Cm In Height Research Articles

Cooling has stimulated soil carbon storage in forest ecosystems

The interactive effect of soil cooling and nitrogen (N) addition can accurately simulate climatic and anthropogenic effects on terrestrial and other land-based ecosystems, but direct empirical measurements on the effects of cooling and N addition on soil carbon (C) and N are lacking. Hence, transplanting soils into colder regions was used to evaluate the effects of cooling and N addition on soil C and N. We used PVCs of 30 cm in height and 8 cm in diameter to extract soil samples. Soil C and N were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by transplanting soils into colder regions. In contrast, cooling has insignificantly (P > 0.05) increased the soil dissolved organic C (DOC) and dissolved organic (DON), but the effect was negatively significant on soil pH compared to the C/N ratio. Similarly, N addition significantly increased the measured soil N stock. However, the effect was negatively significant on soil pH (P < 0.05) compared to the C/N ratio (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, the interaction of cooling and N addition did not affect the soil C and N storage. A similar effect was observed on the soil DOC and DON. The results presented here illustrate that transplanting soils into colder regions and N deposition has perfectly simulated the effects of climate-forcing factors on soil C and N storage in terrestrial and other land-based ecosystems. Accordingly, this study suggests that low temperatures have stimulated the accumulation of the measured soil organic and dissolved properties, but the effect is less consequential when low temperature interacts with N addition in high-elevation areas where ecosystem structures and functions are limited by temperature and may serve as a baseline for future research on land feedbacks to the climate system.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Chitosan on Germination and Growth of Sweet Thai Basil

Sweet Thai basil, Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora is a medicinal plant that is widely used in many industries due to its richness in phytochemical contents. The present study was carried out to improve the germination growth and of sweet Thai basil. In the current research sweet Thai basil seeds were treated with different concentrations of chitosan (0, 2, 4 and 6 ml/L). The result showed that treatment at 4 ml/ L chitosan produced seed germination percentage 100, seed germination speed (1.51), vigor index (6.93) taller seedlings (7.69 cm in height), with bigger stem diameter (0.90 mm), leaf area (1.59 cm2/leaf), and root length (3.19 cm). However, 4 ml/L chitosan concentration was best compare to 0, 2 and 4 ml/L concentration of chitosan. On the other hand, it is recommended for the seeds of sweet Thai basil to be treated with 4 ml/L of chitosan with different plant density.

In vitro propagation of Philodendron hederaceum “Lemon Lime”

This study aims to examine the in vitro propagation of Philodendron hederaceum “Lemon Lime”. The results showed that MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA was suitable for the rapid multiplication stage, with the rate of shoot proliferation being 2.73 times, the shoots being 5.38 cm in height and the number of leaves/shoot was 4.33 after 6 weeks of culture. In the next stage, in vitro shoots were transferred to MS medium containing 0.25 mg/l IBA for rooting. Within five weeks of culture, 100% of shoots induced roots with a mean of 3.9 roots/plant and the root length was 11.04 cm. In the acclimatisation phase, plantlets achieved 100% ex vitro survival, increased by 2.19 cm in height and 1.96 leaves after four-week acclimatisation in a substrate composed of peatmoss:soil:coconut husk (1:1:1). These research results could be used to cultivate this plant with high proliferation rate and good commercial quality providing seedlings for the floriculture market in Vietnam.

Perancangan dan Analisis Daya Turbin Air Piko Hidro untuk Aliran Arus Rendah

Over time, the consumption of electrical energy needed in Indonesia is getting bigger. Various efforts continue to be made either by seeking new energy potential or by developing existing technologies. Apart from the increasing need for electrical energy, efforts are made to supply the needs of electrical energy by utilizing the potential and conditions that exist in certain areas. Water energy has been widely utilized and used for power generation. The potential of water as an energy source can be used as a provider of electrical power. One of the uses of water energy is to make hydroelectric power plants. The purpose of this study is to design a portable water turbine design and find out the results of the calculation of the analysis of electrical power produced. The research method used is the analysis of water turbine design using the SolidWorks application to be able to find out the shape of the turbine that has simple, portable properties and can be carried anywhere. The size that meets the desired criteria is 10 cm for diameter and 4 cm for height. After designing the turbine design, then the calculation and analysis of the power released by the water turbine is carried out. The data needed to perform the calculation are water discharge 1.48×10-5 m3/s, head 6×10-2 m, water density 1000 kg/m3, gravity acceleration 9.81 m/s2, turbine efficiency 12.6%. Using the turbine power formula, the turbine power with a water discharge value of 1.48×10-5 m3/s is 11 Watts. Then the 2nd calculation was carried out with the value of the water discharge used of 9.6×10-5 m3/s and turbine efficiency of 24.9%. After calculation, the turbine power value of 14 Watts was obtained.

