CO Groups Research Articles

The NC-CC dichotomy explained by significant addition of CAI-like dust to the Bulk Molecular Cloud (BMC) composition

Nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies of planetary materials provide insight into their genetic ties, informing our understanding of early Solar System isotopic architecture and evolution. Isotope anomalies of non‑carbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) materials in multi-element space suggests their variability primarily emerged from mixing between several primordial nebular source regions in the nascent protoplanetary disk. In particular, it has been suggested that the elemental and isotopic compositions of CC meteorites reflect admixtures of NC-like, CI-like, and CAI-like components. Despite the plethora of elements for which isotope anomalies have been characterized, no mixing model has quantitatively reproduced CC meteorite compositions for more than two elements.In this paper, we leverage the recent characterization of Fe isotope anomalies in NC and CC materials, as well as CAIs, to place new constraints on the evolution of the early Solar System and the origin of the CC chondrites. We first respond to the recent proposal, based on Fe isotope analyses of returned samples from Cb-type asteroid Ryugu, that Ryugu and CI chondrites are genetically distinct from NC and CC bodies, originating from a third “CI reservoir” beyond the location of the CC reservoir. Namely, we propose that the appearance of such a trichotomy in meteoritic heritages arises from the current lack of Fe isotope data for CC achondrites. We go on to present a self-consistent mixing model that explains the Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ca concentrations and isotope anomalies of the CM, CV, CO, CK, and CR chondrite groups via admixing of (i) elementally OC-like material, (ii) CI/Ryugu-like material, (iii) isotopically CAI-like dust, and (iv) CAIs sensu stricto. We find that the CAI-like dust constitutes a major and broadly constant fraction (∼36%) of all CC chondrites, and identify the CI-like component with the bulk composition of the Solar System's parent molecular cloud, denoting it BMC for “Bulk Molecular Cloud.” We interpret our results in the context of a qualitative model for early Solar System isotopic evolution.

Three-dimensional N/O co-doped hard carbon anode enabled superior stabilities for sodium-ion batteries

Hard carbons (HCs) with low working potential have been considered one of the most promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), whereas the intrinsic poor rate performance and inferior cyclic stability hindered their practical application. Porosity designing and heteroatom doping are considered essential for high rate performance as well as durability by relieving volume expansion with Na-interaction and providing rapid Na+ diffusion paths. Herein, a three-dimensional N/O co-doped HCs (NOHCs) is synthesized as an anode for ultrastable SIBs. Combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we find that the content of pyrrolic-N is positively correlated with carbon interlayer distance, and the CO group could provide more active sites, thus superior reaction kinetics could be observed in NOHCs samples. In-situ Raman and ion diffusion kinetic analysis (GITT and CV) suggest that the integrated strategy of hetero doping and designed pore structure enables highly reversible electrochemical reactions and fast diffusion kinetics. Thus obtained NOHC-2 anode exhibits excellent capacity retention (69.8% after 15,000 cycles, 10.0 A g−1) and rate performance (160.2 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1) with Na metal as the counter electrode. More importantly, the full cell composed of NOHCs anode and Prussian blue cathode delivers a high energy density of 97.3 Wh kg−1 with a power density of 985.7 W kg−1.

Penicillium citrinum NP4 mediated production, extraction, physicochemical characterization of the melanin, and its anticancer, apoptotic, photoprotection properties

