CO2 Emission Reduction Potential Research Articles

The integration of solar-hydrogen hybrid renewable energy systems in oil and gas industries for energy efficiency: Optimal sizing using Fick's Law optimisation Algorithm

The global demand for sustainable energy solutions in the oil and gas industry has stimulated interest in the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper investigates the techno-economic and environmental aspects of incorporating a solar-hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy system (SHRES) into oil and gas processing facilities.The proposed SHRES, comprising Solar PV modules, hydrogen production and storage systems, and a gas turbine generator (PV-FC-EL-Tank-GT), aims to enhance energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of energy-intensive operations. The study utilises a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, economics, and environmental analysis. The techno-economic evaluation employs detailed modelling and optimisation using Fick's Law Algorithm, ensuring efficient energy production and cost-effectiveness. Ecological assessments quantify potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts.The technical and economic evaluation identifies the electrolyser system as the most significant cost contributor (57%). The optimised system balances energy sources with 45% from PV modules, 35% from fuel cells, and 20% from gas turbines, showcasing substantial reliance on renewable energy while maintaining required power generation.Addressing the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions in the oil and gas industry, the study highlights the potential of SHRES integration. By employing Fick's Law Algorithm, alongside with 80 % of renewable energy integration, the research optimises system components to optimise the annualised cost to be $57,539.85, decrease to zero the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and mitigate CO2 emissions to a lowest value of 0.147 gCO2eq/kWh (by 80 %). The electrolyser system's pivotal role and the distribution of power generation sources are emphasised.This study presents a novel approach to integrating solar-hydrogen systems into oil and gas processing facilities, aiming for sustainability. The findings underscore the significance of the electrolyser system and the distribution of power generation sources in optimising the SHRES. Recommendations for renewable energy integration and potential reductions in CO2 emissions and costs are discussed, providing valuable insights for future energy policies.

Hydrogen in aviation: A simulation of demand, price dynamics, and CO2 emission reduction potentials

Aviation contributes to anthropogenic climate change by emitting both carbon dioxide (CO2) and non-CO2 emissions through the combustion of fossil fuels. One approach to reduce the climate impact of aviation is the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel. Two distinct technological options are presently under consideration for the implementation of hydrogen in aviation: hydrogen fuel cell architectures and the direct combustion of hydrogen. In this study, a hydrogen demand model is developed that considers anticipated advancements in liquid hydrogen aircraft technologies, forecasted aviation demand, and aircraft startup and retirement cycles. The analysis indicates that global demand for liquid hydrogen in aviation could potentially reach 17 million tons by 2050, leading to a 9% reduction in CO2 emissions from global aviation. Thus, the total potential of hydrogen in aviation extends beyond this, considering that the total market share of hydrogen aircraft on suitable routes in the model is projected to be only 27% in 2050 due to aircraft retirement cycles. Additionally, it is shown, that achieving the potential demand for hydrogen in aviation depends on specific market prices. With anticipated declines in current production costs, hydrogen fuel costs would need to reach about 70 EUR/MWh by 2050 to fulfill full demand in aviation, assuming biofuels provide the cheapest option for decarbonization alongside hydrogen. If e-fuels are the sole option for decarbonization alongside hydrogen, which is the more probable scenario, the entire hydrogen demand potential in aviation would be satisfied according to this study's estimates at significantly higher hydrogen prices, approximately 180 EUR/MWh.

Promote the decarbonization pathways of eco-industrial parks by considering their CO2 emissions structures and characters