The impact of disc piowing depth and varying quantities of perlite on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated.

The field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season of 2021-2022 in the AlMajd area, located north of Samawah city. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of plowing depths and perlite on various soil characteristics, as well as the growth and yield of wheat. This was achieved through a factorial experiment design, employing the split plot design and utilizing the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The experimental design incorporated two independent variables the first factor in the experiment pertains to plowing depths, which were categorized into three levels: 0 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm. These levels were coded as D0, D1, and D2, respectively. The second factor involves the addition of perlite mineral, which was examined at four different levels: 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. These levels were coded as P0, P1, P2, and P3, respectively. The experimental land was divided into slabs, and wheat seeds of the Barcelona variety were sown on November 15, 2021. The harvest was conducted on April 20, 2022. Upon doing an analysis of the obtained data, the subsequent findings emerged: The study investigated the impact of different levels of perlite on the enhancement of vegetative growth parameters, specifically the number of tillers, plant height, and flag leaf area, throughout two stages: growth and tillering. The results showed that at the P2 level, the average values for tiller number, plant height, and flag leaf area were 12.03 tillers per plant, 89.93 cm in height, and 66.89 cm2 , respectively. The impact of plowing depth on the enhancement of vegetative characteristics, such as the number of tillers, plant height, and flag leaf area, was seen during the growth and tillering stages at the D2 level. The respective values for these attributes were 14.50 tillers per plant, 94.90 cm in plant height, and 82.24 cm 2 in flag leaf area. The rise in yield characteristics, such as spike length and total yield, throughout the harvesting stage was influenced by the levels of perlite. Specifically, at the P2 level, the spike length and total yield were measured to be 13.94 cm and 7.40 tons H-1, respectively. The rise in yield characteristics, specifically spike length and total yield, throughout the harvesting stage at the D2 level was influenced by the plowing depths. The spike length and total yield reached values of 14.61 cm and 7.79 ton ha-1, respectively.

Design and kinematic analysis of a rope-driven linkage frog-like swimming robot with multidirectional controllable motion

In this paper, a rope-driven linkage frog swimming robot is constructed in accordance with the delicate structure of the frog swimming mode. First, a rope-driven linkage limb propulsion mechanism is proposed. This mechanism not only enables the robot to achieve the superior motion characteristics and mechanical performance of the four limbs of a frog swimming in water but also makes the limb structures more flexible and lightweight. Using the D-H parametric method with geometric relations, the swimming kinematic model of this robotic limb propulsion mechanism is established, and the stability margin and recovery moment equations are derived. Second, based on the above mathematical model, the motion space and stability analysis of the robot limb ends are simulated by MATLAB software. Finally, an experimental prototype with a size of 18 cm in length × 7 cm in width × 7 cm in height, combined with a control system, is developed. The experimental result verifies the rationality and correctness of the robot's structural design, theoretical derivation and control system and proves that it has superior motion capability with a straight-line swimming speed of 0.54 m/s, a horizontal surface turning speed of 100°/s (turning radius of approximately 0.18 m), and an upwards and downwards submerged swimming speed of 9 cm/s during a single swim in the water.

Multivariate evaluation of the printing process on 3D printing of rice protein

The combination of printing parameters appropriately improves the printability of 3D-printed foods. In this regard, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of 3D printing process parameters on protein food generation. Printability of a cylinder 3 cm in diameter and 1 cm in height using a protein mixture of rice water and xanthan gum with a ratio of 30:70:0.5 was evaluated in an extrusion printer with an XYZ system. A ½ fractional factorial design was used with three factors: nozzle diameter (1.2 – 2.2 mm), layer height (1.0 – 2.0 mm), and print speed (20 – 50 mm/s). Each combination of factor levels was performed in triplicate for 12 runs plus three central points. Print time (min), sample weight, change in diameter (%), change in height (%), change in volume (%), mass flow rate (mg/s), appreciation (qualitative variable), and textural and rheology characters were obtained as response variables. The linear effects of the factors and combination factors were evaluated by analysis of variance. Additionally, a principal component analysis was performed to visualize the similarity between the observations and the relationship between the variables. The results showed that the layer height and nozzle diameter affect the printing accuracy concerning surface quality, shape stability, resolution, and layer layout. The nozzle with a diameter of 1.7 mm combined with speeds between 35 and 50 mm/s allowed the effects of overextrusion to be overcome, generating a better flow of the material. Low scores in the printability variable were related to low-speed values (20 mm/s) and a high nozzle diameter (2.2 mm), which generated higher deformations in the printed protein cylinder. Additionally, some printing conditions affected the textural and rheological characteristics, which allowed inferring that the capacity of the protein mass to store and recover energy in compression processes is conditioned by the printing parameters.

