Coal Cinder Research Articles

Study on the Thermal Effect of Adding Coal Cinder to the LCZ of Solar Pond

In this study, adding coal cinder to bottom of solar pond as a means of increasing temperature of the solar pond is presented. A series of small-scale tests are conducted in the simple mini solar ponds. These small-scale tests include the temperature evolution comparisons of this mode with other normal modes; the comparisons of the material added to LCZ and the comparisons of the different soaking times for coal cinder. In addition, a numerical calculation on predicting temperature evolution in large area of salt gradient solar pond is also given. Both of the experimental and numerical results suggest that adding porous media with low thermal diffusivity (e.g. coal cinder) could significantly increase the temperature in the vicinity of the bottom of the pond. From the view of long-term, this effect is supposed to enhance the average temperature of the solar pond.

Coal cinder filtration as pretreatment with biological processes to treat pharmaceutical wastewater

This study aims at coupling coal cinder filter with biological process to improve pharmaceutical wastewater quality and reduce the disposal cost. In the coal cinder filter, the removal efficiencies of COD, BOD(5), SS and color were 90+/-2%, 72+/-2%, 95+/-2% and 80+/-2%, respectively. The results attribute to the big specific surface area and strong adsorption ability. Coal cinder filter removes a large portion of the pollutants in the influent wastewater, which would strongly stable the effluent waste water quality, and reduce the load of follow-up biological treatment process. The average removal efficiencies for COD, BOD(5), SS and color of the combined process were about 99.7+/-3%, 98.2+/-4%, 98.5+/-3% and 96.3+/-2%, respectively, with the average effluent quality of COD 16+/-1 mg/L, BOD(5) 11+/-1 mg/L, SS 10+/-0.6 mg/L and color 22+/-1 (multiple), which are consistent with the national requirements of the waste pollutants for pharmaceutical industry of chinese traditional medicine discharge standard (GB 21906-2008). The results indicated that the combined procedure could offer an attractive solution for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment with considerable low cost.

Contaminations removal from static lake water by compound

Urban wastewater treatment techniques could not be applied to improve the pollutant removal efficiency, due to its characteristics of closed and quiescent conditions of the static lake water. In this study, natural zeolite and coal cinder were chosen as filler compounds of the ecological filter. Static and dynamic experiments were carried out to study the remediation efficiency. Experimental data show that removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) reaches 85% in both static and dynamic patterns and its removal efficiency reaches 97% when the recycling period is 1 h in dynamic condition. The maximum removal efficiency of nitrite nitrogen (NO2−-N) reached 98%, and the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) is a maximum of 84%. The final effluent concentration of total phosphorus (TP) is 0.079 mg/L. Effluent recycling could improve the nutrient (N, P) removal efficiently. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration could remain high with the water cycling. The filter works efficiently on regulating pH to the standard level of healthy water.

Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter enhancement by a converter slag–coal cinder filter

The study aimed at investigating rural domestic wastewater treatment performance through vermifilter enhancement by a converter slag–coal cinder filter. The research was carried out by column experiments in a lab scale. Results showed the average removal rate of TCOD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen (NH 4 +-N) and phosphorus removal by the system were 78.0%, 98.4%, 90.3%, 62.4%, respectively at a hydraulic loading rate of 4 m 3 m −2 day −1. Vermifiltration was effective for insoluble organic matter and suspended solid removal, and the converter slag–coal cinder filter played an important role in phosphorus removal. The molecular weight of particles in the influent and effluents from every unit of the system were distributed in a wide range between 0.1 kDa and 10,000 kDa with predominance of values between 10 kDa and 300 kDa; the major portion of soluble material are high MW compounds. In addition, the optimal design parameters for vermifiltration and converter slag and coal cinder filters, respectively, were studied in the experiments.

Converter slag–coal cinder columns for the removal of phosphorous and other pollutants

A mixture of converter slag and coal cinder as adsorbent for the removal of phosphorous and other pollutants was studied in the paper. The maximum P adsorption capacity, pH of solution, contact time and initial phosphate concentration were evaluated in batch experiments for the two materials firstly. The data of P sorption were best fitted to Langumir equation, and the maximum adsorption capacities of converter slag and coal cinder were 2.417 and 0.398 mg P/g, respectively. The pH of solutions with converter slag and coal cinder changed dramatically with time and closed to 8 in 8 h, and the influence of initial pH on phosphate removal by coal cinder was more significant than by converter slag. Phosphate removal rate by converter slag decreased with increase of initial phosphate concentrations. Subsequently, two flow-through columns (Column 1#, V converter slag: V coal cinder = 1:5; Column 2#, V converter slag: V coal cinder = 1:3) were operated for the removal of phosphorous and other pollutants from the effluents of a vermifilter for nearly eleven months. Results indicated the average removal efficiency of total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, COD and NH 4 +–N by Column 1# were 44%, 56%, 31% and 67%, and by Column 2# were 42%, 54%, 24% and 57%, respectively. Column 1# had higher removal efficiency for P and other pollutants.

