Coated Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Layer-by-Layer Self-assembly of Organic-inorganic Hybrid Intumescent Flame Retardant on Cotton Fabrics

In this study, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid intumescent flame-retardant composed of nanosilica (SiO2) covered with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and phytic acid (PA) was coated on cotton fabrics by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly to improve flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. FT-IR, SEM and EDX were used to characterize the deposition of SiO2-PEI/PA on the surface of cotton fabrics. The LbL assembly process had a minor effect on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics. With the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon, the coated cotton fabrics with only 7 bilayers exhibited excellent flame retardancy with an LOI value of 33.7 % and a char length of 7.5 cm. TG analysis results showed that cotton/(SiO2-PEI/PA)7 had 40.7 % char residue at 600 °C, compared with 8 % char residue of uncoated cotton fabrics. Cone calorimetry test confirmed that cotton/(SiO2-PEI/PA)7 displayed a major reduction in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 75 % and total heat release (THR) of 52 %.

Imparting Protection against UV Radiations Using <i>In Situ</i> Coating of Titanium Dioxide on Textiles

Protection against ultraviolet radiation is one of the areas, in which considerable attention is being paid. Application of a wash durable finish on cotton fabric to protect the wearer from these radiations remains a challenge. The harmful effects of UV radiations result in the form of eye disorders, accelerated ageing of skin, DNA damage and cause of cancer. The current study focuses upon the use of TiO2 on cotton fabric to impart UV protection. TiO2 is deposited on cotton fabric using its pre-cursor. Sol-gel method has been used to convert pre-cursor into titanium oxide directly on fabric surface. The deposition was further stabilized on fabric surface by various heat treatments such as curing, hydrothermal and solvothermal treatments. It has been found that the TiO2 remains wash durable with a reasonably high degree of UV protection after hydrothermal and solvothermal treatments. EDX and ICP-MS techniques were used to examine the add-on % of TiO2 on cotton fabrics. The morphology of the TiO2 coated cotton fabric was studied using Field emission scanning electron microscopy. The measurement of UV protection property of the fabric has been carried out using UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-2000F, Labsphere, USA).

Fabrication of UV curable coating for super hydrophobic cotton fabrics

A super hydrophobic cotton fabric was successfully prepared by a facile dip‐coating method using a synthetic fluorine‐free and UV curable super hydrophobic coating solution without additional particles. The obtained cotton fabric exhibited super hydrophobic property with a water contact angle above 159.5° and sliding angle 7.5°. Moreover, the treated cotton fabric could retain its super hydrophobic performance even after abrasion and accelerated laundering, as well as for different kinds of corrosive liquids. The coated cotton fabric was used to make up a surface tension‐driven, gravity‐assisted, floating oil–water separation device with separation efficiency above 99%. Additionally, the oil–water separation efficiency of super hydrophobic cotton fabric always was above 98% after 30 recycle times for cyclohexane–water mixture. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:E452–E459, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Preparation of silver-plated Hollow Glass Microspheres and its application in infrared stealth coating fabrics

The infrared stealth fabric was prepared using silver-plated Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGMs) doped with aluminum powder by coating. Silver-plated HGMs was produced by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline (PANI) firstly and followed by electroless silver plating. The surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT-IR and XRD analysis were further carried out to verify the preparation of silver-plated HGMs and coated fabrics during the reaction. Thermal infrared imaging device was used to test infrared radiation intensity of coating cotton fabric. Anti-electromagnetic radiation tester was used to evaluate shielding effectiveness. The surface temperature difference of the heated coating fabric was measured. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out to study thermal stability. Only a little temperature rises after heating the coating fabric with low infrared radiation, and the shielding effectiveness (SE) can reach 26.8 dB. The results demonstrated this material was endowed with outstanding infrared stealth, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and thermal radiation protection properties.

