Coal Exports Research Articles

Coal Prices and Foreign Ownership on the Capital Structure of Indonesian Coal Companies

This paper investigated the effect of coal prices and foreign ownership on the capital structure of coal companies in the Indonesian stock exchange. This study used debt to equity ratio (DER) to proxy capital structure and control variables, i.e., size, liquidity, and profitability. This study employed the statistic descriptive analysis and regression analysis of panel data and covered quarter data of 23 coal companies listed in the Indonesian stock exchange in a 3-year time horizon (2018-2020). This study concludes that ten out of 23 coal companies have more than 100% DER. Based on the sources of liabilities, debt originating from third parties is the primary source of debt for coal companies listed on the IDX in 2018-2020. The next order of sources of debt in a row is bank loans, debts from related parties, lease payables, bonds, and dividends. The result showed that ten out of 23 companies have a more than 100% capital structure value. The panel data regression analysis showed that capital structure significantly impacts coal prices, foreign ownership, size, liquidity, and profitability. As one of the main coal exporters, Indonesia has a good bargaining position in the international market. An investor can use the movement of coal prices as one of the criteria for deciding to invest in this industry.

To Solve the Challenges of Coal Export Issues by Marine Terminals in the Primorsky Region by Analysis of Cargo Handling Technology

since 2010, the stevedoring companies in the Primorsky region have been actively increasing the volumes of coal handling due to growing demand for coal production (in 2.5 times) in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.At ¼ 2020, in the context of the stagnation of the global economy, the demand for coal remained stable in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Thus, in order to maintain the positions of the Russian Federation in the coal markets of the Asia-Pacific region countries, it is necessary to have due understanding of the handling capacities efficiency, the quality of coal processing services and the environmental impact in the seaports of the Primorsky region. Despite the fact that the closed coal handling technology at the specialized coal terminal used by JSC «Vostochny Port» is considered the most effective, the most local stevedoring companies use non-specialized coal handling technology by clamshells.

Indonesian Coal Exports: Dynamic Panel Analysis Approach

Coal is a mineral fuel commodity considered important as a source ofenergy and is traded among countries. Indonesia is one of the largest coal producing countries in the world. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the net export volume, GDP per capita of destination countries, real exchange rate, and Indonesian coal export prices. The existence of a causal relationship between exports and economic growth shows that there is a relationship between net exports and future economic growth. Economic growth is an increase in people's per capita income without paying attention to changes in the economic structure.The study uses panel data of 5 biggest coal trading partner countries of Indonesia during the period 2015-2019, by using the dynamic panel analysis method, where a dependent variable is not only determined by the value of independent variables at the research period, but is also determined by the value of previous period. The dynamic panel method is characterized by the lag of the dependent variable which is correlated with the residual among the independent variables. The dynamic panel data regression method can be used to determine the short-term effect,and the long-term effect as well.Based on the estimation results of the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) Arellano Bond, in the study period the exchange rate and export prices had a significant negative effect on the volume of Indonesian coal exports. GDP per capita has no significant effect on the volume of Indonesia's coal exports.Furthermore, the short-term elasticity approach for the exchange rate is -0.029159 and for the long term is 0.3616521. These results indicate that the calculation of the short-term and long-term elasticity of the exchange rate (ER) is inelastic and negative with different magnitudes. In addition, it explains that in the short term an increase in the exchange rate of 1 percent will reduce net exports in the short term by 2.9 percent.

Effect of price and promotion on customer loyalty of domestic and export coal in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic

This study was conducted to determine the effect of price and promotion on the loyalty of domestic and export coal customers during the COVID 19 pandemic at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. The population in this study were all domestic and export coal consumers who made purchases during the COVID-19 pandemic at PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk in 2020 as many as 58 companies. Determining the sample in this study uses a purposive sampling technique. With consideration to save time and effort and get more accurate results, the number of samples used in this study was 100 respondents distributed through distributing questionnaires. The multiple linear regression analysis results show that price has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty for domestic and export coal during the COVID-19 pandemic at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. Sales promotion positively and significantly affected customer loyalty for domestic and export coal during the COVID 19 pandemic at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. The price variable is expected to make adjustments in determining the price of coal by surveying competitors who sell coal. In the sales promotion variable, it is expected that the company can improve in doing more attractive advertising.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ УГОЛЬНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ ПУТЕМ БОЛЕЕ ГЛУБОКОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ СЫРЬЯ

The increase in demand for coal over the past two years has opened up good prospects for Russian mining companies. The growth of production is hampered by the insufficient capacity of transport corridors, and the extensive development of transport infrastructure against the backdrop of an unstable economy and low tariffs for coal transportation is not profitable. For the effective strategic development of the coal industry, the transport problem is proposed to be solved in close conjunction with the development of coal chemistry. Products of deep coal processing require less transport, they have a lower share of transport costs in the final cost. The article argues that this approach will increase the production and export of coal without a proportional increase in traffic volumes.