Optimization of four kinds of constructed wetlands substrate combination treating domestic sewage

Based on the static and dynamic experiments, this paper has analyzed the adsorbing capacity for domestic wastewater pollutant (COD, NH4 +-N and TP) of four kinds of constructed wetlands substrate which were fly ash, hollow brick crumbs, coal cinder and activated carbon pellets in single and combined condition. In the static experiments, the adsorbing capacity of four substrates all grew as the adsorbing dose increased. In adsorbing COD, each substrate’s adsorbing capacity rises with the adsorbing dosage. Simultaneously, experiments show that all the adsorption of the four kinds of substrate for COD, NH4 +-N and TP follows the Freundich Rule. The dynamic experiment demonstrated that the adsorbing capacity of combined substrates is bigger than that of single substrate. Fly ash in combination with small coal cinder adsorbs COD the best, while it takes in NH4 +-N and TP the best when working with hollow brick crumbs. The combination of the two raises the removal rates up to 89% and 81% respectively. Given high cost and low adsorbing effect, activated carbon is not a suitable candidate for constructed wetlands substrate.

Proportioning cement based composites with burnt coal cinder

This paper presents an experimental investigation to advance a stepwise procedure to proportion plain and slag concrete mixes with burnt coal cinder waste as coarse aggregate. When typical strength of coarse aggregate in concrete is lower than the concrete strength required, conventional methods such as British Method, ACI and country’s standard code cannot be used directly since failure of concrete is predominantly by aggregate crushing. To analyze the data, concrete, for simplicity, is regarded as two phase composite of cement mortar matrix and coarse aggregate. With the concrete and constituent cement mortar matrix strengths and their respective volume fractions as input parameters, the typical strength of coarse aggregate in concrete is determined from linear law of mixtures. Using again the same law, the cement mortar matrix strength required for higher or at par to that of the typical aggregate strength is calculated. To arrive at water–cement ratio for matrix strength, the Generalized Abrams’ law is employed.

669 Greenhouse Vegetable Production in China

There was a remarkable growth in China's greenhouse horticulture during the past decade. In 1989, the greenhouse area in China was 22,000 ha, but this figure reached up to 350,000 ha in 1999, about 16 times as large as that in 1989. Currently, the main greenhouse design used for commercial production is the energy conservation type—solar greenhouse—and many growers use eco-organic soilless culture for production. The substrates used for vegetable production are perlite, vermiculite, peat, coal cinder, sand, coir, sunflower stem, and sugar cane stem. Dry solid organic manure is mixed into the substrates before conducting cultivation, and then only water is for irrigation. Growing vegetables in this way improved quality, increased market value, and decreased environmental pollution.

96/06006 Study on the distribution laws of trace elements in coal ash and cinder

96/06006 Study on the distribution laws of trace elements in coal ash and cinder

Study on the thermal insulation material of industrial kiln made from stone coal cinder

The thermal insulation material of industrial kiln, made from stone coal cinder mainly, possesses high compressive strength and low thermal conductivity etc. In this paper, the physical and chemical changes of the material in the sintering process are analysed; meanwhile, the technological paraments in the drying and the sintering process are determined by trials. This is a new way for the harnessing and comprehensive utilization of stone coal cinder.

Variation in Population Exposure in China as a Result of Differing Human Activities

The necessity of studying the variations in radiation levels dispassionately is discussed. Human activites may ncrease, but can also decrease, radiation dose to the population. Travel by air may cause a rise in population collective dose by 3.6x10 man.Sv, and travel by ship, train and vehicle may lead to a drop of 5.36x10 2 mans.Sv. Dwellings of coal cinder brick may increase collective dose by 3.5x10 3 man.Sv, and buildings of reinforced concrete may decrease collective dose by 3.7x10 3 man.Sv. It is inadequate to study only those activities which may increase radiation levels

Determination of 210Pb in coal, coal ash, coal cinder and soil

Determination of 210Pb in coal, coal ash, coal cinder and soil