16–26%, scarce data about concerns of future fertility among COC users are available. We aimed to study whether COC usage induces concerns about fertility.Methods: Online questionnaire-based survey included 1283 current COC users and 1006 past users. The questionnaire covered knowledge and concerns of various aspects of fertility with respect to COC usage.Results: Significantly, more current users (66%) than past users (52%) had considered whether or not COC usage could affect future fertility (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–1.9). Nearly 50% of both groups believed COC usage could impair conception rates after discontinuation. Furthermore, 28% current vs. 19% past users believed COC could diminish the ovarian reserve more permanently. Conversely, 14% current and 11% past users believed that lack of ovulation could ‘spare’ the eggs (OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.7–1.3). Significantly fewer current users (22%) vs. past users (35%) had heard, primarily by female friends, that a short break of 1–2 months during long-term COC usage was healthy, (OR 0.72, 95%CI = 0.56–0.92).Conclusions: Health care professionals prescribing hormonal contraception should be aware of misapprehensions and concerns of fertility among users of COC.

Using the theory of planned behavior and self-identity to explore women\u2019s decision-making and intention to switch from combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) to long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC)

Background\\Most college women use the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) despite more effective long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods (e.g., IUDs and implant) being available. Resistance to change methods may be impacted by how a woman identifies with being a COC-user.MethodsData were collected via 186 web-based surveys distributed to female students attending a university in the southeastern United States (Mean age = 20.0 ± 1.; range = 18–22). Structural equation modeling (SEM) determined TPB fit in understanding LARC intention.ResultsSEM results received acceptable fit (χ2 (670, N = 186) p < 0.01, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 0.84, and Normative Fit Index (NFI) of 0.75). A Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.09 was produced, with a 90% confidence interval of 0.08 to 0.09. Including self-identity in the model yielded similar fit, with χ2 (866, N = 186) p < 0.01, CFI of 0.83, and NFI of 0.73. Self-identity and attitude pathways were significant (p < 0.01) toward intention, extending the TPB model.ConclusionsThe TPB proved to be acceptable in understanding COC users’ intention to obtain LARC. Results provide direction for LARC messaging tailored toward COC users and self-identity.

OVARIAN RESERVE PARAMETERS IN WOMEN USING NO CONTRACEPTION, USING ORAL CONTRACEPTION OR IUCD

Background:- The Pill is one of the most popular forms of contraception ,its use is different in different countries, and among women of different ages and levels of education. Oral contraceptives may alter parameters related to ovarian reserve assessment but the extent of the reduction is uncertain. The main goal of ovarian reserve testing is to identify those individuals who are at risk of decreased or diminished ovarian reserve. Objective:- To quantify endocrine and sonographic parameters of ovarian reserve in women using combined oral contraceptive pills and comparing them with IUCD users and non contraceptive users . Patients and methods:- Cross sectionl study included 100 healthy volunteer women divided into 35 COC users (all using monophasic preparations, ethinylestradiol 30&35ug and progestin, norgestimate and gestodene) and 65 non-users (35 IUCD users and 30 non contraceptive users). On day 2–5 of the menstrual cycle or during withdrawal bleeding, blood sampling to measure anti-mullerian hormone(AMH) and transvaginal ultrasonography to measure antral follicle count(AFC) and ovarian volume were performed. Results:- ovarian reserve parameters were significantly lower among COC users than non-users of hormonal contraception(IUCD users nAFC,P -.006; ovarian volume, P-.001 . Further more we found that AFC of intermediate (5–7 mm) and large (8–10 mm) size categories were significantly lower in COC users than non-users with p value .001 .while that of small ( 2–4 mm) size were increased P-.001. Also negatively linear association was observed between duration of COC use and ovarian reserve parameters. Conclusion:- This study indicates that ovarian reserve markers (AMH, AFC&ovarian volume) are lower in women using COC compared to IUCD users and non contraceptive users.

