Coagulant Agent Research Articles

Optimization of active coagulant agent extraction method from Moringa Oleifera seeds for municipal wastewater treatment

An enhanced and different method for the active coagulant agent extraction from Moringa Oleifera seeds powder (MOSP) was established and compared to the conventional extraction method in distillate water. In the improved method, MOSP were extracted using sodium chloride as solvent at different concentrations to extract more coagulant agent from Moringa Oleifera and enhance coagulation activity. In this study, MOSP were initially processed and oil content was removed to minimize coagulant concentration usage (MOSP-EO). Moringa Oleifera seeds powder was characterized by both X-ray and FTIR analysis. Ultrasound treatment as well was considered as an additional treatment for MOSP-EO to investigate its effect on coagulant agent extraction process improvement. Coagulation/flocculation experiments were conducted to assess coagulant extraction performance realized through various conditions. The effect of coagulant dosage, solvent concentration and ultrasound exposition duration were investigated for a real effluent of municipal wastewater treatment. Among the three studied NaCl concentrations, 1.0 M was found to be the best solvent concentration for high turbidity removal of more than 97% using 140 mg/L of MOSP-EO compared to extraction in distillate water 88% using 170 mg/L of the same coagulant. NaCl 1.0 M demonstrated the best performance in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) removal as well, where more than 98% of municipal wastewater initial BOD5 was eliminated. Mixing MOSP-EO assisted with ultrasound waves at different treatment periods did decrease the active coagulant agent extraction and thus showed its inconvenient for Moringa Oleifera coagulation activity usage.

Photo-Initiated Coagulation Activation and Fibrinolysis Inhibition for Synergetic Tumor Vascular Infarction via a Gold Nanorods-Based Nanosystem

Tumor vascular infarction has been regarded as a promising therapy in tumor treatment. However, due to the limited activity of designed coagulation agents, resulting from the challenges of inducing...

Enhancement of Electroflotation Using Papaya Seeds (<i>Carica papaya</i>) as Biocoagulant for Laboratory Wastewater Treatment

The enhancement process of electro-flotation was evaluated to treat chemical laboratory wastewater. Wastewater treatment was carried out using electro-flotation with adding a natural coagulant agent namely papaya seed (Carica papaya). In this work the electro-flotation batch system using stainless steel as cathode and graphite as an anode was evaluated in constant DC of 21 V for 60 minutes. Natural coagulant dosage was added as much as 0.05; 0.10 and 0.20 g/500 mL. The effectiveness of the system was evaluated by decreasing total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, and Tyndall effect (Lux). The wastewater sample has been diluted 10 times before measuring as an initial condition which has as much as 42 NTU, and 337 mg/L respectively for turbidity, and TDS. The result showed that the enhancement of the electro-flotation process using 0.05 g papaya seed (Carica papaya) had decreased as much as 4.65 NTU (88.93%) and 242 mg/L (28.49%) respectively for turbidity and TDS. Therefore, it can be concluded that the enhancement of electro-flotation using biocoagulant reduced the contaminant matrix in the wastewater.

Continuous photocatalytic set-up assisted with nano TiO2 plate for tannery wastewater treatment.

A novel photocatalytic continuous system has been proposed for the treatment of tannery waste water, which has high levels of environmental pollutants. The purification process was performed by passing wastewater on a titanium dioxide (TiO2)-coated surface, which is continuously activated by irradiation of ultraviolet light. To improve the yield of the process, ferric chloride (FeCl3) was used as a coagulation agent. The organic and inorganic compounds, as well as the microorganisms in the tannery wastewater media, were degraded through a photocatalytic process. The results revealed that total dissolved solids and total suspended solids contents were significantly decreased from 8,450 and 8,990 mg·L-1 to 4,032 and 4,127 mg·L-1, respectively. Furthermore, the chemical oxygen demand content of the sample was reduced from 370 to 50 mg·L-1 after the addition of 100 mL of FeCl3 and 4 h of treatment. The same results were observed for the elimination of sulfate and chromium ions, which led to a decline in electrical conductivity. This suggests that introducing 100 mL of FeCl3 as the coagulation agent and continuous treatment with photocatalityc set-up could be considered as an effective method for the purification of tannery wastewaters.