Reactive Blue-25 dye/TiO2 coated cotton fabrics with self-cleaning and UV blocking properties

Cotton fabrics have been used in a variety of applications due to its attractive properties of softness, comfort, warmth, biodegradability and breathability. Coating cotton fabrics with photocatalytic materials can extend their use as self-cleaning and other practical applications. In this study, coating of cotton fabrics with dye sensitized/TiO2 for self-cleaning and UV blocking properties has been reported. Phthalocyanine based reactive dye, Reactive Blue-25 (RB-25), has been used as a visible light scavenger for TiO2. RB-25/TiO2 hybrid sol was prepared by sol–gel method and coated on the cotton fabrics via dip-pad-dry-cure method. The coated cotton fabric was characterized by FTIR-ATR, UV–Visible absorption, XRD, SEM and reflectance measurements. The surface studies confirmed the stable attachment of RB-25/TiO2 on the cotton fabric while photocatalytic and UV absorption studies shown that the RB-25/TiO2 coated cotton fabric exhibit substantial visible light driven self-cleaning and UV blocking properties. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye was used as to examine the photocatalytic efficiency of the coated cotton fabric. 91% RhB was degraded in 180 min when exposed to visible light in the presence of RB-25/TiO2 coated cotton fabric.

A facile approach for coating Ti3C2Tx on cotton fabric for electromagnetic wave shielding

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding fabric is widely used to deal with radiation pollution. However, the traditional EMI shielding fabrics are limited by their reflection-dominated shielding mechanism, large loading and poor shielding performance. Herein, Ti3C2Tx coated cotton fabrics with low Ti3C2Tx loading (1.5–2.6 mg/cm2) were prepared through a facile vacuum filtration process. Ti3C2Tx coated cotton fabric exhibits excellent electrical conductivity (up to 1570 S/cm), EMI SE (up to 48.9 dB) and superior shielding efficiency (up to 2969 dB cm2/g) with a low Ti3C2Tx loading (2.6 mg/cm2) in the frequency of 2–18 GHz. Especially, Ti3C2Tx coated cotton fabric shows high ratio of absorption shielding efficiency (SEA)/reflection shielding efficiency (SER) (> 9) in the frequency of 2–13.5 GHz, indicating that the dominant shielding mechanism of Ti3C2Tx coated cotton fabrics is microwave absorption of EM radiation. Additionally, the Ti3C2Tx coated cotton fabric exhibits a high tensile strength (up to 70 N) and fracture elongation (up to 18.3%). The result suggests that the Ti3C2Tx coated cotton fabric is a superior absorption-dominated EMI shielding material. The Ti3C2Tx coated cotton fabric with low loading, robust, and highly conductive properties can be regarded as an alternative electromagnetic wave absorbing material.

Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Cotton Fabrics Coated by Cu₂(OH)PO₄ under VIS/NIR Irradiation.

In the present work, a mild strategy was employed to obtain cotton fabrics (CFs) coated with Cu2(OH)PO4 (CHP) nanoparticles to achieve self-cleaning property. The phytic acid (IP6) assisted method was employed to synthesize nanoparticles (CHP-IP6). The as-prepared coated cotton fabrics were characterized using the following techniques: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CHP-IP6 coated cotton fabrics showed significant photocatalytic activity, excellent photocatalytic stability, and good discoloration of methylene blue (MB) stains when exposed to sunlight, which could have important applications as tablecloths, household apparels, and industrial workwear.

A facile approach to prepare a flexible sandwich-structured supercapacitor with rGO-coated cotton fabric as electrodes.

In recent years, the energy supply problem of wearable electronic equipment has become a topic of increasing concern. It is necessary to develop energy storage equipment with environmental protection, flexibility, a light quality and excellent performance. In this work, a solid, flexible and symmetrical supercapacitor based on graphene coated cotton fabric was fabricated. The flexible electrode materials were prepared through an environmentally friendly “dry-coating” method and subsequent “two step reduction” method of chemical and microwave reduction, the method is simple and convenient. The morphology and structure of prepared flexible electrode materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectrometry. The supercapacitor was assembled in a sandwich structure and packaged and its electrochemical performance was investigated. The flexible sandwich structure (FSS) supercapacitor exhibits high capacitance (464 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1), good cycling stability (91.6% capacitance retention after 1000 charge and discharge cycles) and excellent electrochemical stability. This supercapacitor with easy fabrication, flexible and excellent electrochemical performance has potential to be used as a wearable device.

Synthesis of antibacterial N‐halamine acryl acid copolymers and their application onto cotton

ABSTRACTA series of N‐halamine copolymers are synthesized by reacting hydantoinylacrylamide (HA) with acrylic acid (AA) in several mole ratios. The synthesized copolymers are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and1H NMR and coated onto cotton fabrics. The coated cotton fabrics are rendered antibacterial by chlorinating with dilute household bleach solution. The ultraviolet (UVA) light stabilities of the resulting copolymers on the coated cotton fabrics are investigated; the results show that UVA exposure has minimal effect on the structure of the copolymers but can cause partial loss of the chlorine loading on the coated cotton fabrics. The coated cotton fabrics exhibit excellent antibacterial efficacies achieving inactivations of about six logs ofStaphylococcusaureusandEscherichiacoliO157:H7 within 1 min of contact time. The cotton fabrics coated with the copolymers would best be employed in disposable fabric applications because of lack of washing fastness due to the weak bonding interaction between the AA unit and cellulose. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47426.