The Effect of Coal DMO Policy on National Energy Security in Supporting National Defense and Security

People’s dependence on electricity is very large, and the largest electricity company in Indonesia currently uses coal as the main fuel for power generation, considering the affordable price and the large availability of coal reserves in Indonesia. The need for coal in the global market is also very large, resulting in a significant increase in coal prices, this makes domestic coal producers prefer to sell coal to the global market. Coal exports do provide great benefits for Indonesia, but domestic needs must also be met. DMO is a policy to maintain coal energy reserves available. In other words, the DMO policy affects the level of national energy security. Indonesia’s energy security can be seen through several criteria, namely avalibility, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and sustainability (4A+1S).

Stranded Assets in the Coal Export Industry? The Case of the Australian Galilee Basin

Stranded Assets in the Coal Export Industry? The Case of the Australian Galilee Basin

A simulation-based approach for improving stockyard allocation in coal export terminals

The stockyard is a core part of a coal export terminal (CET). Constrained by various influencing factors, studies to deal with the complicated scheduling process of a CET remain insufficiently comprehensive. Until now, for coal stockyards, most stacking scheduling strategies are still manual. The low efficiency of the stockyard has become the main bottleneck that restricts the throughput of a CET. Therefore, this paper proposes a simulation model to capture the whole process of CET operation. A large CET in northern China was selected as a case study to investigate the coal stockyard operation. Four stock position scheduling strategies were analyzed and compared through the simulation technique. Discussion of the simulation results under different strategies can provide a comprehensive basis for stock position scheduling strategy selection by CET managers.

Низкоуглеродное развитие экономики как фактор сдерживания развития мировой и российской угольной промышленности Часть I. Влияние угольной отрасли на эмиссию парниковых газов и ее зависимость от современной климатической «повестки»

Russia, having joined the Paris climate agreement, has committed itself to reduce CO2 emissions by 30% by 2030 and up to 70% by 2050. Many countries in the world have developed and adopted appropriate programs for low-carbon development of the economy, which has a significant impact on production and consumption of coal in the world. In the medium and long term, in line with plans to decarbonize the economy, as well as the need to comply with the Paris climate agreement, coal consumption in the main countries of the world will fall. Environmental measures, approved and adopted by many countries of the world, provide for strict limits on greenhouse gas emissions, and if they are exceeded, huge penalties. Russian coal exporters hope to increase coal deliveries to the Asia-Pacific countries. However, Western sanctions, environmental restrictions, and carbon pricing could undermine these prospects.

ДИАГНОСТИКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ УГОЛЬНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article provides a comprehensive diagnosis of the economic security of the coal industry of the Russian Federation on key indicators reflecting the effectiveness and level of modernization. In the conditions of the fourth energy transition, coal is losing its position as a priority fuel and energy resource on world markets, but remains in demand within the country and the Asia-Pacific region. The key challenges, risk-forming factors and threats to the development of the industry in the context of climate-oriented policies of developed countries and the need to abandon the export-raw materials model of the Russian economy are highlighted. The lack of counteraction to the identified threats will lead to a decrease in the competitiveness of Russian coal exporters. Neutralizing threats is important for the domestic economy, increasing its role in the world market.

A Simulation-based Method for Scheduling Ship Ballast Water Discharge in Coal Export Terminal

A Simulation-based Method for Scheduling Ship Ballast Water Discharge in Coal Export Terminal

Industrial Production Dynamics In Q4 2021

Russian Abstract: По итогам четвертого квартала 2020 г. показатели промышленного производства выросли главным образом за счет добывающего сектора, в том числе благодаря экспортным поставкам угля в Китай и Европу. В обрабатывающем секторе рост выпуска по-прежнему сохранялся в пищевой, текстильной и химической отраслях. English Abstract: Based on the Q4 2020 results, industrial production outturns increased mainly on the back of extractive industries, particularly, owing to export coal supplies to China and Europe. In manufacturing, output growth still prevails in food, textile and chemical industries.