Evaluation of the most promising techniques overcoming the algal problems takes place during the purification of drinking water.

This work aims to study the technical problems of algal blooms that hinder the purification process of surface water used for drinking purposes and not its harmful effect on human health and the surrounding environment. It is also related to the demonstration of the improved coagulation process as an efficient technique in the algal removal from surface water by its application in jar tests. The study was carried out in the water purification plant in Nazlet Abdellah near the city of Assiut, Egypt. To achieve that, many ores and natural materials which aid in the removing of the algal blooms from surface water during the purification processes were tested. The examined materials should be technically and economically proper for improving the removal of algae from treated surface water for drinking purposes. The results showed that the kaolinite and bentonite (K and B) when coupled separately with aluminum sulfate (alum.) (the main coagulant agent) associated with the raw surface water in the flocculation basin were more efficient in the algae removal from treated surface water before reaching the sand filters by ratio up to 90%.

Production of low-price carbon for removal of aluminium ions in potable water

Drinking-water plants often use aluminium (Al) salts as coagulant agents in the water-treatment process, which cause increasing aluminum residue levels in water. Aluminum accumulation in the human body has been related to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, senile dementia and breast cancer. This work utilises the available industrial waste as a cheap source of carbon (C) that can be used in aluminium ion elimination from water supplies. The employed sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SCB-AC) was derived from the waste of a Qus sugar factory in Qena City, Egypt. The activity of SCB-AC was compared with that of commercial activated carbon (Com-AC), and their physico-chemical properties were characterised by various techniques (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The findings demonstrate that SCB-AC has high performance for aluminium (III) (Al3+) removal like Com-AC, which reached 80% at a high initial concentration (10 mg/l). The thermodynamic constants revealed that the adsorption process has an exothermic nature. Briefly, SCB-AC is an inexpensive eco-friendly carbon with an excellent adsorptive ability like that of Com-AC for elimination of aluminium (III) in drinking water. The cost of manufacturing SBC-AC would be about US$40/t.

Removal of fine particles in coal fired power plant by chemical coagulation

The fine particle dust produced by coal-fired power plants is one of the important sources of air pollutants. Wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) is one of the effective methods to remove fine particle dust. However, the traditional wet electrostatic precipitator still has low collection efficiency for the superfine particle dust. To improve the collection efficiency and the chemical coagulation method is applied to the wet electrostatic precipitator. Experiments are carried out by varying the chemical coagulation agent type, concentration, surfactant species. The results show that: Adding chemical coagulants can promote the coagulation effect of fine particles, and Xanthan gum (XTG) has the best coagulation effect; the concentration of chemical coagulant also affects the coagulation effect and collection efficiency of dust, the optimal concentration of XTG is 1.0×10−2 g/L; among the surfactants, dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1227) has the best effect, and the dust removal efficiency can reach 98.80%. Through experimental exploration, the chemical coagulation method has a good application prospect in wet electrostatic precipitators.

Mitigation of wastewater biological pollution using the electrocoagulation method

Biological pollution of water and wastewater is a global grave concern, especially in developing countries due to insufficient treatment and sanitation. Additionally, the poor economy of the majority of the developing countries limits both applications of advanced treatment technologies and modern monitoring systems, which intensifies the problem of biological pollution. In this investigation, the electrocoagulation method, which is in situ production of coagulation agents by passing electric current via metallic electrodes, has been used as an affordable treatment method for the removal of bacteria from municipal wastewater (E. coli as an indicator). Wastewater sample was collected from Al-Rustamyiah wastewater treatment plant, Baghdad city, Iraq. In this investigation, the electrocoagulation unit was supplied with iron electrodes (Fe-ELE). The impacts of current density (CD) and electrodes gapping (EG) on the performance of the Fe-ELE performance were optimized to attain the best activation percentage. The obtained results showed that the Fe-ELE achieved full deactivation of the E. coli after 45 minutes of treatment at EG of 5 mm, CD of 2 mA/cm2, and an initial pH of 6.0.