Fabrication of low cost and scalable carbon-based conductive ink for E-textile applications

In this work, we demonstrate a simple, highly scalable and cost-effective fabrication process of functional carbon black (CB) ink from burned charcoal of dry woods. Our process consists of both dry and wet medium blending of burned charcoals which reduces the consumption of high processing time and uses of sophisticated instruments to manufacture functional CB. The process includes formulation of functional CB ink prepared with poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) binder, which is applied to the textile fabric using a simple pad-dry process. The sheet resistance and the loading percentage of carbon ink on the cotton fabric are saturated to ∼(25–28) kΩ/sq. and ∼(115–130) wt.% of the native fabric, respectively after 7 repeated padding cycles. The carbon-coated fabrics are demonstrated durable and reliable with repeated bending cycles. Although the resistance of the conductive fabric increases after the first wash cycle, interestingly, the resistance of the fabric tends to decrease in the following 11 consecutive wash cycles. The coated conductive fabrics are used as bend-sensors since it is able to detect very low bending angle for at least 1000 repeated bending cycles. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of carbon coated cotton fabric as heat-spreading materials of a textile heater.

Mini submersible pump assisted sonochemical reactors: Large-scale synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and nanoleaves for antibacterial and anti-counterfeiting applications

Low cost, environmentally friendly and industrial-scale approaches for the synthesis of anti-counterfeiting and antibacterial materials are a challenging task. The current research reports novel and inexpensive approaches for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructures (ZnO-NSs) using Mini Submersible Pump (MSP) assisted sonochemical reactors. Zinc oxide nanoleaves (ZnO-NLs) were synthesized using MSP assisted sonochemical mixing reactor at gram-scale (4 g). Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using MSP assisted sonochemical flow loop reactor at gram-scale (11.5 g). Synthesized ZnO-NSs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, FEG-SEM, and FEG-TEM. Bare ZnO-NPs and ZnO-NPs coated cotton fabric showed high antibacterial activity against diseases causing Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the UV fluorescence property of the ZnO-NLs, invisible security ink was developed for anti-counterfeiting applications. The invisible security ink was tested as a rubber stamp and fountain pen inks which were found to be stable on the various kinds of microporous papers. As compared to our previously reported method, disperser assisted sonochemical approach for ZnO-NLs synthesis; the current approach reduces the cost of equipment used from ∼1700 to 4 USD. Both reactors are designed simply (less complicated), based on an environmentally friendly approach, highly scalable, increases the effectiveness of the sonochemical technique and suitable for industrial applications.

Silver-Doped TiO2 -Coated Cotton Fabric as an Effective Photocatalytic System for Dye Decolorization in UV and Visible Light.

In this study, titanium tetra-isopropoxide was used as a precursor of TiO2 for in situ coating on cotton fabric by sol-gel method. Subsequently, silver nitrate was used as doping agent to prepare silver-doped TiO2 -coated cotton fabric during hydrothermal treatment. The treated samples were characterized through field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy to study morphology, composition of deposited elements and light absorption behavior of treated samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out to analyze the electronic state of silver in TiO2 -coated fabric after hydrothermal treatment. Doping of silver on TiO2 -coated fabric and subsequent hydrothermal treatment was found to enhance dye decolorization rate of rhodamine B dye solution in both UV and visible light radiations with respect to undoped TiO2 . The study shows that an optimal level of silver-doped TiO2 -coated fabric can be used repeatedly for dye decolorization without significant loss in its photocatalytic activity. The self-cleaning properties of samples were also studied using methylene blue as a staining agent. It was observed that the presence of 1.8% silver on the weight of titanium in doped samples provides almost 82% of stain degradation.