Energy Security Problem amid Global Energy Transition

In the early 2020s the worlds transition from carbon-intensive to climate-neutral energy use has already become a discernible and a difficult-to-reverse process. With Joe Bidens election as US president, the United States have returned to the Paris Climate Agreement and have become a key driver of this process (along with the EU and China). As a result, the international community has reached a consensus on the ongoing energy transition. This process will require considerable effort and may take several decades. Nevertheless, the impact of energy transition on traditional approaches to energy security, which emerged largely as a result of the global oil crises of the 1970s and 1980s and are centered around the supply of fossil fuels, is already a relevant research topic. This problem is examined relying on the relevant terminological, theoretical and factual material. The article concludes that energy transition will ultimately undermine the carbon paradigm that has underpinned energy security policies since the 1970s. Rapid development of renewable and other low-carbon energy sources will certainly remove key energy security risks of energy importers and, possibly, allow them to achieve energy independence. However, a post-carbon era may also generate new risks. For countries that rely heavily on oil, gas and coal exports, energy transition will result in the loss of markets and revenues. It may present an energy security threat for them as well as it will require a costly and technologically complex process of the energy sector decarbonization. Some exporters, especially those with high fuel rents and insufficient financial reserves, may face serious economic and social upheavals as a result of energy transition. The EU and the US energy transition policies reflect provisions of all three fundamental international relations theoretical paradigms, including realism. This means that the EU and the US policy, aimed at promoting climate agenda, may be expected to be rather tough and aggressive. China as the third key player in energy transition is still following a liberal course; however, it may change in the future.

Russia’s Coal Industry Policy and Coal Exports in the Vladimir Putin’s 4th Presidency: Focusing on Linkage and Cooperation with Northeast Asian Countries

본 논문은 2018년 5월부터 2021년 10월까지 본 연구주제의 관련 문헌과 통계 분석을 통해 러시아의 석탄산업 정책과 석탄 수출의 방향이 동북아시아 국가들과의 연계와 협력을 강화하는 방향으로 진행되는 원인을 분석하고자 하였다. 러시아의 석탄산업은 국내 화석연료 소비에 있어서 석탄은 원유와 천연가스에 비해 수요가 크지 않기 때문에 해외 수출을 통해 이윤을 창출하고 있었다. 그러나 유럽의 탄소중립 목표 달성을 위한 재생에너지 사용 확대와 코로나 19 팬데믹에 따른 경제 활동 축소에 따른 석탄 수요 감소는 러시아의 유럽으로의 석탄 수출 감소를 유발하였다. 러시아 연방정부는 2018년 5월 블라디미르 푸틴의 4번째 임기가 시작된 후부터 러시아 석탄산업의 대 유럽 수출 감소로 인한 경제적 손실 보완을 위해 철강 산업과 석탄 화력발전의 수요가 지속되고 있는 중국;한국;일본 등의 동북아시아 국가들과의 협력과 연계를 강화하고 있다. 이를 위해 러시아의 주요 탄광들과 시베리아 횡단철도의 연결;극동 러시아 항구들의 석탄 수출 능력 증대를 위한 항만 설비 현대화를 추진하고 있다. 또한 러시아는 2021년 9월부터 국내 전력 공급의 어려움을 겪고 있는 중국에 석탄 수출량을 늘리고 있고 러시아와 중국의 기업들이 엘가탄전과 극동 러시아의 탄광을 공동 개발하고 있다. 동북아시아를 연결하는 시베리아 횡단철도와 극동 러시아의 항구들의 석탄 운송 규모의 제한;국제사회의 온실가스 배출량 감소와 기후변화 대응 요구는 러시아가 희망하는 대로 동북아시아로의 석탄 수출을 증대하는 데 어려움으로 작용하고 있다. 그러나 중국은 자국의 석탄산업의 채굴 및 생산만으로는 국내 석탄 화력발전소들에게 안정적으로 연료를 공급하기 어려우며 일본;한국은 철강 산업과 화력발전소의 석탄 수급의 안정을 위해 지리적으로 인접한 러시아산 석탄의 도입이 필요하다. 러시아도 극동 시베리아의 석탄산업과 지역경제 활성화를 위해 동북아시아 국가들과의 협력을 지속해야 한다. 그렇기 때문에 러시아와 한국;중국;일본 간의 석탄 무역과 협력은 동북아시아 에너지 협력을 강화하는 계기로 작용할 것이다.

The political economy of coal: Lessons learnt from 15 country case studies

This article summarizes lessons learnt from 15 case studies on the political economy of coal following one integrated framework. It proposes four country categories that show comparable properties to analyze the political economy of coal, including countries that i) phase out coal, ii) phase in coal, iii) are established users and iv) depend on coal exports. Regarding the prevalence of coal investments in many countries, it highlights the role of conflicting societal objectives, e.g. affordable electricity prices being more important than environmental targets. Vested interests are mainly related to locally concentrated job losses, expectations regarding regional development, coal royalties, as well as lobbying by a politically well-connected coal industry. Those factors can be either strengthened or extenuated by structural factors, including multi-level governance issues and the structure of the energy market. Entry points for policy vary for different country categories. De-risking financing of alternatives to coal as well as reforms of energy markets are most important entry points in countries that still invest in coal or plan to phase in coal to their energy systems.