Stabilized leachate treatment by using combination of struvite precipitation and coagulation-flocculation methods: RSM optimization

Leachate is a form of pollution from landfills with pollutants in organic and inorganic forms. Stabilized leachate is characterized by the presence of organic materials with high ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations (>400mg/L), high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations (<4000mg/L) and the ratio of BOD/COD is low (<0.1). In this study, struvite precipitation used to remove high ammonia content and coagulation-flocculation using poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) as coagulant agent and cationic polymer as flocculant agent used for COD and colour removal. Response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to determine the optimum parameters and interaction effects of the four main factors that influence the efficiency of treatment used; coagulant dosage, flocculant dosage, pH and Mg-N-P ratio on COD, NH3-N and colour removal. Optimum parameters obtained from the study were the coagulant dosage of 2250 mg/L, flocculant dosage of 14 mg/L, pH 7, and Mg: N: P ratio 1.1. The combination of struvite precipitation and coagulation-flocculation method results a percentage of removal of COD 48.6%, NH3-N 92.8% and color 98.8%

The Association of Coagulation Indicators and Coagulant Agents With 30-Day Mortality of Critical Diabetics.

Diabetes, regarded as a global health concerned disease, was focused by the World Health Organization (WHO). Patients with diabetes may have a hypercoagulable and hypo-fibrinolysis state. There is lots of research about cardiovascular effects on diabetes patients, but less about the coagulation system. This study is designed to investigate the relationship between coagulation indicators and 30-day mortality of critical diabetes patients. In this retrospective, single-center study, we included adult patients diagnosed with diabetes. Data, including demographic, complication, laboratory tests, scoring system, and anticoagulant treatment, were extracted from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-III). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier curve were applied to predict the association of mortality and coagulation indicators. Cox hazard regression model and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the risk factors associated with 30-day mortality. A total of 4026 patients with diabetes mellitus were included in our study, of whom 3312 survived after admitted to the hospital and 714 died. Cox hazard regression showed anticoagulant therapy might decrease the risk of 30-day mortality after adjusted. In age <70 subgroup analysis, we found that patients with PTT <26.8 s or lightly increased PT may increase odds of 30-day hospital death (HR, 95%CI, 2.044 (1.376, 3.034), 1.562 (1.042, 2.343)). When age >70, lightly increased PTT may reduce the risk of mortality, but PT >16.3 s, a high level of hypo-coagulation state, increase risk of mortality (HR, 95%CI, 0.756 (0.574, 0.996), 1.756 (1.129, 2.729)). Critical diabetes patients may benefit from anticoagulant agents. The abnormal coagulant function is related to the risk of 30-day mortality.

Evaluation of porcelanite and bentonite performance as an effective coagulant agent for petroleum contaminated wastewater treatment

Evaluation of porcelanite and bentonite performance as an effective coagulant agent for petroleum contaminated wastewater treatment

Genuine Mexican cheeses: technological processes and manufacturing parameters

Objective: To give an overview of the current situation of Mexican genuine cheeses (MGCs), their characteristics and their production processing conditions (milk origin, coagulation agent, type of ripening and maturation). Methodology: Information on about twenty MGCs available in scientific articles, databases, and Internet pages was collected, analyzed, and classified. Results: The main classification of MGCs is made with respect to their moisture content (soft or fresh, semi-soft or semi-hard, and hard). Most MGCs are not matured, thus limiting their shelf life and large-scale commercialization. Matured MGCs use their own microbiota, developing characteristic textures and flavors. Limitations: There is little research on the MGC manufacturing processes and their impact on the physical and sensory properties of the final product. Furthermore, no MGC has a designation of origin, which is a disadvantage on the global market. Conclusions: Most MGCs are produced manually and only few of them are produced on a (semi)industrial scale. Standardizing their production would allow their producers to make improvements and innovations on MGCs and increase their shelf life.

Study on the zeta potential effect of Artocarpus heterophyllus natural-based coagulant in wastewater treatment