Preparation of Durable Antibacterial Cellulose with AgCl Nanoparticles

In this study, a facile method was developed to coat AgCl nanoparticles (NPs) onto knitted cotton fabrics. The AgCl NPs were characterized by ultraviolet absorption spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS). The AgCl NPs were coated onto cotton fabrics through a pad-dry-cure process with the assistance of 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ICP-OES analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed that AgCl NPs were successfully coated onto cotton fabrics. The prepared cotton samples exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative K. pneumonia bacteria. Rat skin fibroblast cytotoxicity testing demonstrated the treated cotton fabrics to be non-toxic. The washing durability evaluation showed that the antimicrobial function of cotton fabrics was durable to washing. In addition, the wrinkle resistance of the coated cotton fabrics was improved and there was no obvious change in whiteness.

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanoparticles and cotton fabric modified with ZnO nanoparticles via in-situ hydrothermal coating technique: Dual response

ABSTRACTWe represent a simple, facile in situ hydrothermal technique for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and deposition of synthesized nanoparticles on cotton fabric surface in the same reaction media. In our experiment, ZnO nanoparticles and nanoparticles coated cotton fabric used as photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of several dyes. ZnO nanoparticles synthesis and surface coating by nanoparticles were carried out using Zinc acetate and FS31 surfactant. The modified cotton fabric was characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD analysis. Hydrophobic and oleophilic modification of cotton were characterized by water and oil drops stay time with contact angle measurement. The photocatalytic degradation properties of nanoparticles and nanoparticles coated cotton fabric were examined in term of photocatalytic elimination of Methylene blue and Methyl orange dye from the contaminated water in presence of sunlight. The results showed that both nanoparticles and ZnO loaded cotton could efficiently decompose MB and MO dyes under sunlight irradiation.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Carbon Nanotube/Cotton Functional Nanocomposite: Preparation and Characterization of Properties

In the last decade, preparation of multifunctional composites have attracted researchers around the World for multi-purpose application. In this regard, we produced polyvinylpyrrolidone/carbon nanotubes/cotton (PVP/CNTs/cotton) nanocomposite by coating cotton fabric via pad-dry-cure under UV irradiation. Several characterization methods were used to investigate the functionality and durability including scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, flammability test, reflectance spectroscopy, tensile strength test, water absorption and antibacterial analysis. The interactions among PVP molecular chains, CNT particles and cellulose were confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. We observed a uniform coating of PVP/CNTs on the fiber surface. An advantage of our developed method was the strong interfacial interaction among compositions, high durability along with multifunctional properties. PVP/CNT nanocomposite was able not only to improve the thermal stability of cotton, but also provided a reduced flammability and good antibacterial properties. Here, we confirm a simple and versatile method for fabrication of PVP/CNTs/cellulose nanocomposite for multi-purpose applications.

Effect of chitosan on the fire retardancy and thermal degradation properties of coated cotton fabrics with sodium phytate and APTES by LBL assembly

Chitosan was added to cotton fabrics coated with sodium phytate and 3-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) to further enhance the fire retardant property by the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. The surface morphologies before and after flaming and structure of coated cotton fabrics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The thermal degradation properties, fire retardancy, and combustion properties of this system were investigated by Fourier transform infrared analysis, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis (TG-FTIR) in the N2 atmosphere, the thermogravimetric analysis in air atmosphere, limiting oxygen index test (LOI), vertical burning test and cone calorimeter test, respectively. Sodium phytate, chitosan and hydrolyzed APTES were successfully deposited and well distributed on the surface of cotton fibers. The LOI value of the coated cotton fabric with 15BL was 29.0%, and it extinguished at once in the vertical burning test, while the coated cotton fabrics with 5BL and 10BL were burned out. The deposition of sodium phytate, chitosan and hydrolyzed APTES led to the decrease of heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke release and smoke production rate. The promoted fire retardancy was assigned to thermally stable residuals formed on the surface of cotton fibers, which prohibited heat/mass transfer from combustion zone to polymer degradation zone. TG-FTIR results indicated that flame retardant cotton fabrics produced more nonflammable gases (CO2 and H2O) and less combustible gases than them of the control sample did, increasing flame retardant properties of flame retardant cotton fabrics.