Water Balance of Pit Lake Development in the Equatorial Region

In recent years, Indonesia has become the largest coal exporter in the world, and most of the coal is being mined by means of open-pit mining. The closure of an open-pit mine will usually leave a pit morphological landform that, in most cases, will be developed into a pit lake. One of the main issues in developing a pit lake is the understanding of the pit lake filling process. This paper discusses the hydrological model in filling the mineout void in a coal mine in Kalimantan which is located close to the equatorial line. The J-void is a mineout coal pit that is 3000 m long and 1000 m wide, with a maximum depth of 145 m. The development of the J-void pit lake after the last load of coal had been mined out experienced a dynamic process, such as backfilling activities with an overburden as well as pumping mine water from the surrounding pits. There are two components in the model, i.e., overland/subsurface and pit area. The overland zone is simulated using the Rainfall-Runoff NRECA Hydrological Model approach to determine the runoff and groundwater components, whereas the pit area is affected by direct rainfall and evaporation. The model is validated with the observation data. The main source of water in the J-void pit lake is rainwater, both from the surrounding catchment area as well as direct rainfall. As this coal mine area is characterized as a multi-pit area and, consequently, several pit lakes will be formed in the future, the result of the hydrological model is very useful in planning the future pit lakes.

Mining sector in the economic structure of South Kalimantan Province: direct and indirect impacts

Supporting sectors for sustainable economic development in a region can have a direct impact on GRDP and indirectly have an impact through strong backward and forward linkage to other economic sectors. Analysis of backward and forward linkages can be performed using input-output tables that describe the role of each sector in the regional economy. The abundance of coal resources in South Kalimantan Province makes the mining sector the largest contributor to GRDP. Coal is an export commodity that has a very large percentage of the total regional export value. The enormous impact on GRDP, both in terms of business fields and final demand, is not accompanied by strong linkages to other economic sectors. The existence of the mining sector is unable to stimulate production growth in the backward sector and is unable to fulfill the final demand of the forward sector. Restrictions on coal exports to fulfill domestic energy resource needs are able to make the mining sector of South Kalimantan Province a key sector to support sustainable regional economic development.

Techno-economic analysis study of coal gasification plant into various strategic chemicals

The abundant amount of coal reserves in Indonesia has a great potential to be used as a source of raw materials and energy for industry. However, the use of coal in meeting domestic needs is not optimally utilized, as indicated by the high number of raw coal exports abroad. In addition, the low quality of coal is also one of the reasons for its low utilization. The processing of coal into synthetic gas (syngas) opens the way downstream of coal-derived chemical products, namely dimethyl ether (DME), methanol, ammonia and synthetic natural gas (SNG). The integration of various chemical products is expected to maximize the potential of Indonesian coal. The plant capacity was 11540 tpd (tons per day) low-rank wet coal producing DME 2000 tpd, methanol 2500 tpd, ammonia 600 tpd and SNG 25 MMSCFD (million standard cubic feet per day). These chemical production technologies have been proven and are commercially available. Based on the results of the process and economic simulations, it is found that the establishment of a coal gasification plant into various integrated chemicals is feasible to be established with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 12.46% and a payback period of 6 years and 5 months.

Analisis Daya Saing Komparatif dan Kompetitif Ekspor Komoditas Batu Bara Tiga Negara Berkembang (Indonesia, Afrika Selatan dan Kolombia)

Coal is a fuel made from fossils, which hold an essential part of the energy for power plants and serves as a staple fuel for steel and cement production. Indonesia, South Africa, and Colombia are developing countries that took part in the largest coal exporters in the world. The purpose of this study is to analyze the three developing countries in coal exporting competitiveness, Indonesia, South Africa, and Colombia, in terms of comparative advantage or competitive advantage and times of the trade specialization index, as well as compare the exports and imports of coal from the three countries and export developments. This study will be using secondary data within a period of fifteen years (2004 – 2018). The data analysis methods used in this study are based on the Balassa Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Trade Specialization Index (TSI). The research from RCA showed that Indonesia doesn’t have a comparative advantage in contrast to South Africa, but Indonesia has a comparative advantage collated with Colombia. Based on the study held by TSI, the three developing countries are presumed to have strong competitiveness and tend to succeed in becoming coal exporting countries.

DEVS-based modular modelling method of dry bulk terminals

ABSTRACT Considering the diversification of dry bulk terminal types and the complexity of terminal loading and unloading operations, a modular modelling method based on discrete event system specification (DEVS) modelling theory is proposed in this paper. First, we introduced the DEVS into the dry bulk terminal and explained the ideas and main steps of the DEVS-based modular modelling method. Second, a module library and model framework library for dry bulk terminals were developed, and the DEVS expression of the modules and model framework was given. Studies have shown that the production performance of a coal export terminal is generally positively correlated with ship loading and ship arrival density. Terminal operators can improve their ability to respond to future scenarios in two ways: upgrading berth levels and improving ship berthing strategies. The case verifies that the model framework and module library are effective, and the modelling method based on DEVS is feasible.