The biopolymer melanin is reported for many biological processes to secure biological entities over unfavorable environmental factors. The present study aimed to isolate soil fungi and screen for melanin production. The potent fungus was identified as Penicillium citrinum NP4 based on morphological and molecular characterization with accession number OP070954. Using standardized tyrosine broth conditions melanin was produced by NP4 and extracted by acidification. Extracted melanin exhibited maximum UV–visible absorption at 223 nm; FTIR peaks validate the occurrence of CO, CN, CH, and CC functional groups present in the indole/pyrrole structure. TLC analysis exhibited a prominent single band with a Retardation factor (Rf) of 0.68, resonance peaks at 6.621, 7.061, and 7.185 ppm exhibited aromatic hydrogen in the indole/pyrole system in 1H NMR. The EDX peaks confirm the presence of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen elements which are the key factors in melanin structure, and TGA reports the thermal stability of the melanin. An in silico molecular docking approach on lung cancer causing proteins EGFR (3g5z), KRAS (6vc8), and TP53 (8 dc4) were conducted to determine the active binding sites of the melanin, and proteins exhibited binding affinity of −8.0 for 3g5z, −9.8 for 6vc8, and − 10.1 kcal/mol for TP53 protein with melanin. Anticancer activity of the melanin showed significant inhibition of A549 cells in dose-dependent mode with significant IC50 of 65.49 μg/mL; apoptotic examination reveals 46.14 % apoptosis for melanin and 46.36 % apoptosis for standard drug (cisplatin). Melanin exhibited good photoprotection capacity at 1 μg/mL. In conclusion, the extracted melanin exhibited significant results on many biological applications and it can be used in the pharmaceutical field to avoid chemical-based drugs.

Sulfur-decorated Fe/C composite synthesized from MIL-88A(Fe) for peroxymonosulfate activation towards tetracycline degradation: Multiple active sites and non-radical pathway dominated mechanism

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-mediated advanced oxidation processes gain growing attention in degrading antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline (TC)) in wastewater for their high capacity and relatively low cost, while designing efficient catalysts for PMS activation remains a challenge. In this study, a sulfur-doped Fe/C catalyst (Fe@C–S) synthesized from iron metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) was developed for PMS activation towards TC removal. Under optimal conditions, the TC removal efficiency of Fe@C–S150/PMS system within 40 min was 91.2%. Meanwhile, the k value for Fe@C–S150/PMS system (0.2038 min−1) was 3.36-fold as high as the S-free Fe@C-based PMS system. Also, Fe@C–S150/PMS system showed high robustness in different water matrices. Further studies found that the TC degradation mechanism was mainly ascribed to the non-radical pathway (1O2 and electron transfer). Fe nanoparticles, S and CO groups on the catalyst all participated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides, S species could enhance the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycle and accelerate the electron transfer process. This work highlights the critical role of S in enhancing the catalytic performance of Fe/C-based catalysts for PMS activation, which would provide meaningful insights into the design of high-performance PMS activators for the sustainable remediation of emerging contaminants-polluted water bodies.

A biochar-based catalyst prepared by potassium ferrate oxidation coupled high-temperature pyrolysis and its application for the activation of peroxymonosulfate towards the degradation of norfloxacin: Performance and mechanism insight

Developing an efficient catalyst for persulfate activation is critical to the high-efficiency degradation of organic pollutants in an aqueous solution using a persulfate-based advanced oxidation method. A biochar-based catalyst, 800Fe2BC2, was prepared using a novel technology of potassium ferrate oxidation coupled with high-temperature pyrolysis based on the biomass raw material of waste branches pruned from apple trees in an orchard. Batch tests were conducted to degrade norfloxacin using 800Fe2BC2 to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Norfloxacin was almost completely degraded within 10 min. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), for instance, •OH, SO4•−, O2•−and 1O2, were generated in the 800Fe2BC2/PMS system. The iron oxides, defective structures, and CO groups in 800Fe2BC2 served as catalytic sites for generating free radicals. However, the recombination of superoxide radicals, the interaction of CO groups on the catalyst surface with PMS, and the self-decomposition of PMS contributed to generating 1O2. The quenching test showed that the degree of the contribution of •OH, SO4•−, O2•−and 1O2 to NOR degradation was approximately 1O2 > O2•− > SO4•− > •OH, respectively. We proposed three potential NOR degradation pathways: piperazine ring opening (P), quinolone ring oxidation (Q), and benzene ring defluorination (F). Then part of these intermediates was completely mineralized into inorganics like CO2, H2O, NO3− and F−. The acute and chronic toxicity of the degradation products were estimated, and the evolution of toxicity in the present catalytic system could not be ignored and should be overcome by deeper mineralization. The prepared 800Fe2BC2 demonstrated a good application prospect with good stability, recyclability, low metal leaching, and versatility to various refractory pollutants. Therefore, this study offered a new way of producing biochar-based catalysts for activating PMS using biomass wastes.