China has proposed the goals of a carbon peaking target in 2030 and a carbon neutrality target in 2060 to mitigate climate change. In China, Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are one of the platforms for achieving energy conservation and emission reduction. This study aims to investigate the future CO2 emissions reduction potential by evaluating two different types of national EIPs in China. Firstly, we constructed carbon emission inventories for EIP-N in Zhejiang Province and EIP-L in Shandong Province. Subsequently, leveraging these inventories, we developed an integrated model aimed at predicting the carbon emission peaks for both EIPs and discerning the main contributors. Secondly, we took EIP-N and EIP-L as examples and applied the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model to establish three different scenarios for analyzing the future trends in carbon emissions. In a Business as usual (BAU) scenario (continue the current energy conservation and emission reduction policies), EIP-L can achieve carbon peaking, while the carbon emissions of EIP-N will continue to increase. In the Emissions control (EMC) scenario (considering the reduction of fossil fuels and the increased use of cleaner energy sources), EIP-N and EIP-L are projected to peak in 2029 and 2027, respectively. In the Reinforce mitigation (RFM) scenario (with fewer emissions from fuels and a higher share of clean energy generation), both EIPs are expected to achieve carbon peaking by 2025. Finally, we proposed the deep decarbonization of EIPs with different industrial characteristics. This study applied the LEAP model to the EIP scale, explored the paths of deep decarbonization development in different EIPs under the constraint of dual-carbon targets, providing a demonstration for China and other developing countries to achieve the goal of carbon capping in EIPs during rapid industrialization.

Research on the coal saving and emission reduction potential of advanced technologies in China's iron and steel industry

The coal-based energy consumption structure has led to high coal consumption and carbon emissions in China's iron and steel industry, and the task of coal saving and carbon reduction in the steel industry is difficult and urgent. The economic viability of various coal-saving and emission-reduction technologies, the extent of their coal-saving and emission-reduction potential, and the guidance on the adoption of advanced technologies are crucial issues that need to be addressed in the Chinese steel industry. This article employs the Energy-Production (E-P) analysis method and the Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) model incorporating coal consumption ratio coefficients to systematically analyze coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the overall iron and steel industry and its sub-processes under different scenarios. It calculates the coal-saving emission reduction costs of 32 technologies, evaluates them comprehensively based on their coal-saving and emission-reduction potentials and cost-effectiveness, and categorizes them accordingly. According to the cost of coal saving and emission reduction as the demarcation point, a total of 19 technologies are cost-effective; according to the coal-saving emission reduction potential and cost division, 32 technologies are divided into 6 categories, among which 6 technologies such as sintering waste heat recovery technology can be used as key technologies for popularization and application. Seven technologies, such as efficient preheating technology of ladle, have high cost and low potential, which can be gradually eliminated or improved and upgraded. After the comprehensive promotion of the 32 technologies, the maximum coal saving potential is about 3.453 billion GJ, the CO2 emission reduction potential is 395 million tons, the total coal consumption of the steel industry can be reduced to about 13.904 billion GJ, and the carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced to 1.179 billion tons.

Policies and energy consumption-driven trends facilitating development of the value chain for wind energy component manufacturing in Lithuania


 
 
 The paper is aimed at analysing policies and energy consumption related trends motivating the development of the value chain for wind energy component (WEC) manufacturing in Lithuania. A comparative literature review and statistical data (2000–2022) analysis were employed for the purpose. The policy overview revealed that investment, climate and energy policy, and related measures establish the preconditions for the entry of manufacturing enterprises into the value chain for WEC as they are creating the demand for domestic and foreign WEC. The results of statistical data analysis showed that from 2009 through 2019, the annual rate of primary energy consumption (PEC) decreased by an average of 0.5% per year, and in 2020 as much as 8.5% due to the COVID-19 lockdown in the European Union (EU). Though the EU countries are still dominated by fossil fuels and related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are high (2.8 Gt in 2022), over the last decade, the use of renewable energy sources (RES) was growing rapidly, with a tenfold increase in solar energy and a threefold increase in wind energy consumption. As a clean energy technology, wind power plants (PPs) have the highest CO2 emission reduction potential per MW; also, wind energy is among the cheapest sources of electricity production. Since the EU is a worldwide leader in installations of wind energy capacity and technology deployment, it provides a solid basis for further development. Currently, most of the off-shore plants are operating in the North Sea, but with the new wind parks in the Baltic, Black and Mediterranean seas as well as in the Atlantic Ocean, wind energy could meet more than 80% of electricity demand in Europe. The implementation of wind energy projects requires development of WEC manufacturing activities in EU countries.
 