Ultrasonic-microwave synthesis of ZnO/BiOBr functionalized cotton fabrics with antibacterial and photocatalytic properties

ZnO coated fabrics have attracted wide attentions due to their antibacterial and photocatalytic self-cleaning properties. However, the photo-response of ZnO only in ultraviolet region limits its application. In this paper, ZnO/BiOBr functionalized cotton fabrics were synthesized by a facile and time-saving ultrasonic-microwave combined method. Compared with ZnO coated fabric, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO/BiOBr coated fabric under visible light irradiation was remarkably improved at no sacrifice of its antibacterial activity. Simultaneously, it also showed good resistance to bacterial adhesion and photocorrosion. The introduction of two-dimensional BiOBr nanoflakes not only enhanced the visible light absorption, but also reduced the recombination rate of electron-hole pairs, thus significantly improving the photocatalytic self-cleaning performance of the coated fabric under visible light irradiation. The ZnO/BiOBr coated cotton fabric with both antibacterial and self-cleaning functionalities may have broad application prospects in the fields of textile, medicine and chemical industry.

Fabrication of cotton fabrics through in-situ reduction of polymeric N-halamine modified graphene oxide with enhanced ultraviolet-blocking, self-cleaning, and highly efficient, and monitorable antibacterial properties

In this study, graphene oxide modified polymeric N-halamine precursor was coated onto cotton fabrics through a conventional “dipping-drying” method. The functionalized cotton fabrics were in-situ reduced by treating with L-ascorbic acid. The coated cotton fabrics were then treated with household bleach for enhanced antibacterial activity. After chlorination, the coated cotton fabrics showed an UPF value of 132, and the value increased after oxidative chlorine being consumed. The coated fabrics were also endowed with great hydrophobicity, with values higher than 140°, indicating great self-cleaning ability. The chlorinated fabrics could completely inactivate inoculated S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 within 1 min and 5 min with 5.07 and 5.18 log reductions, respectively. Due to the proportional relationship of the electrical conductivity and chlorine content of the cotton/rGO-PSPH-Cl fabric, the electrical conductivity of cotton/rGO-PSPH-Cl fabric can be used for monitoring the antimicrobial activity.

Cellulose nanocrystal coated cotton fabric with superhydrophobicity for efficient oil/water separation

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) with renewability, biodegradability, and nanoscale size was used as the rough structure component instead of inorganic nanoparticles to fabricate renewable and degradable superhydrophobic cotton fabric via a dip-coating method with cured epoxidized oil resin (CESO) as the binder. The superhydrophobic cotton fabric could selectively absorb oil from oily water and could separate various oil/water mixture very efficiently with separation efficiency higher than 98%. The superhydrophobic cotton fabric showed excellent stability, making it reusable for several times without lowering separation efficiency. Moreover, the superhydrophobic cotton fabric exhibited excellent solvent and chemical resistances. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic cellulosic fabric was degradable with weight loss of 14.4 wt% after hydrolytic degradation in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) at 37 °C for 10 weeks. The superhydrophobic cotton fabric may exhibit great viability as sustainable and degradable alternative to traditional nonrenewable and non-degradable superhydrophobic materials in oil/water separation.

The effects of huntite–hydromagnesite inclusion in acrylate-based polymer paste coating process on some textile functional performance properties of cotton fabric

In this study, cotton fiber fabrics were coated with polyacrylate-based polymer paste containing huntite–hydromagnesite by knife over roll process. The flame retardancy properties of the cotton fabrics were tested according to vertical flame test, limit oxygen index (LOI) test, smoldering cigarette and match flame tests. Thermal behavior of cotton fabrics was investigated by DTA–TG analysis. The antibacterial activities of coated cotton fabrics were qualitatively determined according to AATCC Method 147. Mechanical properties of cotton fabrics were evaluated with the help of tear strength, abrasion strength, thickness and stiffness measurements. Air permeability, UV protection and color properties were also investigated. Free formaldehyde content of the coatings on cotton fabrics were determined according to Japanese Law 112. The microstructural properties of cotton fabrics were characterized using SEM and FTIR (ATR) analysis. Furthermore, the mineral content and mean particle size value of huntite–hydromagnesite were also determined with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and particle size analyzer. The flame retardancy and antibacterial properties of the cotton fabrics were improved after coating with acrylate-based polymer paste containing huntite–hydromagnesite. Mechanical properties such as tear strength of the cotton fabric decreased after coating process however huntite–hydromagnesite addition into coating paste did not lead to further increase on the tear strength loss of cotton fabric. Despite this, the resultant maximum abrasion cycles significantly increased following coating process application. Furthermore, colorimetric properties such as whiteness and lightness of cotton fabric did not significantly change after applied coating processes. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed the constancy of microstructure of cotton fibers after coating process.