Insight into etherification of 1,3-dimethylol-2-imidazolidinone with the primary alcohols and the hydroxyl groups of cellulose chain (n = 1–4) in acidic condition

Etherification of 1,3-dimethylol-2-imidazolidinone (DMEU) with the primary alcohols and the hydroxyl groups of cellulose chain (n = 1–4) in acidic condition were probed in both gas phase and water solvent by using the Onsager model and polarized continuum model (PCM). Geometry and energy of reactants, products, intermediate complexes, carbocation intermediate, and transition state (TS) structures were calculated by using the methods of MP2, B3LYP, PM3MM at the basis sets of 6-311+g (d), 6-311g (d,p). The computational results indicate that the etherification adheres to unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) mechanism; reactants and products can form the activated complexes with H+ ions in which H+ ions are occupied by the O-atom of CO group in the reactant complex and the product complex. Potential energy surface (PES) of the reaction has the triple-well shape. Effect of substituent R in primary alcohol R-CH2OH (R = H, CH3, CH2CH3, CH2OCH3, CH2F) on the reactivity is significant. The energy barrier of H+ ions releasing step is much higher than those of the activation steps. The calculational data is in the good agreement with the experimental data in the literature.

Biomass derived fibrous porous carbon loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles as high-performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries

The use of absorbent cotton as a biomass-derived carbon skeleton has been rarely reported. In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) was loaded on the surface of a fibrous structure derived from absorbent cotton porous carbon (PC), thereby improving its electrochemical and rate performances. The reversible capacity of the as-fabricated ZnO@PC composite, used as anode material, reached 611.0 mAh g−1 after 200 charge–discharge cycles, and its full-battery electrochemical performance was excellent. After 880 cycles, the full-battery capacity retention rate reached 74.85 %. The improvement in the electrochemical performance of the ZnO@PC composite is attributed to (1) the introduction of N-doped carbon skeletons into the composite to improve its electrical conductivity, (2) promoting effect of the fibrous structure on the electrochemical stability of the composite, the CO group was introduced into the system during the acetylation of cellulose with CH3COO−, which gives the composite higher binding energy with Li+ increases the full battery long cycle life, and (3) increase in the number of electrochemically active sites due to the large specific surface area of the composite. The as-fabricated composite can be used in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots for doxorubicin-targeted delivery and two-photon cell imaging

Nitrogen (N) doped CDs (N-CDs) were prepared using citric acid and hexamethylenetetramine by a one-step hydrothermal method, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Powder X-ray Diffractometer (PXRD), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra. The doping mechanism and drug-loading characteristics of N-CDs were also studied. The results showed that N-CDs had both down- and up-conversion fluorescence properties and the average particle size was about 4.28 nm. N-CDs could be used as a drug carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) (N-CDs-DOX) via the formation of the NC bond, and the drug-loading rate of N-CDs-DOX was 35.88%. The N-CDs-DOX had pH-targeted properties and low cytotoxicity. In vitro release of N-CDs-DOX belonged to the Weibull model and Fick diffusion. The results showed that N-CDs could deliver DOX successfully, and collocate with DOX in the SH-SY5Y cells through two-photon imaging. The N-CDs-DOX system had sustained-release and pH-targeted properties. N-CDs were expected to deliver a type of drugs containing CO group and be used in cancer treatment.