The application of chemical coagulants which is damaging to environment and human health has triggered to the exploration of new coagulants from natural based sources. This study emphasized on the performance of a treatment process to remove particles in the synthetic domestic wastewater by coagulation using Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) peel extract and evaluation of zeta potential (ζ). The measurement of zeta potential which is the criteria defining the electrostatic interaction between pollutants and natural coagulant agent is used in proposing mechanism of coagulation. The jar test experiment was carried out and the treated wastewater was analysed to determine reduction in turbidity, BOD, COD and TSS. The coagulant extracts were characterized in terms of surface charge. The best operating conditions were: pH 2 and dosage 60 mg/L. The corresponding removal efficiencies for turbidity, TSS, COD and BOD were 80 %, 70 %, 46 % and 20 % respectively. The measured zeta potential of the coagulant was -25.2 mV at its original pH, 6.95. On the other hand, the surface charge of synthetic wastewater was positive at pH 2 and later turned to be negative as the pH is increased up to pH 12. This best describes that jackfruit peel coagulant possessed the characteristic of anionic polyelectrolytes which involves bridging mechanism. The results obtained here suggest that coagulation using Artocarpus heterophyllus peel extract can be employed as an effective and low-cost preliminary technique in wastewater treatment process.

Molecularly engineered truncated tissue factor with therapeutic aptamers for tumor-targeted delivery and vascular infarction

Selective occlusion of tumor vasculature has proven to be an effective strategy for cancer therapy. Among vascular coagulation agents, the extracellular domain of coagulation-inducing protein tissue factor, truncated tissue factor (tTF), is the most widely used. Since the truncated protein exhibits no coagulation activity and is rapidly cleared in the circulation, free tTF cannot be used for cancer treatment on its own but must be combined with other moieties. We here developed a novel, tumor-specific tTF delivery system through coupling tTF with the DNA aptamer, AS1411, which selectively binds to nucleolin receptors overexpressing on the surface of tumor vascular endothelial cells and is specifically cytotoxic to target cells. Systemic administration of the tTF-AS1411 conjugates into tumor-bearing animals induced intravascular thrombosis solely in tumors, thus reducing tumor blood supply and inducing tumor necrosis without apparent side effects. This conjugate represents a uniquely attractive candidate for the clinical translation of vessel occlusion agent for cancer therapy.

High Silica Content Graphene/Natural Rubber Composites Prepared by a Wet Compounding and Latex Mixing Process.

The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified natural rubber composite (NR) filled with high contents of silica was prepared by a wet compounding and latex mixing process using a novel interface modifier cystamine dihydrochloride (CDHC) with coagulation ability. CDHC acts as a coagulation agent through electrostatic interaction with rGO, SiO2, and latex rubber particles during the latex-based preparation process, while in the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composites, CDHC acts as an interface modifier. Compared with the composites prepared by the conventional mechanical mixing method, the dispersion of both rGO and SiO2 in the composites made by a wet compounding and latex mixing process is improved. As a result, the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composite prepared by this new method has good comprehensive properties. A Dynamic Mechanical Test suggests that the tan δ values of the composites at 60 °C decrease, indicating a low rolling resistance with increasing the graphene content at a low strain, but it increases at a higher strain. This unique feature for this material provides an advantage in the rubber tire application.

Treatment of coffee cherry pulping wastewater by using lectin protein isolated from Ricinus communis L. seed

Wet coffee pulping process generates organic pollutant rich wastewater, and causes serious threat to the local water bodies. Hence, the efficiency of Ricinus communis L. seed protein to remove colour, total dissolved solids (TDS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the coffee cherry pulping wastewater (CCPWW) was studied. Treatment with 0.5 g optimum dosage of the seed protein reduced 80 % colour, 75 % total dissolved solids and 80 % chemical oxygen demand from the wastewater, along with a change in the pH from 3.7 to 5.2. Characterisation of the seed protein using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization – time of flight assay confirmed a ricin glycoprotein band at 28 kDa. This ricin B chain lectin protein with 262 amino acid residues caused the coagulation activity in the wastewater, due to its cationic nature, sugar binding sites and hydrogen bonding forces between molecules. Fourier transformed infrared characterization of the seeds showed the presence of amide groups involved in pollutant removal. A positive linear correlation ‘r’ 0.9 proved the degree of association between the removal of total dissolved solids and chemical oxygen demand from CCPWW. Hence, the study suggested that the pollutants from wastewater could be removed using Ricinus communis L. seed lectin protein, as an alternative eco-friendly coagulant agent replacing synthetic coagulant chemicals.

Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure, crystal structure and dielectric performance of Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3 ceramics prepared by a novel direct coagulation casting via high valence counter ions (DCC-HVCI) method

Perovskite Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3 (BST) ceramics with improved dielectric performance were fabricated by a novel direct coagulation casting via high valence counter ions (DCC-HVCI) method using 0.5 mol% MgO as the coagulation agent. The influence of sintering temperature on micromorphology, crystal structure, and dielectric performance of BST ceramic components was systematically evaluated. The densification rate of BST samples could reach the maximum at a heating temperature around 1305 °C and end up approximately at 1380 °C. As increasing the sintering temperature from 1400 to 1550 °C, the relative density of BST ceramics decreases from 98.82 ± 0.16% to 96.72 ± 0.06%, and the mean grain size drops gradually from 9.96 to 4.68 μm. The increased sintering temperature promotes the lattice expansion due to Ti4+ replacement at B site by Mg2+, as well as the generation of oxygen vacancies. In addition, as increasing sintering temperature, the dielectric permittivity (εr) of BST ceramic components decreases first and then slightly increases, while the dielectric loss (tanδ) of ceramics shows the opposite trend. The results indicate that the initial tanδ increase is mainly attributed to the lattice expansion of BST ceramics, and the subsequent loss reduction results from the easily localized conduction electrons on Mg2+ sites reducing the carrier concentration. The samples sintered at 1550 °C show the lowest dielectric loss (tanδ≈0.013), which is significantly reduced by an order of magnitude compared with that of dry-pressed samples (tanδ≈0.262).

Effect of Ricotta Cheese Added with Cirus microcarpa Concentrated Solution as Coagulation Agent Replacement

Effect of Ricotta Cheese Added with Cirus microcarpa Concentrated Solution as Coagulation Agent Replacement

Improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants: Bio-removal of heavy-metals and pharmaceuticals by Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta

In this study, we investigated the removal of Fe(III), Cr(VI), Al(III), diclofenac, and levofloxacin from treated wastewater in the presence of the free-floating plants Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta, to understand whether these species can be effectively used in a surface flow constructed wetland as wastewater refining treatment. Fe and Al were selected owing to their wide use as coagulant agents in wastewater treatment plants for promoting clariflocculation processes, whilst Cr was chosen due to its common use in industry. Diclofenac and levofloxacin, two molecules belonging to the most widely used pharmaceutical classes in the world, were studied as representative anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics, respectively. The study was performed at laboratory scale, exposing the plants separately to each individual contaminant at the concentrations of 5 mg L−1 for the metals (i.e. 2.5–5 times higher than the European limits concerning discharge into surface water), and 1 μg L−1 for the pharmaceuticals (concentration levels commonly found in wastewater). Depending on the plant species and contaminant tested, the range of different effects observed included low toxicity (i.e. Cr, Fe and diclofenac in L. minuta) and even a stimulatory effect on plant growth (i.e. for A. filiculoides with Al and for L. minuta with Al and levofloxacin). Moreover, both species proved to be very effective in the removal of Fe, Al and levofloxacin, with A. filiculoides showing the best performance (removal efficiency of 92%, 96%, and 60%, respectively), whereas for Cr and diclofenac the removal was always less than 10%. The higher removal capacity of A. filiculoides compared to L. minuta can be attributed to its superior tolerance of the contaminants, probably in turn related to the presence of nitrogen-fixing microorganism in its fronds.

Performance of natural coagulants obtained from agro-industrial wastes in dairy wastewater treatment using dissolved air flotation

Agro-industrial wastes can become organic aids for coagulation, being an alternative to metallic coagulants. In this study ripe okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds were prepared, characterized and used as natural coagulants in experiments of coagulation/dissolved air flotation (C/DAF) treating synthetic dairy wastewater (SDW). C/DAF was carried out using central composite design (CCD) for optimization of variables. In CCD, the effects of coagulant dosage and pH (independent variables) were studied. Removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (dependent variables) were evaluated and regression models to predict the removal of these variables were adjusted and validated. The optimum conditions found for removing turbidity and COD were: okra dosage of 2.0 g L−1 at pH 9.00; and passion fruit seeds dosage of 1.3 g L−1 at pH 5.00. Okra as coagulant reduced 91.1 % of turbidity and 48.3 % of COD, whereas passion fruit seeds reduced 91.5 % of turbidity and 50.3 % of COD from the SDW. Okra and passion fruit seeds proved to be promising sources for obtaining coagulant agent, replacing metallic coagulants and minimizing the production of agro-industrial wastes.