Serpulid microbialitic bioherms from the upper Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) of the central Paratethys Sea (NW Hungary) – witnesses of a microbial sea

Abstract. We present previously unknown stacked bowl-shaped bioherms reaching a size of 45 cm in diameter and 40 cm in height from weakly solidified peloidal sand from the upper Sarmatian of the Paratethys Sea. The bioherms were mostly embedded in sediment, and the “growth stages” reflect a reaction on sediment accretion and sinking into the soft sediment. The bioherms are spirorbid–microclot–acicular cement boundstones with densely packed Janua tubes surrounded by microclots and acicular cement solidifying the bioherm. The surrounding sediment is a thrombolite made of peloids and polylobate particles (mesoclots) which are solidified synsedimentarily by micrite cement and dog-tooth cement in a later stage. The shape of the bioherms reflects a series of growth stages with an initial stage (“start-up stage”) followed by a more massive “keep-up stage” which grades into a structure with a collar-like outer rim and a central protrusion and finally by a termination of growth (“give-up stage”). The setting was a shallow subtidal environment with normal marine or elevated saline, probably oligotrophic, conditions with an elevated alkalinity. The stacked bowl-shaped microbialites are a unique feature that has so far been undescribed. Modern and Neogene microbialite occurrences are not direct analogues to the described structures, but the marine examples, like in The Bahamas, Shark Bay and the Persian Gulf, offer insight into their microbial composition and environmental parameters. The microbialites and the surrounding sediment document a predominance of microbial activity in the shallow marine environments of the Paratethys Sea during the late Middle Miocene, which was characterized by a warm, arid climate.

Drone-Based System to Reduce Air Pollution Using Inexpensive Materials

Outside, polluted air contains many particles that are harmful to all organisms. Currently, there are no reliable, efficient, or effective ways to clean outside air pollution. This paper describes an early attempt to create a drone-based pollution vacuum cleaner that uses inspiration from the tornado’s Fibonacci spiral shape’s ability to create powerful vacuums. By mounting various Fibonacci spirals onto a drone, the aim was to create a vacuum that can collect, and filter simulated polluted air. The reduction in pollution particles was measured with an Air Quality Index (AQI) meter. The engineering process involved: 3D printing and designing Fibonacci-shaped spirals with varying degrees of curvature. Testing various motors and spirals and their efficacy in vacuuming air into the filters. Testing the vacuum effect on the drone’s ability to fly The process compared the effectiveness of the spirals based on their improvement of the AQI in the simulated polluted environment. The wide spiral (Spiral #1) is 1.5cm in width, and 1cm in height with 5729.57 degrees of curvature resulting in the most reduced AQI, from 500 to a healthy breathable number in 15 minutes. In addition, the drone ascended 3 meters while withstanding the vacuuming effect coming from the attached spiral. The project utilizes natural designs such as the Fibonacci spiral shape of a tornado on a smaller scale as a prototype for an improved air filter. For further research, the plan is to make the drones autonomous and test more spirals using different materials.

Natural Determinants of the Earth-Mound Fields Distribution in the Southwest of the State of Goiás

Murundusfields, also known as covoais,are frequent microreliefs in the Cerrado. These are sets of semicircular elevations that protrude from the surface of the land, rounded or oval, with average dimensions of 70 cm in height and 6 m in diameter. The determinants of its regional spatial distribution are still poorly known. This study aimed to identify the natural determinants of its spatial distribution in the Southwest of Goiás, in the Sedimentary Basin of Paraná. All occurrences of murundusfields identified by the project Mapping of Remnant MurundusFields in the state of Goiás (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG) were compared with information referring to lithology, geomorphology,NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index), and SMI (Soil Moisture Index). The indices were obtained from SENTINEL 2-A (MSI) and Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS) orbital images. It was found that murundusfields preferentially occur in the Alluvial Deposits, Cachoeirinha, Detritic-lateritic Covers, and Serra Geral geological units. Murundusfields predominate under slopes of 0 to 8% (flat to gently undulating relief), and in areas with lower drainage density. The NDWI and the SMI indicated that murundusfields are concentrated on wet surfaces, occurring less frequently in saturated/very wet areas and in moderate humidity, dry, and very dry surfaces.

