Advantages Of Cooperation Research Articles

A Comparative Study on the Destinations of Graduates from Sino-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools

China-foreign cooperation in higher education is becoming more popular due to the rapid development of globalization and information technology in China. It is now a significant method of cultivating talents with an international perspective and the ability to communicate across cultures. The question of the destinations of graduates of Sino-Foreign co-operative education programs has also become a growing concern. This paper investigates the fundamental causes by comparing and analyzing the foreign study rate, the domestic advancement rate, and the direct employment rate of the graduates of Chinese-foreign cooperative education institutions and Chinese-foreign cooperative education projects. This study adopts a blend of quantitative and qualitative approaches of case study and data analysis, collects and collates relevant data on the destinations of graduates of Chinese-foreign cooperative universities over the past few years, quantitatively analyses the data, and finally analyses in-depth the specific phenomena in conjunction with cases. This trend reflects the advantages of Sino-Foreign cooperation in providing international education resources and facilitating further studies. The Sino-Foreign co-operation mode provides students with a broader international perspective and channels for further studies, but problems such as uneven teaching quality and insufficient competitiveness in the job market still require attention.

A magyar-román-szlovák-ukrán határmenti kapcsolatok az Európai Unió határtérségeinek fényében

The development of border regions has been an integral part of EU regional policy for decades. Border regions, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, are typically peripheral areas with poor demographic and economic conditions, and one of the ways out of this situation could be to take advantage of cross-border cooperation. One of the first frameworks for this was the creation of Euroregions and, since the 1990s, the Interreg programmes, which offer opportunities for cooperation between border regions at three levels. In addition to the EU framework, Hungarian strategic documents also deal with border regions, and their analysis is also important for the formulation of long-term objectives. Overall, although Interreg projects are trying to respond to the problems of border regions, it may be important in the future to deepen partnerships and better involve partners.

LT 협동학습을 적용한 공유 피아노 합주 수업 구조화 및 설계

This study structured instrumental ensemble classes based on LT (Learning Together) cooperative learning to improve collaboration skills in music subjects, and designed music classes using Google Chrome Music Lab's Shared Piano. This lesson design using Shared Piano was structured to emphasize the advantages of cooperation and to maximize the learning effects through instrumental ensemble class, one of the collaborative activities of the music subject by applying cooperative learning model. The design of these classes aims to highlight the advantages of cooperation through instrumental ensembles, one of the collaborative activities of music subjects, to maximize the effectiveness of learning, and to improve the problems of existing ensemble classes through ensemble classes using shared piano. The procedure of the study is as follows. First, based on prior research, the ensemble class applying cooperative learning was analyzed to identify problems and improvements. Second, the instructional procedure of LT cooperative learning was structured according to the instrumental ensemble, and details for each procedure were derived. The derived details were applied to each class procedure so that not only the learning goal but also the effect of cooperative learning could be efficiently drawn. Third, based on the structure of the instrumental ensemble class, the ensemble class instruction plan was designed in a total of three sessions. The structured ensemble class specified the basic principles of cooperative learning to be emphasized for each class so that cooperation could be made more effective. Through the class designed in this study, it will contribute to achieving the educational goal of improving collaboration ability and cultivating digital literacy by enabling effective cooperative learning in ensemble classes. In the future, we hope that there will be a follow-up study on various music activities that can inspire students' collaboration skills in music classes and instrumental ensemble classes using new technology.