Fertility and combined oral contraceptives – unintended pregnancies and planned pregnancies following oral contraceptive use – results from the INAS-SCORE study

Objectives: To estimate the real-use contraceptive effectiveness of the combined oral contraceptive containing dienogest and estradiol valerate (DNG/EV) and whether DNG/EV compared to other combined oral contraceptives (oCOC) has a negative effect on return to fertility.Methods: Transatlantic, prospective, non-interventional cohort study conducted in the USA and seven European countries with two main exposure groups and one exposure subgroup: new users of DNG/EV and other COC (oCOC), particularly levonorgestrel-containing COCs (LNG). In a planned secondary analysis, pregnancy outcomes were investigated including contraceptive effectiveness and pregnancy following contraceptive cessation. The influence of age, parity and OC-type were assessed.Results: 50,203 COC users were followed for 105,761 woman-years (WY). There were 677 unintended pregnancies reported: 451 in the USA and 226 in Europe. The contraceptive failure rate in Europe was 0.5 events/100 WY (95% CI: 0.4–0.5) and in the USA 1.9 events/100 WY (95% CI: 1.7–2.1). Differences in compliance (1.3 pregnancies/100 WY) accounted for 90% of the geographical difference seen between Europe and the USA. DNG/EV showed lower contraceptive failure rates compared to the comparators; 0.9% DNG/EV, 2.1% oCOC and 2.8% LNG after 4 years. Overall, 1167 (2.3%) of women stopped contraceptive use with the intention of becoming pregnant with 89% conceiving within 2 years. No significant differences were seen between groups after adjusting for age.Conclusion/Discussion: DNG/EV is associated with similar contraceptive effectiveness in typical-use settings when compared to oCOC and LNG. There was no difference observed between cohorts in fertility following OC use.

Abstract 5575: Effects of continuous combined oral contraceptives on mouse mammary gland structure and tumor progression

Abstract The breast goes through cycles of cell growth, differentiation and regression with every estrous/menstrual cycle, driven by hormonal stimulation followed by hormone withdrawal. The number of cycles over a lifetime is positively associated with breast cancer risk. This increased risk may be the result of hormone-stimulated epithelial growth, inflammatory tissue remodeling processes during hormone withdrawal, or both. The use of cyclic combined oral contraceptives (cyclic COC), which incorporates a hormone withdrawal period in each cycle, has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly in African American women, current COC users, and women who initiated COC use early in life. In contrast, the effect of extended-use (i.e., continuous) COC on breast cancer risk has not been evaluated. The purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that continuous exposure to COC is not associated with the increased risk observed with cyclic COC, and may even provide protection against breast cancer, by removal of the hormone withdrawal phase. Starting at day 50 of age (to mimic COC exposure in young women), BALB/C mice were fed liquid diets +/- supplementation with 0.0041 mg/kg ethinyl estradiol and 0.0185 mg/kg levonorgestrel (dose calculated by surface area conversion from the human COC dose of 20 µg ethinyl estradiol and 90 µg levonorgestrel). After 28 days, 10 mice per group were sacrificed and mammary glands dissected for whole mount and histologic analysis. An additional 20 mice per group were injected orthotopically with 10e5 syngeneic TM2H mammary epithelial tumor cells, and tracked for tumor latency, growth and tumor burden. The extended COC group showed 65% increase in mammary gland epithelial density compared to control. However, this increased epithelial density was associated with an increased alveolar branching and a decrease in carcinogen-sensitive terminal end buds. These results suggest that short term exposure to continuous COC can induce a more differentiated state in nonparous mouse mammary glands. In mice transplanted with tumor cells, the continuous COC group showed significantly increased tumor latency and decreased tumor burden, compared to controls. These results demonstrate that continuous COC administration, despite the higher levels of hormone exposure, can render the mouse mammary gland less susceptible to the growth of transplanted tumor cells. Mechanistic studies are ongoing. Citation Format: Evelyn Esteves, Sherin David, Dawn Bowers, Brian MacQueen, Melanie Ruszczyk, Dhruv Chachad, Rajani Marthappa Shenoy, Patricia A. Masso-Welch. Effects of continuous combined oral contraceptives on mouse mammary gland structure and tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5575. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5575