Microalgae and co-culture for polishing pollutants of anaerobically treated agro-processing industry wastewater: the case of slaughterhouse

Anaerobically treated slaughterhouse effluent is rich in nutrients, organic matter, and cause eutrophication if discharged to the environment without proper further treatment. Moreover, phosphorus and nitrogen in agro-processing industry wastewaters are mainly removed in the tertiary treatment phase. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency of Chlorella and Scenedesmus species as well as their co-culture treating two-phase anaerobic digester effluent through microalgae biomass production. The dimensions of the rectangular photobioreactor used to conduct the experiment are 15 cm in height, 20 cm in width, and 30 cm in length. Removal efficiencies between 86.74–93.11%, 96.74–97.47%, 91.49–92.91%, 97.94–99.46%, 89.22–94.28%, and 91.08–95.31% were attained for chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, total phosphorous, and orthophosphate by Chlorella species, Scenedesmus species, and their co-culture, respectively. The average biomass productivity and biomass yield of Chlorella species, Scenedesmus species, and their co-culture were 1.4 ± 0.1, 1.17 ± 0.12, 1.5 ± 0.13 g/L, and 0.18, 0.21, and 0.23 g/L*day, respectively. The final effluent quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous attained by Chlorella species and the co-culture were below the permissible discharge limit for slaughterhouse effluent standards in the country (Ethiopia). The results of the study showed that the use of microalgae as well as their co-culture for polishing the nutrients and residual organic matter in the anaerobically treated agro-processing industry effluent offers a promising result for wastewater remediation and biomass production. In general, Chlorella and Scenedesmus species microalgae and their co-culture can be applied as an alternative for nutrient removal from anaerobically treated slaughterhouse wastewater as well as biomass production that can be used for bioenergy.Graphical

Determining body height and weight from thoracic and abdominal CT localizers in pediatric and young adult patients using deep learning

In this retrospective study, we aimed to predict the body height and weight of pediatric patients using CT localizers, which are overview scans performed before the acquisition of the CT. We trained three commonly used networks (EfficientNetV2-S, ResNet-18, and ResNet-34) on a cohort of 1009 and 1111 CT localizers of pediatric patients with recorded body height and weight (between January 2013 and December 2019) and validated them in an additional cohort of 116 and 127 localizers (acquired in 2020). The best-performing model was then tested in an independent cohort of 203 and 225 CT localizers (acquired between January 2021 and March 2023). In addition, a cohort of 1401 and 1590 localizers from younger adults (acquired between January 2013 and December 2013) was added to the training set to determine if it could improve the overall accuracy. The EfficientNetV2-S using the additional adult cohort performed best with a mean absolute error of 5.58 ± 4.26 cm for height and 4.25 ± 4.28 kg for weight. The relative error was 4.12 ± 4.05% for height and 11.28 ± 12.05% for weight. Our study demonstrated that automated estimation of height and weight in pediatric patients from CT localizers can be performed.

The Effects of Different Degrees of Leg Length Discrepancy on Vertical Ground Reaction Force in Children and Adults: Treatment Implications.