The role of primary amines in modified chitosan to enhance the aldol condensation of biomass-derived carbonyl compounds

Aldol condensation is a key step for converting the lignocellulosic platform compounds to fuel. The catalyst used in the aldol condensation requires the avoidance of the overactivation of aldehyde groups while fully activating ketone carbonyl groups. Herein, the modified chitosan (NaOH/CT-0.6) was applied for the efficient syntheses of single condensation product from biomass-derived furfural (FFR) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), achieving an 87.01% yield of C11 at 60 °C and 3 h. Catalyst characterization revealed that the exposure of –NH2 groups in chitosan after modification led to the formation of the imine with the CO groups of FFR. It was confirmed that the imine formation avoided the overactivation of aldehyde groups and improved cross-condensation product yield. Furthermore, the theoretical feasibility of the imine catalytic path was elucidated through DFT simulation and in situ DRIFTS analysis. Finally, the obtained condensation products were subjected to hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) over the 2 wt% Pd/Nb2O5, obtaining the hydrocarbon components suitable for bio-jet fuels. This work contributes significantly to the design of novel catalysts for aldol condensation reactions and the efficient conversion of biomass.

Study on recovery of residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag and the influence of oxidation on its characteristics

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a kind of solid waste that is difficult to separate and utilize. In this work, ultrasonic-assisted flotation was used to recover residual carbon (RC) from CGFS. The ultrasonic treatment not only promotes the separation of RC and ash, but also improves the surface hydrophobicity of CGFS. Compared with conventional flotation, the loss on ignition (LOI) of concentrates and flotation perfect index obtained by ultrasonic-assisted flotation were increased by 12.21% and 4.57%, respectively. In addition, the RC was modified by air and steam. The characterization results of the samples show that air oxidation can significantly improve the oxygen-containing groups on the RC surface, especially the CO groups, and steam treatment is more conducive to increase the disorder of carbon microstructure. Furthermore, the textural properties of the RC were developed by air-steam treatment, and the highest specific surface area and pore volume of the oxidized RC were increased by 27.25 times and 6 times than the raw RC, respectively. RC-A2S2 obtained by air-steam alternating treatment had a high CO2 storage capacity of 2.00 mmol/g at 25 °C. The above research results have important reference value for strengthening of CGFS flotation and utilization of RC.

Efficient cavity-enhanced adsorption and recovery of low-concentration ammonia on pillar[5]arenes

Ammonia (NH3) capture has great implications for environmental protection and resource recovery. Developing effective and recyclable adsorbent materials to remove low-concentration NH3 in industrial waste gas is critical. Here, solid adsorbents per-hydroxylated pillar[5]arene (OHP[5]) and pillar[5]quinone (P[5]Q) with well-designed functional groups were synthesized and evaluated for NH3 adsorption. The results showed that both materials have high NH3 uptake capacity and excellent cycle stability. P[5]Q showed higher NH3 capacity (15.4 mmol/g) than OHP[5] (11.5 mmol/g) at ambient conditions (293.2 K and 1.0 bar). Dynamic breakthrough experiments showed that P[5]Q had good separation performance on low concentration NH3. Characterizations (including FTIR, SEM, and XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) studies revealed that the adsorption strength for NH3 on P[5]Q possessing CO groups was stronger than OHP[5] composed of phenolic hydroxyls. Also, the electron-accepting CO groups on P[5]Q could change the intramolecular charge distribution, in which an amount of NH3 enters and stores in the electron-deficient internal cavity of P[5]Q. It is demonstrated that P[5]Q with the suitable cavity has good potential for separating low concentration NH3 from industrial waste gas.

Sports Participation Promotes Beneficial Adaptations in the Erythrocyte Guanylate Nucleotide Pool in Male Athletes Aged 20-90 Years.