 

Development of a framework to forecast the urban residential building CO2 emission trend and reduction potential to 2060: A case study of Jiangxi province, China

Investigating the CO2 abatement potential of urban residential building from systematic perspective is essential to reach the urban carbon neutrality target. However, previous studies on building CO2 emission trend forecasting were mainly focused on the building operational phase. In this study, a new framework that includes four building stages under a system dynamic model is developed to simulate urban residential building carbon emission changes and the related reduction potentials under three scenarios in Jiangxi Province up to 2060. Results showed that the overall process carbon emission dynamic had already peaked in 2014 under the three scenarios, with a peak value of 38.52 Mt. It then fell to 9.56 Mt in 2060 under the baseline (BAU) scenario. More importantly, seven carbon abatement measures were adopted during four building activities in this study, and the total carbon reduction was not the sum of the carbon reduction potential of the individual measures. Some carbon abatement strategies displayed synergistic effects such as low-carbon electrification where the combination of electrification and clean energy power generation was the largest contributor to reduced carbon emissions during building operation as a comprehensive carbon reduction measure. By contrast, extending a building's lifetime restrained the carbon abatement potential during the demolition stage, and it inhibited the carbon emission reduction by 24.84 Mt. These results highlight the significant need for effective policy interventions for clean production and the need to improve prefabricated building proportions, promote electrification, improve energy efficiency, strengthen recycling practices, and extend building lifetimes to promote decarbonization of urban residential building system development.

Decarbonization potential collaborated with source industries for China's iron and steel industry towards carbon neutrality

Towards the target of carbon neutrality, the need for deep decarbonization in iron and steel industry is increasingly recognized. Existing studies rarely mention the effects of collaboration with its source industries for carbon emission reduction in ISI. Furthermore, the fundamental laws of CO2 emission reduction capacity with cost change of source substitutions for various steel production routes under market economics are unclear. To avoid the blind substitution of clean sources for meeting the urgent requirements for decarbonization in China's steel industry, which may result in increased carbon emissions and uneconomical carbon reduction from a lifecycle perspective. This paper integrates the production and utilization processes of source resources into the steel production process, establishes coupling models of carbon and value flows for four main types of steel production routes, and aims to quantitatively analyze the specific CO2 emission reduction potential and costs. Three economic market development scenarios from 2021 to 2060 are set, and the marginal carbon prices of various source substitutions are determined. Subsequently, decarbonization pathways with the goal of minimizing production costs are developed. Finally. The future resource demand and the carbon emission reduction contributions of source industries collaborated are predicted. The results show that (1) about 81.7–89.9 % of CO2 emissions could be reduced in the scenarios; (2) the demands of electric power and hydrogen energy will reach 54.48–511.90 BkWh and 7.47–10.31 Gt in 2060, respectively; and (3) collaboration with source industries could make 18.3–18.3% of CO2 emission reduction contributions. All in all, this study could provide scientific support for the low-carbon transformation of China's steel industry.

The potential of CO2 emission reduction via replacing cement with recyclable wastes in the construction industry sector: the perspective of Iran’s international commitments

The potential of CO2 emission reduction via replacing cement with recyclable wastes in the construction industry sector: the perspective of Iran’s international commitments

Spatiotemporal analysis of CO2 emissions and emission reduction potential of Beijing buses using smart card data

Human activities, primarily carbon dioxide emissions, have undeniably caused global warming. The transportation sector contributes about a quarter of global CO2 emissions. While replacing traditional buses with electric ones has reduced emissions, it is crucial to consider the indirect emissions resulting from electricity consumption. This study proposes a framework for modeling bus emissions using smart card data, integrating spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and emission reduction potentials. Our analysis reveals that routes spanning 10–30 km contribute to 81% of total bus emissions, with an average emission rate of 56.2 gCO2/per-km for residents traveling by bus. Bus emissions also exhibit cyclical variations during holidays, weekdays, and weekends, indicating spatial clustering and trends. Although the area within Beijing's 4th Ring Road constitutes only 13% of the total area within the 6th Ring Road, it generates almost half of the CO2 emissions. With urban expansion, total bus emissions increase gradually, but emission intensity decreases. This study emphasizes the potential for reducing emissions through improved public transportation operations. It recommends fully electrifying the bus fleet and employing low grid emission factors, which could reduce emissions by up to 71% compared to diesel options. Electrification of buses and optimizing power generation on the grid are essential priorities for emission reduction.