APPLICATION OF EUROPEAN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES IN THE PLANNING ACTIVITIES OF POST-WAR UKRAINE'S MULTI-LEVEL CONSUMER CO-OPERATION SYSTEM

The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU requires Ukraine to consider the adoption of a European model of corporate governance. The EU has a wealth of experience in the effective management of consumer co-operation, which can inform the development of best practices for Ukraine. The subject of the study is the adaptation and substantiation of the current specifics of the application of European principles of corporate governance in the process of planning the activities of a multi-level system of consumer co-operation in Ukraine. This study employs a range of general scientific methods, including modelling, economic analysis, forecasting, a system approach and synthesis. These methods have been used to develop generalisations and conclusions related to the object of research as a whole, namely the multi-level and multi-sectoral system of consumer co-operation in Ukraine. The objective of this study is to justify the implementation of European principles, mechanisms and tools of corporate governance, based on a comprehensive analysis, with the aim of optimising the planning processes and the development of a multi-level system of consumer co-operation in Ukraine. The fundamental characteristics of co-operative systems have been elucidated, and the principal distinctions between them and corporations have been identified. The functions of the corporate governance system are examined and a conclusion is reached regarding their alignment with the responsibilities and principles of consumer co-operation. The factors that contributed to the success of the development of the consumer co-operation trade sphere in the Soviet period are identified. This study considers the information base for planning the retail turnover of consumer co-operatives in the context of a planned economy. It identifies the main shortcomings and weaknesses of this approach. The principal indicators of activity for consumer co-operatives in Ukraine are examined in the context of their statutory mission. In light of the application of the substitution method, potential indicators of trade turnover for consumer co-operatives, contingent upon collaboration up to the level of 1990, are modelled. It can be concluded that the system of consumer co-operation has not yet fully adapted to the new economic conditions, new legislation and processes of increasing competition in the market, despite the transition to a market economy. In light of the aforementioned circumstances, it is imperative to implement European principles of corporate governance and contemporary international principles governing the advancement of the co-operative movement within the framework of consumer co-operation. The principles of corporate governance, developed by such international organisations as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the European Confederation of Shareholder Associations, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, have been subjected to detailed analysis. The evolution of the corporate governance system has been delineated with respect to the consumer co-operation. This trend coincides with the imperative necessity for the consumer co-operation of Ukraine to reform its planned system, which represents a key component of its commitment to more effective management. The necessity for additional harmonisation of Ukrainian co-operative legislation with European legislation has been established. The composition of the information base for the development of indicators of the plan of retail turnover of the consumer society in the modern context is justified. The article's primary conclusions are that the negative trends and the quantitative and qualitative indicators of consumer co-operatives in Ukraine can be halted and improved through the implementation and advancement of institutional co-operative advantages, which are codified by legislation and validated by both domestic and European experience. Consequently, members of consumer societies and potential shareholders must be regarded as a central object and subject of planning, regulation, operational activities and the development of consumer co-operatives. In the context of the implementation of the decentralisation policy in Ukraine, in order to optimise the relations between co-operative enterprises and organisations at the horizontal and vertical levels, it is necessary to plan the development of the co-operative system as a component of regional development. The use of IT technologies will allow automating all operational processes, using the full range of planning forms and methods, and at the same time preserving the scientifically sound principles of consumer co-operation development as a system with the possibility of medium- and long-term planning.

Clustered macrophages cooperate to eliminate tumors via coordinated intrudopodia.

Macrophages often pervade solid tumors, but their nearest neighbor organization is understudied and potentially enables key functions such as phagocytosis. Here, we observe dynamic macrophage clusters in tumors under conditions that maximize cancer cell phagocytosis and use reductionist approaches to uncover pathways to cluster formation and roles for tumor-intrusive pseudopodia, which we term 'intrudopodia'. Macrophage clusters form over hours on low- adhesion substrates after M1 polarization with interferons, including T cell-derived cytokines, and yet clusters prove fluid on timescales of minutes. Clusters also sort from M2 macrophages that disperse on the same substrates. M1 macrophages upregulate specific cell-cell adhesion receptors but suppress actomyosin contractility, and while both pathways contribute to cluster formation, decreased cortical tension was predicted to unleash pseudopodia. Macrophage neighbors in tumor spheroids indeed extend intrudopodia between adjacent cancer cell junctions - at least when phagocytosis conditions are maximized, and coordinated intrudopodia help detach and individualize cancer cells for rapid engulfment. Macrophage clusters thereby provide a cooperative advantage for phagocytosis to overcome solid tumor cohesion.