The guanine nucleotide pool (GTP, guanosine-5'-triphosphate; GDP, guanosine-5'-diphosphate, and GMP, guanosine-5'-monophosphate) is an essential energy donor in various biological processes (eg protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis) and secures several vital regulatory functions in the human body. The study aimed to predict the trends of age-related changes in erythrocyte guanine nucleotides and examine whether competitive sport and related physical training promote beneficial adaptations in erythrocyte guanylate concentrations. The study included 86 elite endurance runners (EN) aged 20-81 years, 58 sprint-trained athletes (SP) aged 21-90 years, and 62 untrained individuals (CO) aged 20-68 years. The concentration of erythrocyte GTP and total guanine nucleotides (TGN) were highest in the SP group, lower in the EN group, and lowest in the CO group. Both athletic groups had higher guanylate energy charge (GEC) values than the CO group (p = 0.012). Concentrations of GTP, TGN, and GEC value significantly decreased, while GDP and GMP concentrations progressively increased with age. Such a profile of change suggests a deterioration of the GTP-related regulatory function in older individuals. Our study explicitly shows that lifelong sports participation, especially of sprint-oriented nature, allows for maintaining a higher erythrocyte guanylate pool concentration, supporting cells' energy metabolism, regulatory and transcription properties, and thus more efficient overall body functioning.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of curcumin/Zn metal complex with its chemical characterization and spectroscopic studies

Curcumin is an active component of the rhizome turmeric. Curcumin/zinc (Cur/Zn) complex was synthesized and characterized using the elemental analysis, the molar conductance, FT-IR, UV–Vis,1HNMR, scanning (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The molar conductance value is very low, referring to the absence of Cl− ions inside or outside chelate sphere confirming non electrolytic nature. Based on IR and electronic spectra curcumin CO group in enol form chelated to Zn (II) ion. The surface morphology of curcumin chelate with Zn showed elevated in particle size and irregular grains shaped with elongated morphology. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the curcumin chelate with Zn has spherical black spots like shape with particle size range from (33–97 nm). The antioxidant activities of curcumin and Cur/Zn complex were assessed. Results showed that the Cur/Zn complex showed potent antioxidant activities than curcumin. For antibacterial activity, Curcumin/Zn showed inhibitory effect against both (+ve and –ve) gram bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) at very low concentration. Cur/Zn recorded antibacterial and inhibition activity at 0.009 against E. coli and at 0.625 against B. subtilis. Cur/Zn complex showed higher capacity in scavenging the ABTS radical, FARAP capacity and metal chelating activity than curcumin itself and it showed more scavenging and inhibition activity for DPPH. The synthesized complex of Cur/Zn showed potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities than curcumin itself and it may benefit in treatment of aging and degenerative diseases with elevated and excessive production of free radicals.

Effects of fuel-staged gasification on mechanism of steam gasification of coal gangue and corn straw

Coal gangue (CG) and corn straw (CS) are regarded as the bulk of solid wastes in China due to their high annual yield, inefficient utilization, and low added value. In this work, the comparison experiments between fuel-staged gasification and conventional co-gasification for CG and CS were conducted in a new type of three-way reactor. The effects of volatiles and AAEMs in CS on fuel-staged gasification were analyzed by investigating CS ratio in the primary bed. And the influence of diffusion resistance was studied by adjusting CG ratio in the secondary bed. The results showed that the thermal interactions of CG and CS in primary bed were considered as the oxidation of C–C and CC structures of CG by C–O–C and C–OH bonds of CS to form CO. Meanwhile, the breaking of O–CO and lactone groups could generate a significant amount of CO2 to accelerate the Boudouard reaction of primary char. In addition, calcium minerals in CS could combine with CG minerals into anorthite, which would promote the transverse fracture and longitudinal stacking of primary residue char. Besides, steam reforming of volatiles/tar and ring-opening reactions of residue char were both controlled by the diffusion resistance derived from secondary CG. The conclusions would provide some theoretical bases and engineering foundations for the industrial applications of fuel-staged gasification, such as the design of fuel-staged gasifier and the selection of two-staged fuel.