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in users of low-dose combined oral contraceptives

ABSTRACTObjectives To investigate the association between oral contraceptive use and the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women.Methods The study was conducted on healthy women of childbearing age who either used low-dose combined oral contraceptives (COCs; cases) or applied the withdrawal method (controls). A positive urine culture with a colony count of more than 105/ml, with the same bacteria on two consecutive specimens, was defined as asymptomatic bacteriuria. Pyuria was defined as the presence of ≥10 leukocytes per mm3 of urine.Results Overall, 369 women in the COC group and 364 in the control group were evaluated. The mean ages of women in the COC group and of controls were 29.9 ± 5.4 years and 30.4 ± 6.0 years, respectively (p = 0.280). Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 2.4% of COC users and 1.9% of the controls (p = 0.633). Pyuria was found in 16% of the cases and 18.1% of the controls (p = 0.441). None of these differences was statistically significant. There was no significant association between duration of COC usage (< 1 year vs. ≥ 1 year) and asymptomatic bacteriuria.Conclusion Use of low-dose COCs (even long-term) does not increase the risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Unrestricted access to methamphetamine or cocaine in the past is associated with increased current use

Laboratory animals allowed to self-administer stimulants for extended periods of time escalate drug intake compared to animals that self-administer under temporally limited conditions. To our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been systematically investigated in humans. We interviewed 106 (77 male, 29 female) methamphetamine (Meth) and 96 (81 male, 15 female) cocaine (Coc) users to determine if they had experienced discrete period(s) of unrestricted access to unlimited quantities of Meth or Coc in the past. Fifty-eight Meth users and 53 Coc users reported having a discrete period of unrestricted access in the past, but not in the present. Meth-using participants with a prior history of unrestricted access reported significantly more current Meth use, compared to Meth users with no prior history of unrestricted access. Specifically, these participants reported more days used in the past 30 d, more days of use per week, greater use per day and greater total use per week (p<0.05 for each). Coc-using participants with a prior history of unrestricted access also reported significantly more current Coc use, compared to Coc users with no prior history of unrestricted access. This was true across all measures of current use for these participants, including more days used in the past 30 d, more days of use per week, greater use per day, and higher total use per week (p<0.02 for each). Taken together, these results suggest that a history of unrestricted access to stimulants is associated with long-lasting increases in stimulant use.

Presenting Emergency Department Complaints in Patients with Acute Methamphetamine and Cocaine Use

Study Objectives: The incidence stimulant abuse related emergency department (ED) visits is increasing, however the epidemiology and patient characteristics of methamphetamine (meth) users is ill-defined compared to cocaine (coc) users. The objective of this study is to compare the presenting characteristics of patients with documented meth use to those with documented coc use.

Increasing the effectiveness of contraceptive usage in university students

Prevention of pregnancy requires correct and consistent use of an effective method ofcontraception and knowledge alone is not sufficient to ensure such use, as many complexsocial and behavioral factors influence contraceptive behavior. Women are particularly likelyto change their contraceptive method after a contraceptive 'shock'. In this study, the changein contraceptive behavior of a group of university students who presented for emergencycontraception is studied. Each student participated in a single individualized educationalsession. A total of 465 women requested emergency contraception in a 3.5-year period at alarge student health center. Of these, 24% had not previously used contraception, 50% hadpreviously used condoms and 25% had taken the pill (COC). Of those who usually usedcondoms, 79% had had a condom accident and 21% had not used them at the last intercourse.Only 30% of COC users had had a problem with the pill and the remaining 70% were nottaking it at the time of last intercourse, for social rather than medical reasons. Follow-up isavailable for 309 (66.5%). Paired-sample analysis of these women shows a decrease in thenumber using no contraception (22% to 8%), and an increase in the number using COCs(33% to 66%). These changes reached statistical significance (p < 0.0001). University students,despite their intelligence, exhibit a high degree of risk-taking behavior but become moreeffective contraceptive users after an interactive counselling session following a contraceptivescare.