Computation of the environmental performance of ready-mix concrete for reducing CO2 emissions: A case study in Egypt

Concrete is one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) worldwide due to the use of cement as its main component. The share of CO2 from cement industry is about 7%. There is a growing need for ways and methods to systematically identify, asses, modify, the cement production process for emission reduction. In line with Egypt commitment to climate change in the COP27, a framework is designed for the assessment of the cement plant. The aim of this paper is to investigate and calculate the CO2 emissions from a building in the New Egyptian Administrative Capital in the area of R5 using ready mix concrete. This study used compiled data of emission factors from Titan Egypt cement plant as the producer of cement in R5. The essential data needed for the calculations were collected from the literature with the guidance of the Intergovernmental Panel of Experts on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) as well as the inventory sustainability reports guided by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). This is done on two parts: the calculation of CO2 total emissions of the baseline scenario and the second part is a computation of the emissions based on the alternative use of different categories such as raw materials, fuel consumption, energy efficiency, transportation, and water consumption. A comparison between the baseline and the alternative case took place to compute the percentage of reduction in emissions from concrete. The study findings are promising. The total amount of emissions from the concrete used in this project is about 3114.49 tons. By using the mitigation measures, there is a potential reduction in the total CO2 emissions of the building by calculations is concluded to be around 5.94%.

Prediction of CO2 emission peak and reduction potential of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

Forecasting the future emission trajectories and the relating sensitive driving factors of emissions for cities is of great significance to formulate realizable CO2 mitigation policies. To proceed the forecasting, studies on peak prediction and quantification of reduction potential at the city level are essential. However, the studies in the area are very limited. Selecting the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH) as the study region, this paper aims to contribute to the research area and provides implications for other cities or urban agglomerations. The Kaya identity and multi-scenario simulation were employed to predict the dynamic evolution pathways of CO2 emissions from 2021 to 2035 and explore the differential CO2 peak time, peak value, and reduction potential for 13 cities in BTH. Monte Carlo simulation, Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope estimation method are jointly used to reduce uncertainties in estimation. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that most cities in BTH have already reached their CO2 emissions peak, while Tianjin, Langfang, Cangzhou and Tangshan are expected to reach their peaks between 2025 and 2030. Among them, 5 and 8 cities have the risk of not reaching their peak before 2035 in the high consumption scenario (HCS) and extensive development scenario (EDS) respectively. Comparative analysis reveals that low-carbon scenario (LCS) and sustainable development scenario (SDS) have significant effects on emissions reductions. The top three cities in terms of accumulative emission reduction in 2021–2035 are Tianjin, Tangshan and Cangzhou, estimated as 117.82–250.75 Mt CO2 in LCS and 217.77–454.10 Mt CO2 in SDS, respectively. The results of sensitivity analysis reveal that the most critical driver of CO2 emissions in Beijing is population, while that is GDP per capita for Tianjin. Langfang and Hengshui showed the highest sensitivity to energy intensity. Accordingly, these cities have differentiated concerns and priorities to achieve their carbon peak goal as scheduled.

Carbon-efficient production planning for long-chain integrated refinery-petrochemical processes: A material-energy-carbon optimization perspective