EXTRACTION EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN FROM LEMON LIME PEEL WASTE (Citrus amblycarpa)

Research on the extraction and characterization of pectin from lemon lime peel waste (Citrus amblycarpa) has been done. The purpose of this research is to process lime waste into raw material of pectin source, to know pectin quality of extract obtained, and characterization pectin using FTIR spectrum. To obtain the results of research conducted several stages of research are pectin extraction, pectin precipitation, pectin washing, pectin drying and continued with the characterization of pectin which includes determination of moisture content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, galakturonat level, esterification degree and spectrum analysis FTIR to determine the absorption of pectin functional groups obtained. The results showed that the yield% was 11.72%, the water content was 11.40%, the ash content was 1.34%, the weight of the equivalent was 871.5, the metoxyl content was 5.66, the galactonate level was 64.48 %, degree of esterification equal to 49,84% and FTIR analysis result which have conformity with standard pectin group that has OH, CH aliphatic, C = O, CH3 and CO group (secondary alcohol, carboxylic, ester, ether).

Boosting biogas production from recalcitrant lignin-based feedstock by adding lignin-derived carbonaceous materials within the anaerobic digestion process

Lignocellulosic biomass can add to the worldwide resource of biogas; however, the aromatic structure of lignin is recalcitrant which impairs biodegradation. Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) may overcome limitations in the biodegradation of lignin derivatives. Within a circular bioeconomy system, lignin-derived biochar and activated carbon were assessed for their ability to enhance the digestion of a typical lignin monomer – syringaldehyde. Biochar at 5–10 g/L significantly reduced the lag-phase time by 33–42% possibly due to the enhancement of syntrophic hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. In comparison, activated carbon at 1–10 g/L reduced the lag-phase time by 46–85% and significantly accelerated the degradation of volatile fatty acids, due to a combinational effect of enhanced syntrophic oxidation and DIET. When activated carbon was added at a higher dosage of 20 g/L, the highest biomethane yield (426.6 ml/g) was achieved; an increase of 33% compared to the digestion of syringaldehyde alone. The enhancement was ascribed to the metabolic shift from the hydrogenotrophic to the DIET pathway, which could be implied from the microbial community dominated by Methanosaeta. The superior function of activated carbon over biochar was speculated to be associated with its larger surface area and higher abundance of the CO group.

Effect of type 1 diabetes during pregnancy and lactation on neonatal hypoxia-ischemia injury and apoptotic gene expression.

Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the major disorders that causes a variety of abnormalities and infant mortality. Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common worldwide metabolic disorders, and its prevalence has become one of the public health concerns of the 21st century. This study aims to evaluate the effect of type 1 diabetes during pregnancy and lactation on vulnerability to neonatal HI in rats. Female Wistar rats (weighing 200 ± 220 g) were randomly assigned into two groups: Group 1 (rats that received 0.5mL/day of normal saline solution) and Group 2 (type 1 diabetes was induced in rats on the second day of pregnancy with a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate [150 mg/kg]). After delivery, offspring were divided into four groups: (a) Control (Co), (b) Diabetic (DI), (c) Hypoxia-ischemia (HI), (d) HI + Diabetic (HI + DI). Seven days after HI induction, neurobehavioral tests were performed, and then cerebral edema, infarct volume, inflammatory factors, Bax-Bcl2 expression, and oxidative stress were measured. The BAX level in the DI + HI (p = 0.0355) group was significantly higher than the HI group. The Bcl-2 expression levels in the HI (p = 0.0027) and DI + HI (p < 0.0001) groups were significantly lower than the DI group. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in the DI + HI (p < 0.0001) group were significantly lower than HI and CO groups. TNF-α, CRP, and total oxidant status (TOS) levels in the DI + HI (p < 0.0001) group were significantly higher than the HI group. Infarct volume and cerebral edema in the DI + HI (p < 0.0001) group were significantly higher than the HI group. According to the results, type 1 diabetes during pregnancy and lactation increased the destructive effects of HI injury in pups. It also decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and increased the expression BAX apoptosis factor gene in pups.