The Mexico-Japan Strategic Partnership Agreement.

In 2005, Mexico and Japan signed an Economic Partnership Agreement. The treaty is aimed to improve the economic relations between both nations and take advantage of market opportunities and bilateral cooperation. As a consequense, economic activities have grown more particularly in trade and investments from Japan. Analyzing the performance between both countries, Japan is more favored because of the comparative and absolute advantages of its producers.It is the same case for investments in Mexico. On the contrary, Mexico has also been benefited by promoting exports in the Japanese market, as a provider only in some sectors. According to the nature of the treaty, the of economic complementarity is met when producers participate in both economies and fulfill the requirements for production and commercialization. As the time goes by, the unequal relation remains in favor of the Eastern country. Through an analysis of results here is examined the commercial and economic perfomance between both nations and it is shown how the situation impacts in the expectations for the future.

Stock exchange operations in an anti-crisis management system of the enterprise

Today, in the process of building an effective system of anti-crisis management of the enterprise, more attention should be paid to such less common, but highly effective tools as stock transactions. Anti-crisis management is a certain set of strategic measures and tactical actions aimed at identifying, preventing and overcoming crisis phenomena in the company's activities, as well as impulses that potentially threaten the development of crisis phenomena in the future. The main directions of action are the following: development of the general anti-crisis strategy of the enterprise, ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise, implementation of the risk management system, restructuring of the enterprise and its business processes, personnel and communications management, increasing the efficiency of the marketing system, etc. Speaking about the place of stock exchange operations in the system of anti-crisis management of the enterprise, it should be noted that they can be considered as a tool in the middle of some of the above measures, namely optimization of business processes, improvement of the level of communications and activation of marketing. In all these aspects, the use of exchange operations can be effective. In our opinion, transactions with goods and derivative financial instruments require the main attention. Speaking about the optimization of business processes, the following advantages of cooperation with stock exchange institutions can be distinguished: guaranteed replenishment of production stocks with raw materials and materials of the required quality and quantity due to the conclusion of term exchange agreements for their supply, the forecast level of prices for raw materials and materials, which is fixed during the conclusion of exchange agreements , clearly defined conditions of supply. Access to the stock market also has a positive effect on the level of business communications, because it is the stock exchange that maximally concentrates all interested parties regarding specific types of goods, which contributes to the intensification of business activity. Exchange operations can also be considered as a highly effective tool for activating the marketing activities of the enterprise. In addition to the purchase of raw materials on the stock exchange for your activity, you can use the stock market for the sale of goods manufactured by the enterprise. In this way, the company can guarantee itself future sales in a certain forecasted price range, and accordingly, reasonable planning of the company's performance indicators, cash flows is possible, therefore, it becomes possible to manage insolvency, which is the main crisis impulse for the company.

Влияние межмуниципальной кооперации на результаты деятельности малых форм хозяйствования на селе

The continuation of sanctions pressure on the Russian economy and, in particular, on the agricultural sector, contributes to the intensification of additional research to overcome negative consequences of this pressure. In these conditions, the role of increasing self-sufficiency in the main ranges of agricultural products in the country increases, including the supply of agricultural producers with the necessary material and technical resources to comply with technological production processes. A significant place in this is given to small forms of farming using the advantages of agricultural cooperation. The article examines the progressive development of agricultural consumer cooperatives in the Republic of Bashkortostan, identifies problems of functioning and ways to solve them in the conditions of existing situations. It is concluded that it is advisable to strengthen and expand intermunicipal and interregional cooperative ties, which will allow agricultural producers to influence the increase in production and promotion of products; reduce the pressure of various intermediary structures, as well as achieve higher economic and social results of their activities.