The integrated refinery-petrochemical plant produces multiple oil products and petrochemical materials, which process consumes large amounts of energy and generates considerable quantities of CO2. Meanwhile, due to the long production chain, and a wide variety of carbon emissions sources, the CO2 generated by the production process is difficult to be quantified accurately. To achieve the low-carbon and energy-saving targets, a multi-objective production planning model for the integrated refinery-petrochemical plant is developed in this work. Firstly, an accurate top-down carbon accounting model is established. Then, a multi-aspects process carbon efficiency index is proposed, considering production capacity and energy consumption. A multi-objective production planning model aiming at maximizing total profit and process carbon efficiency is constructed and formulated as a large-scale MINLP problem. Additionally, the FP-growth algorithm is used to analyze the multi-level coupling of emission-material-energy, identifying association and synergy effects. Finally, a case study on a practical integrated refinery-petrochemical plant with a 16000 kilotons annual processing capacity is presented. The results are: (1) Introducing the process carbon efficiency index is able to increase CO2 emissions reduction potential while ensuring more profit. Specifically, CO2 emissions are significantly reduced by 10%, and energy consumption is reduced by 289.1 tce after optimization. (2) The FCC unit generates the highest CO2 emissions, accounting for 34.4% of overall CO2 emissions. The highest proportion of CO2 emissions from process emission sources exceeded 75% of the total emissions. (3) The integrated reforming-hydrogenation unit has the highest CO2 emissions reduction potential, with the unit’s CO2 emissions reduced by 25.3%, and energy consumption reduced by 3.15 tce after optimization. The refinery is proven to have higher CO2 emissions reduction potential than the chemical plant, achieving a CO2 emissions reduction of 11.4%. (4) The multi-level association analysis for emission-material-energy can provide qualitative and quantitative information for decision-makers.

CO2 emission analysis of metakaolin and alccofine replaced cement in M40 grade concrete.

Among the largest CO2 emission industries, the cement industry is ranked in 2nd place. A large volume of CO2 is emitted at the clinker production, which is a cement manufacturing intermediate product. Countries around the world were having difficulty reducing atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Concrete is still being used more and more as the nation's infrastructure advances. The amount of CO2 emitted by concrete can be decreased by using less cement or substituting other materials for cement. In this study, the CO2 emission analysis is made on M40 grade, which is that metakaolin (MK) and alccofine (AL) are replaced to the cement in the manufacturing of concrete and is compared with the conventional concrete. The optimum cement replacement of MK and AL is 10% in the production of M40 grade concrete. MK and AL concrete have advantages and disadvantages. If proper safety precautions are taken during the manufacturing process, the toxicity level can be reduced, as well as the amount of CO2 released by the cement during the production of concrete. The LCA (life cycle analysis) is made for the concrete specimens, and the results were interpreted to know which concrete sample emits less and more carbon dioxide. The LCA study provided insights into the environmental aspects of metakaolin and alccofine concrete, including potential reductions in CO2 emissions, energy consumption and other environmental indicators. It helps identify areas of improvement and informs decision-making processes regarding sustainable material choices and construction practices. In M40 grade concrete, a 10% cement replacement with metakaolin and alccofine was found to be ideal. These results could also help in identifying the major cause of CO2 emission, and they can be used for further research purposes.

Co-production of biochar and electricity from oil palm wastes for carbon dioxide mitigation in Malaysia

Power and heat production is the leading cause of greenhouse gas emissions in Malaysia, contributing to over 30% of total emissions. The transition from fossil to biomass resources in the power industry is an essential step towards achieving carbon neutrality in Malaysia. Oil palm wastes are the most abundant biomass resources in Malaysia because of the thriving oil palm industry. Consequently, two scenarios: (1) co-production of biochar and electricity, and (2) electricity generation, were proposed and simulated in Aspen Plus. A comprehensive evaluation system for mass and energy balances, techno-economic analysis, and life-cycle assessment was established to assess the two scenarios quantitatively. The results indicated that Scenario 1 achieved better economic and environmental benefits, the payback period was 6.12 to 8.89 years, and the global warming potential ranged from −885.23 to −1311.95 kg CO2-eq/t. The state-level spatiotemporal trajectory of oil palm waste resources and CO2 emission reduction potentials and economic benefits were analyzed. Theoretically, fully utilizing oil palm wastes in Scenario 1 would create economic benefits of 35.36 billion USD and mitigate CO2 emissions by 131.97 million tons in 2021. This study provides useful guidance for exploiting oil palm wastes to achieve carbon neutrality in Malaysia.