The photoactivity of complexation of DOM and copper in aquatic system: Implication on the photodegradation of TBBPA

The photoactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) has a great impact on the photodegradation of organic pollutants in natural waters. In this study, the photodegradation of TBBPA was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation in the presence of copper ion (Cu2+), dissolved organic matter (DOM) and Cu-DOM complexation (Cu-DOM) to illustrate the effect of Cu2+ on photoactivity of DOM. The rate of photodegradation of TBBPA in the presence of Cu-DOM complex was 3.2 times higher than that in pure water. The effects of Cu2+, DOM and Cu-DOM on the photodegradation of TBBPA were highly pH dependent and hydroxyl radical(·OH) responded for the acceleration effect. Spectral and radical experiments indicated that Cu2+ had high affinity to fluorescence components of DOM, and acted as both the cation bridge and electron shuttle, resulting the aggregation of DOM and increasing of steady-state concentration of ·OH (·OHss). Simultaneously, Cu2+ also inhibited intramolecular energy transfer leading to the decrease of steady-state concentration singlet oxygen (1O2ss) and triplet of DOM (3DOM⁎ss). The interaction between Cu2+ and DOM followed the order of conjugated carbonyl CO, COO− or CO stretching in phenolic groups and carbohydrate or alcoholic CO groups. With these results, a comprehensive investigation on the photodegradation of TBBPA in the presence of Cu-DOM was conducted, and the effect of Cu2+ on the photoactivity of DOM was illustrated. These findings helped to understanding the potential mechanism of interaction among metal cation, DOM and organic pollutants in sunlit surface water, especially for the DOM-induced photodegradation of organic pollutants.

Synthesis of Hexahydropyrrolo-isoquinolines by 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of tetrahydroisoquinolines and cinnamaldehydes

A new method is described for the synthesis of hexahydropyrrolo-isoquinolines through the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cinnamaldehydes with azomethine ylides generated from cinnamaldehydes and tetrahydroisoquinolines. The carbonyl CO groups of cinnamaldehydes serve as the precursor for the generation of azomethine ylides and the CC double bonds of cinnamaldehyde act as the dipolarophiles in the cycloaddition. The key features are easily available substrates, good functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions. The relative configurations of products are confirmed by X-ray single crystal structure analysis, and a possible mechanism is proposed. A gram-scale experiment and some chemical transformations were conducted to show the synthetic utility of this approach. Finally, a plausible mechanism was proposed to clarify the formation of products with different configurations.

Role of alkane-[formula omitted],[formula omitted]-diamine in the nanostructure of carboxylic functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes grafted on amino-enriched nylon fabric toward metal ion absorption

Through a direct two-step functionalization reaction with alkane-α,ω-diamine (H2N(CH2)nNH2, n = 2, 4, 6, 8) and carboxylic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH), the membrane labeled as C@(A[n]-nylon), is made up of nylon 6 fabric and intermediate amino-enriched nylon (A[n]-nylon) fabric. FTIR and Raman spectra confirm the efficient formation of amide bonds between the two amino heads of the alkane-α,ω-diamine, both with hydrolyzed nylon 6 and MWCNT-COOH. As a result, MWNCT-COOH were grafted to the nylon fiber side wall without causing damage to the nylon backbone. The SEM images confirm the plexus of MWCNT covering the amino-enriched nylon fibers. The long carbon chain of alkane-α,ω-diamine as an arm help amino groups reach beyond the surface of polyamide fiber, making it easier for -COOH groups of MWCNT-COOH to form amide bonds instead of being ejected when approaching CO groups on the polyamide surface. As-prepared C@(A8-nylon) membranes have metal ion rejection of more than 10% in vacuum filtration test with solution of M(CH3COO)2 (M = Ca, Co, Pb). Such membrane is long lasting for about 20 cycles, showing potential of turning polyamide fabrics with large pore sizes into highly efficient nanofiltration of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. This unique structure opens up new possibilities for nanocomposite membranes and mass production by the proposed simple method.