Previous studies on the degree of leg length discrepancy that causes limb biomechanical problems did not differentiate between adults and children. We conducted this study to determine the effects of simulated leg length discrepancy on vertical ground reaction force in children and adults to enable decision-making for intervention in patients with leg length discrepancy for different age groups or heights. This cross-sectional study involved male volunteers of children 150cm and adults with 170cm in height. Vertical ground reaction force was measured using a gait analysis study. The first measurement was taken without any leg length discrepancy as a baseline. Subsequently, different amounts of leg length discrepancy were simulated on the left leg with shoe lifts of 2, 3, and 4cm. The measurements were repeated on each volunteer with similar shoe lifts on the right leg. Therefore, 14 volunteers provided simulations of 28 leg length discrepancies for each group. The first and second peaks of vertical ground reaction force were separately analysed. The vertical GRF of a simulated leg length discrepancy was compared with the baseline. Repeated measurement of analysis of variance (ANOVA) within each group was done. In both groups, the second peak of vertical ground reaction force in the longer leg reduced gradually as the shoe lift increased sequentially from 2 to 3cm and then to 4cm. A discrepancy of 3cm and above was statistically significant to cause a reduction in the vertical GRF on the longer limb in both height groups. The degree of leg length discrepancy that caused significant changes in second peak ground reaction force in children with 150 and adults with 170cm height population was similar at 3cm. Therefore, the cut-off point for intervention for both groups are similar with additional consideration of future growth in children.

Success rates of endotracheal intubation using the standard method versus the modified-ramped position.

The sniffing position used in intubation has disadvantages, including suboptimal glottic view, respiratory problems, increased risk of aspiration, and pain. In this regard, we have proposed new conditions to facilitate intubation and tube placement in patients with a Mallampati score higher than 2, by introducing a new position called the modified rapid airway management positioner (RAMP) position. The authors compared various parameters to improve intubation conditions between these two positions. This intervention is a randomized clinical trial study, with a random sampling method that divides the patients into two groups: a control group placed in the standard position (S) and an intervention group placed in the modified (M) RAMP position. An anesthesiologist performed intubation. In group (S), patients were placed in the supine position as usual, and a pillow with a height of 10cm was placed under their heads. In group (M), the patients were placed in the supine position on a modified RAMP with a triangular shape, 15cm in height, and 80cm in length, at a 30° angle. The pillow had lengths of 20 and 80cm. In the present study, 112 patients were investigated, consisting of 58 women (51.8%) and 54 men (48.2%). The intubation time in the intervention group using the modified RAMP roll technique was significantly shorter (51.25s) compared to the control group using the standard method (88.39s) (P=0.019). The results of the study showed that the modified RAMP roll improved the general conditions of intubation and led to a better view of the glottis in direct laryngoscopy. This is a very important aspect of intubation, and with a better view of the pharynx and glottis, the intubation procedure can be performed with higher quality, reducing the number of intubation attempts and the duration of the procedure.

Increased Concrete Strength with the Addition of Hyacinth Natural Fibers

Concrete is a brittle and fragile construction material so it needs to be increased in strength. This study aims to increase the strength of concrete by adding natural fibers of water hyacinth to the concrete mixture. Hyacinth fibers are cut by 3-5 cm and added with variations of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% of the volume of concrete. Cylindrical specimens 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength at the age of 28 days. The test results showed that the addition of hyacinth fiber up to 0.5% increased the compressive strength of concrete up to 17.6% and tensile strength up to 71.4% compared to normal concrete without fiber. The increase in strength is due to hyacinth fibers being able to withstand micro-cracks in concrete. The more fiber added, the more microcracks are able to be prevented thereby increasing the strength of concrete. In conclusion, the natural fiber of hyacinth effectively increases the strength of concrete both in compressive and tensile capacity.

Enhanced efficient micropropagation and reduced abnormal phenomena in Phyllanthus amarus plantlets cultured on medium containing silver nanoparticles

Phyllanthus amarus is a valuable medicinal plant that is used to manufacture medications that treat viral hepatitis and improve liver function. Due to excessive ethylene production, micropropagation of P. amarus frequently results in abnormal phenomena such as leaf abscission, leaf yellowing, shoot with callus and vitrification. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was supplemented to the shoot multiplication medium to promoted growth, reduced ethylene content and abnormal phenomena in micropropagation of P. amarus. The results indicated that 7 mg/L AgNPs in shoot multiplication medium enhanced the shoot growth consists of number of shoots (7.33 shoots), shoots higher than 3 cm in height (5.67 shoots), shoot height (5.17 cm) fresh weight (215.32 mg) and dry weight (28.36 mg) were higher than those others after 30 days of culture. Besides, 7 mg/L AgNPs derived- shoots reduced abnormal phenomena; especially, 7 mg/L AgNPs treatment reduced about 4.5-fold leaf abscission, 1.5-fold leaf yellowing, 2-fold shoot with callus and 5-fold ethylene content as compared to those in control. The subsequent growth, acclimatization and accumulation of hypophyllanthin (48.51 µg/g) and phyllanthin (213.08 µg/g) contents of AgNPs derived- plantlets were higher than those in the control.