Impact of turbine technology on wind energy potential and CO2 emission reduction under different wind resource conditions in China

Comprehensive knowledge about wind energy potential is critical for decision-making to achieve carbon neutrality and shape future energy pathways. Wind turbine technology advances (e.g., higher hub-heights, larger rotor diameters and rated power) can better support wind energy harvesting and alter wind energy potential. This study established an integrated model to evaluate the impact of wind turbine technology advances on onshore wind energy potentials under different wind resource conditions by using China as a case study. We found that technological advances of wind turbine can significantly impact wind energy potential. Compared with land-based 1.5-MW turbines, the onshore wind energy potential using newer generation turbines (land-based 2.5-MW turbines) would increase by 43% to 14.8 PWh (i.e., 2.0 times the electricity consumption of China in 2020). Importantly, advances in wind turbine technology can significantly increase capacity factor in poor wind resource regions, and thus enable economically viable generation in more areas. This can significantly increase wind energy potential in poor wind resource regions with large electrical load (e.g., Central, South and East China). Moreover, in contrast to the wind production of 0.46 PWh in 2020, China's wind energy potential is projected to hit 20.1 PWh by 2030 under the assumption of developed turbine technology in line with the trends of the past decade. The corresponding potential CO2 emission reduction would range from 12.6 Gt in 2020 to 21.7 Gt in 2030. These values are 1.3 and 2.2 times higher than China's CO2 emissions in 2020, respectively. To enhance wind energy contribution toward China's carbon neutrality goal, we recommend that the conversion of wind turbines to be accelerated, especially in poor wind resource regions with large electrical load.

Consequence CO2 footprint analysis of circular economy scenarios in cities

Cities concentrate a large amount of people and activities thus being responsible for large amounts of resources being consumed which generate significant impact footprints contributing to climate change both directly and indirectly. In the meantime, circular economy is seen a promising concept to improve resource efficiency. Circular economy strategies are an emerging and important paradigm that can have an important effect in reducing CO2 emissions.This study aims at evaluating how circular economy strategies can reduce CO2 emissions in cities with different contexts to find similarities and differences between them. The studied cities are Beijing, Shanghai, Vienna, and Malmö.A scenario analysis study is done for two scenarios: 1) Business-As-Usual scenario (BAU) and 2) Circular Economy scenario (CE) from year 2017–2050, using multi-regional input-output (MRIO) analysis. The most CO2-intensive Exiobase sectors associated with downstream consumption in households and government were identified as CO2 emission hotspots, and emission reduction targets were identified and applied to these sectors.The main results from the study show that although Vienna and Malmö have applied sustainability strategies for quite some time, the results do not show that CE strategies work better in the European cities compared with Chinese cities. The results also suggest that the greatest potential and effectiveness in reducing consumption lies in the sectors of energy use and materials consumption for all cities. It can also be seen that CE scenarios have higher potential for CO2 emissions reduction when compared to the BAU scenarios but the reduction level in Shanghai and Malmö is weaker compared to Vienna and Beijing, which indicates the effectiveness of current CE strategies in reducing Beijing and Vienna's emissions. It also suggests that for Shanghai and Malmö, more ambitious CE strategies should be considered. Finally, comparing the distribution of emissions among the four cities it can be seen that consumption of Beijing, Shanghai and Vienna relies highly on domestic production whilst Malmö is more dependent on international production.

Opportunities and challenges of post-pandemic's new normal: Rethinking the contribution of the transport sector to China's carbon neutrality by 2060

As the post-pandemic world adjusts to a new normal, the deep decarbonization of the transport sector, which is essential for China's carbon neutrality, is likely to be faced with unprecedented challenges and opportunities. This study conducted scenario simulations to understand the role of the transport sector in achieving China's carbon neutral target in the context of the post-pandemic new normal. The simulation results showed that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions could be significantly reduced by lifestyle changes in a post-pandemic world, while the reduction potential would be partially offset by the negative effects stemming from a decline in public transport and car-sharing services. It was also found that the arrival of the post-pandemic new normal could help reduce the mitigation cost required to meet the carbon neutral target. Because of regional disparities in the reduction potential of CO2 emissions and mitigation costs, transport decarbonization toward carbon neutrality requires region-specific policy packages.