Cue-driven microbial cooperation and communication: evolving quorum sensing with honest signaling

BackgroundQuorum sensing (QS) is the ability of microorganisms to assess local clonal density by measuring the extracellular concentration of signal molecules that they produce and excrete. QS is also the only known way of bacterial communication that supports the coordination of within-clone cooperative actions requiring a certain threshold density of cooperating cells. Cooperation aided by QS communication is sensitive to cheating in two different ways: laggards may benefit from not investing in cooperation but enjoying the benefit provided by their cooperating neighbors, whereas Liars explicitly promise cooperation but fail to do so, thereby convincing potential cooperating neighbors to help them, for almost free. Given this double vulnerability to cheats, it is not trivial why QS-supported cooperation is so widespread among prokaryotes.ResultsWe investigated the evolutionary dynamics of QS in populations of cooperators for whom the QS signal is an inevitable side effect of producing the public good itself (cue-based QS). Using spatially explicit agent-based lattice simulations of QS-aided threshold cooperation (whereby cooperation is effective only above a critical cumulative level of contributions) and three different (analytical and numerical) approximations of the lattice model, we explored the dynamics of QS-aided threshold cooperation under a feasible range of parameter values. We demonstrate three major advantages of cue-driven cooperation. First, laggards cannot wipe out cooperation under a wide range of reasonable environmental conditions, in spite of an unconstrained possibility to mutate to cheating; in fact, cooperators may even exclude laggards at high cooperation thresholds. Second, lying almost never pays off, if the signal is an inevitable byproduct (i.e., the cue) of cooperation; even very cheap fake signals are selected against. And thirdly, QS is most useful if local cooperator densities are the least predictable, i.e., if their lattice-wise mean is close to the cooperation threshold with a substantial variance.ConclusionsComparing the results of the four different modeling approaches indicates that cue-driven threshold cooperation may be a viable evolutionary strategy for microbes that cannot keep track of past behavior of their potential cooperating partners, in spatially viscous and in well-mixed environments alike. Our model can be seen as a version of the famous greenbeard effect, where greenbeards coexist with defectors in a evolutionarily stable polymorphism. Such polymorphism is maintained by the condition-dependent trade-offs of signal production which are characteristic of cue-based QS.

Innovation in the service sector promotes China's position in the global value chain

Under the background of economic globalization, accelerating the opening up of the service industry is an important hand in shaping new advantages in international competition and cooperation under the new situation, and the service industry has become the main driving force of the world's economic growth, and an important indicator of a country's international competitiveness. The level of development of China's service industry is still far from the leading level in the international arena, which to some extent affects China's improvement in its position in the global value chain. For this reason, this project intends to combine the KPWW method of accounting research, Hausmann, Hwang and Rodrik (2007) and other research methods to jointly explore the mechanism and countermeasures of the opening up of the service industry to promote the improvement of China's position in the global value chain.

Exploring the Formation of Sino-Japan Third-Party Market Cooperation Through the Lens of Industrial Strengths

With the intensification of the wave of anti-globalization and the prevalence of unilateralism, multilateral economic cooperation is urgently needed, due to the delicate bilateral relations between China and Japan, the field and strength of cooperation are limited, in this case, the third-party market cooperation has been explored. This paper focuses on the establishment of Sino-Japan third-party market cooperation, the impact of comparative advantages of different industries on the establishment of cooperation between the two sides, calculates the RCA indices of SITC classified products and some typical industries in recent years, searches for the complementary zone of the two countries' advantages, and evaluates the expected benefits of Japan; At the same time, it compares and discusses the trade and industrial structure of ASEAN countries as third-party market partners, and concludes that third-party cooperation is in line with the economic development needs and cooperation strategy of ASEAN. Finally, the article concludes that the establishment of Sino-Japan third-party market cooperation is in line with Japan's expected benefits and ASEAN regional development strategy, so it is necessary to make full use of the advantages of cooperation, take advantage of the industrial strengths of different regions to carry out a new type of industrial cooperation, and also reduce the negative competition in cooperation, so as to contribute to the recovery of the world economy.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДЛЯ РОЗВИТКУ МАЛИХ ФОРМ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В АГРАРНОМУ БІЗНЕСІ