Regarding the generation of time resolved industrial waste heat profiles

The timely transient energy supply or insufficient temperature levels of industrial waste heat (IWH) hinders the full exploitation of its energy and CO2 emission reduction potentials. This outlines the necessity for investigating IWH in a time resolved manner, which, however, is still widely disregarded, especially in generalized industrial energy system analyses and research. Within this study, we present our developed first-of-its-kind approach, which addresses this topic from a holistic system perspective and enables the generation of time resolved IWH profiles for all industrial subsectors. The backbone of our approach is the distinction of energy-intensive subsectors (e.g. Non-Metallic Minerals) and non-energy-intensive subsectors (e.g. Food & Beverage Production), as both vary in regard to their underlying process designs, production routines and data accessibility. Concerning the first group we found that time resolved IWH profiles can be generated by combining process specific data in a bottom-up manner with temperature gradients of the whole production route throughout the paradigm of discrete event simulation. We investigated further that IWH profiles of non-energy-intensive subsectors are depicted by examining existing subsector resolved waste heat fractions and combining this information with plant-specific load profiles in a top-down manner. We practically prove our findings for both groups within (1) a case study of generating IWH profiles of a real-life cement production mill as part of energy-intensive subsectors and (2) outline the analysis of waste heat fractions for the non-energy-intensive subsector of food production exemplarily. Both cases reflect the above findings successfully and with satisfactory results, which can therefore be regarded as basis for future research work concerning time resolved IWH.

Mathematical Modeling and Analyses of Integrated Process with Blast Furnace Iron Making and Co-gasification of Coal-COG-BF Top Gas

For the blast furnace iron-making process which depends on the coke seriously and is the largest CO2 emission source in iron and steel industry, a novel technology integrated the blast furnace process and co-gasification of coal-COG-BF top gas is investigated and examined its potential of energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction. The mathematical model of the whole integrated process is established based on mass and heat balance principles. And typical operation analyses for the integrated process are demonstrated by this model. The results indicate that it takes about 4 times for the unsteady process caused by the recycling of BF top gas to reach steady. Compared with conventional blast furnace process, the coke ratios in two integrated process cases selected decrease by 33.5kg/tHM and 81.3kg/tHM obviously, and the fuel ratios decrease 1.1% and 8.2% due to the increase of coal ratios by 27.9kg/tHM and 39.1kg/tHM. The energy consumption decreases by 8.3% and 10.8%. And the CO2 emission decreases by 37.0% and 42.9%.

Tapping into the potential CO2 emission reduction of a crude oil transportation system from carbon footprint perspective

With more countries adopting a net-zero carbon emission goal, low carbon has become the focus of the transformation of the petroleum industry. Improper operations of the crude oil transportation system, one of the primary energy consumers of oilfields, usually cause severe environmental problems. Following the life cycle assessment method and considering the special process characteristics of the crude oil transportation system, a detailed carbon footprint analysis was conducted from the design to the recycling phase to identify the key phase for carbon emission control. Combined with process modifications, a multi-objective operation optimization model constrained by thermal constraints and insertion oil was developed to reach economic and environmental goals. Then, the multi-objective mixed integer nonlinear programming model was turned into a mixed integer linear programming model by the piecewise linearization method and augmented ε-constraint method. The models were validated using a typical case. The carbon footprint analysis showed that the average CO2e emissions were 2.68 t CO2e/(104 km m3•a) over the lifecycle, and the CO2e emissions during the operation phase were the highest (74.04%) among all phases. Moreover, the optimization model reduced the total cost and CO2e emissions by up to 18.72% and 16.97%. Additionally, sensitivity analysis revealed that the optimal operation scheme was highly sensitive to the crude oil price and transportation volume. The total CO2e emissions per unit volume exhibited a concave trend as the transportation volume increased, indicating the existence of an optimal transportation volume that achieved the lowest emissions. The study captured the weak points of carbon emissions over the lifecycle and tapped into potential CO2 emission reduction, providing a reference for the design and operation of the future pipeline system.