The emergence and development of large integrated formations in the domestic agro-industrial complex is a natural reflection of world trends. In the conditions of fierce competition on the market of agricultural goods and food, large integrated structures, using the advantages of specialization, concentration and cooperation, are able to achieve a high level of marketability and profitability of production in a short period of time. In conditions of weak state support, agro-industrial formations became the main investors of agricultural organizations and received comprehensive support and assistance in certain regions. The rate of development of the agricultural sector in such regions shows that large agro-industrial formations contribute to the growth of agricultural production, employment and incomes of the rural population. They are able to ensure a certain price parity between the agricultural sector and other sectors of the economy, reduce prices and make products more accessible to the population by eliminating intermediary structures. The development and improvement of the economic efficiency of various integrated formations and their prospects is a complex and contradictory process, since the current situation largely depends on the political, legal, socio-economic and other conditions in the country. The development of agro-industrial integration is a complex objective economic process. Agricultural enterprises enter into integration ties, seeking to mitigate the risk caused by the specifics of agricultural production. Agricultural enterprises also strive to ensure stable incomes thanks to the availability of a reliable raw material base and sales markets for their products. These prerequisites created the conditions and gave impetus to the revival, formation and development of integrated associations in agriculture and explored their significance for small forms of entrepreneurship. Therefore, the development of integration processes in the field of agro-industrial complex may be the most important condition for revitalizing the activity of agro-industrial complex organizations and stabilizing the region's economy. In this article, we conducted a theoretical review of the classification of integration processes. Scientific works and publications of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field of integration processes on the investigated problem served as the theoretical basis of the research.

Социолингвистический аспект феномена «иностранный язык» на примере обучения немецкому языку в неязыковом вузе

Linguodidactic features of teaching foreign languages are an endless source for re-search. This work highlights the results of the European Lingua project on the assessment of communicative activities in the process of teaching foreign languages in non-linguistic uni-versity, which was initiated and implemented by Belgian methodologists in five European institutions of higher education and which very clearly shows the advantages of internation-al cooperation in solving upcoming challenges in the development and teaching foreign languages. Primarily, it is a matter of German, about its possible aspects as a foreign lan-guage.

СУБРЕГИОНЫ В ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

In recent years, a number of factors have emerged significantly focused attention on the problems and prospects for the development of Russian local self-government. This is the order of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin regarding the preparation of the new foundations for state policy in the field of local self-government; the introduction of a draft law on the general principles of local self-government organization in the country and, finally, the active dissemination of new forms of territorial structuring in the regions, such as agglomerations, economic zoning, various subregional entities, etc. All these tendencies relate to possible modifications in the activities of local self-government institutions. Using the example of a number of regions of Russia, the article examines the attempts of the subjects of the Federation to make certain changes in the interregional territorial structure and management of economic and social processes in order to ensure full and effective use of the municipal level potencial and the advantages of intermunicipal cooperation. Such innovations, in particular, are implemented as the formation of special subregions, which represent a territorial and economic phenomenon that is formed outside agglomerations and that establishes a system of sustainable intermunicipal economic interactions.

A catalytic collaboration: pairing transition metals and Lewis acids for applications in organic synthesis.

The use of metal catalysts to accelerate an organic transformation has proven indispensable for access to structural motifs having applications across medicinal, polymer, materials chemistry, and more. Most catalytic approaches have cast transition metals in the "leading role"; these players mediate important reactions such as C-C cross coupling and the hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds. These catalysts may require collaboration, featuring Lewis acidic or basic additives to promote a desired reaction outcome. Lewis acids can serve to accelerate reactions by way of substrate stabilization and/or activation, and as such, are valuable in optimizing catalytic transformations. A burgeoning area of chemical research which unifies these concepts has thus sought to develop transition metal complexes having ambiphilic (containing a Lewis basic and acidic unit) ligands. This approach takes advantage of metal-ligand cooperativity to increase the efficiency of a given chemical transformation, leveraging intramolecular interactions between a transition metal and an adjacent secondary ligand site. While this has shown significant potential to facilitate challenging and important transformations, there remains unexplored depth for creativity and future advancement. This Frontier highlights inter- and intramolecular combinations of transition metals and Lewis acids that together, provide a collaborative platform for chemical synthesis.

ЗАГАЛЬНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВНІ НАПРЯМИ РОЗВИТКУ РИНКУ РЕКРУТИНГОВИХ ПОСЛУГ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of ensuring the development of the recruiting services market in Ukraine. It was noted that the majority of business entities in Ukraine are unable to perform the entire necessary set of prescribed procedures in the cycle of personnel selection, which requires the involvement of specialized recruiting agencies capable of performing personnel selection at a highly professional level and ensuring the desired final result for the enterprise. Formulated advantages of cooperation of domestic enterprises with recruiting agencies. It has been established that the most widespread recruiting services in Ukraine are: Recruitment, Executive Search, Headhunting, Personnel Leasing, Preliminary and Outplacement. An essential and meaningful description of the main recruiting services is provided and their main advantages and disadvantages are outlined. Basic pricing models used by recruiting agencies are considered. It was noted that the cost of personnel recruiting services in Ukraine varies in a very wide price range and depends on a number of aspects. The main stages of the recruiting process are established and the principles of providing recruiting services are given. It is noted that their strict observance is a key factor in ensuring the correct selection of candidates and creating a positive image of the enterprise. The main trends in the development of the recruiting services market in Ukraine have been studied. The key directions for improving the efficiency of recruiting activities have been identified. The essential advantages of digitization of recruiting are outlined. It is noted that in the modern business environment, where competition for talent is an extremely important element of the implementation of a success strategy, the involvement of recruiting agencies becomes a very relevant tool for supporting organizations in ensuring effective HR management. At the same time, the provision of various recruiting services becomes a critical component of the successful selection and retention of talent, and the involvement of recruiting agencies is an extremely important strategic initiative for organizations, which allows for effective personnel management in today’s extremely complex conditions.

Smart Tourism and Education: Conditions and Prospects in Uzbekistan

The current state, obstacles, and future potential of Smart tourism as well as education in thecountry of Uzbekistan are examined in this article. Uzbekistan, as a Central Asian crossroads country, isacutely aware of the transformational potential of information and communication technologies (ICTs) inaltering its tourism and education sectors. The research incorporates Smart technology, government efforts,and upcoming trends to provide a holistic perspective of the landscape.Uzbekistan confronts the dual challenge of conserving its rich cultural history while embracing technologyimprovements in the field of Smart tourism. The essay goes into current Smart tourism projects, emphasizingtheir influence on customer service, efficiency in operation, and sustainability. It investigates the role of technologyin crisis management and assurance, which are crucial issues in an era of global uncertainty.The paper goes on to discuss the obstacles to the seamless incorporation of technologically advanced tourismand education in Uzbekistan, providing practical answers and recommendations. It also discusses the futurepossibilities, outlining rising trends and potential advantages of international cooperation in improving theseindustries.

PEDAGOGICS OF PARTNERSHIP AS THE FUNDAMENTAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION OF YOUNGER SCHOOL STUDENTS

The article emphasizes the importance of pedagogy of partnership and cooperation in the organization of education, upbringing and development of younger schoolchildren with special educational needs. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the importance of partnership pedagogy in creating favorable conditions for learning, upbringing and development of younger schoolchildren with special educational needs in the conditions of a general secondary education institution. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach to the analysis of the organization of inclusive education of primary school students with special educational needs, integrated into general secondary education institutions on the basis of partnership pedagogy. The following general scientific methods were used during the research: comparative analysis of scientific, educational and methodological sources, normative and legal basis of inclusive education in Ukraine; theoretical and empirical methods (questionnaire and conversations with students, teachers, parents; observation, pedagogical experiment, data processing, and others), methods of generalization. Emphasis is placed on the types of social partnership, their directions of implementation in the practical activities of specialists of an educational institution with inclusive education. The main criteria and indicators of partnership interaction are highlighted, the requirements for the activities of teachers and other specialists to increase the effectiveness of cooperation in the conditions of an inclusive environment are emphasized. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the systematization of views on the problem of establishing partnership interaction in the process of education, upbringing and development of younger schoolchildren with special educational needs; identification of current problems and prospects for improving the effectiveness of inclusive activities of schools based on partnership and cooperation of participants in the educational process. It has been established that the indicators of effective learning, upbringing and development of younger schoolchildren with special needs are the creation of a favorable atmosphere in an educational institution, the establishment of friendly interpersonal relationships, and the organization of the educational process on the basis of partnership. The advantages of socio-pedagogical partnership and cooperation in comparison with traditional forms of interaction of the administration, teachers of the educational institution with parents of students, the public and extracurricular institutions are revealed.

Metabolic engineering of Schizochytrium sp. for superior docosahexaenoic acid production

Schizochytrium sp. is an industrial producer of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is an important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid used in the nutraceutical and food industry. Here, we rewired the carbon metabolism of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC20888 for superior DHA production and constructed 18 engineered strains through combinatorial gene manipulation of 8 crucial genes (acc, acl, ampD, dga1, mae, mfe1, pex10, and zwf) related to lipogenesis. Reducing β-oxidations (∆pex10, ∆mfe1), reinforcing the biosynthetic precursors supply (OACC, OACL, OAMPD), reinforcing NADPH supply (OMAE, OZWF), or promoting TAG formation (ODGA1) efficiently promoted DHA and lipid production of Schizochytrium. MAE and DGA1 overexpression exhibited cooperativity towards increasing DHA production and lipogenesis in the WT strain and ACC-overexpression strain, but had no cooperative advantage in the ∆pex10 strain. The highest lipid content (82.2%) and DHA yield (7.04 g/L) were obtained in an engineered strain OACL-ACC/∆pex10, which is 72.1% higher than DHA yield of parental strain. Therefore, inhibition of β-oxidations and ample biosynthetic precursors supply are the determining factors for high DHA productivity and lipid accumulation of Schizochytrium.

Trade and Investment Cooperation Between Cambodia and Vietnam: Visible Progress and Hidden Issues

For a long time, geographically close countries were economically isolated from each other due to political factors, neglecting the obvious advantages of mutual cooperation. However, over the past two decades, the economic component has become the cornerstone of bilateral relations. Cooperation between Cambodia and Vietnam is developing dynamically and has a positive impact on the development of the economies of both countries. An increase in bilateral trade helps not only to meet the needs of the population and expand the sales market for products, but also to strengthen the export potential of Cambodia and Vietnam on the world market, what is more the latter at the expense of the former. There has also been an increase in intra-industry trade in recent years, indicating the beginning of vertical integration, taking into account identified comparative advantages. An important role is also played by Vietnam’s implementation of investment projects that fill empty niches, create the necessary infrastructure, make a significant contribution to socio-economic development, social security, stimulate the growth of budget revenues, and also create jobs in Cambodia. Vietnam has emerged as one of Cambodia’s most important trade and investment partners, increasing its presence in the neighboring market and playing an important role in the country’s development. Cambodia’s economy is booming, thanks in large part to developments in Vietnam’s (and, of course, China’s) sphere of influence. This confirms the theory of the benefits of flying “with a flock of geese.” Vietnam is historically and mentally inclined to help Cambodia through this influence, and apparently does not represent another model of relations. At the same time, there are also negative aspects of cooperation, such as inequality of trade and investment flows, Cambodia’s growing economic dependence on its neighbor, and weak integration. The study of the main aspects of Vietnam’s economic influence on Cambodia has become increasingly relevant in recent years. At the same time, the issue of Cambodian-Vietnamese trade and investment interaction has been poorly studied.