Reproducibility of Remote Mapping of the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Surface Ruptures

Abstract We use multiple, independently produced surface-rupture maps of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence to test the reproducibility of surface-rupture map interpretation and completeness. The 4 July Mw 6.4 and 5 July Mw 7.1 earthquakes produced surface-rupture zones approximately 20 and 50 km in length, respectively. Three independent mappers with various backgrounds in active tectonics mapped the surface rupture from the postearthquake lidar data without knowledge from postearthquake field or geodetic observations. Visual comparisons of the three remote rupture maps show good agreement for scarps &amp;gt;50 cm in height. For features with less topographic expression, interpretations of the data vary more widely between mappers. Quantitative map comparisons range from 18% to 54% consistency between mapped lines with 1 m buffers. The percent overlap increases with buffer width, reflecting variance in line placement as well as differences in fault-zone interpretation. Overall, map similarity is higher in areas where the surface rupture was simpler and had more vertical offset than in areas with complex rupture patterns or little vertical offset. Fault-zone interpretation accounts for the most difference between maps, while line placement accounts for differences at the meter scale. In comparison to field observations, our remotely produced maps capture the principal rupture well but miss small features and geometric complexity. In general, lidar excels for the detection and measurement of vertical offsets in the landscape, and it is deficient for detecting lateral offset with little or no vertical motion.

Comparative metabolome profiling of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis cultivars and Paris luquanensis and their biological activity in zebrafish model

Ethnopharmacological relevanceParis polyphylla var. Yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., a perennial medicinal herb commonly known as “Chonglou” in Chinese, is mainly effective against innominate toxin swelling, insect sting, snake bite, traumatic injuries and various inflammatory. It is also recorded with mild toxicity. The rare species Paris luquanensis H. Li has been also used as folk medicine in Yunnan province for the same effects. Compared with P. polyphylla var. Yunnanensis (35–100 cm in height), this species has variegated leaves, and grows slower and is therefore shorter (6–23 cm in height). There are a number of different cultivars based on the shape of the petal and the height of Paris plant. However, currently, investigations into the differences of the chemical profiling of these cultivars are lacking. Aim of the studyThis study aims to: (1) examine metabolites variations in Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis cultivars and Paris luquanensis; (2) investigate the different metabolite accumulation patterns between rhizomes and leaves and provide more useful information for the application of P. polyphylla var. Yunnanensis leaves; (3) compare in vivo effects on the recruitment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Neutrophils and toxic effects in zebrafish model between leaves and rhizomes of P. polyphylla var. Yunnanensis and P. luquanensis. Materials and methodsThe change patterns of metabolites in the leaves and rhizomes of four P. polyphylla var. Yunnanensis cultivars and one P. luquanensis cultivar were analyzed using an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. The total phenolic acid, total flavonoid, total saponin components and in vitro antioxidant activities were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The in vivo toxicity and their effects on the recruitment of ROS and neutrophils in zebrafish model were performed. ResultsThe widely targeted metabolomics method detected 695 metabolites in tested samples and classified as 15 known classes according to structures of the metabolites. By overall-comparing the SDMs discerned between leaves and rhizomes of each samples, 161 metabolites were substantially altered in all the cultivars. There are 62 and 64 SDMs showing constitutive differential accumulation between leaves and rhizomes of P. polyphylla var. Yunnanensis (samples A-D) and P. luquanensis (sample E), respectively. The levels of TSC, TPC and TFC decreased significantly in leaves as compared to rhizomes for all cultivars, with the exception of TPC in cultivar A, which is almost the same in leave and rhizome. The DPPH scavenging property and FRAP values of rhizomes are higher than those of leaves for all cultivars. However, there is no distinct different between leaves and rhizomes of different sample extracts for in vivo effects on the recruitment of ROS and neutrophils in zebrafish model. BL extracts showed high toxicity to the developing embryos. ConclusionAs far as we are concerned, this study analyzes the P. polyphylla var. Yunnanensis and P. luquanensis variegation from the perspective of the metabolites pattern for the first time. The results give a valuable insight into the specie metabolic profiling and in vivo anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and toxic effects of these Paris plants.

Evaluating Close-Range Photogrammetry for 3D Understory Fuel Characterization and Biomass Prediction in Pine Forests

Understory biomass plays an important role in forests, and explicit characterizations of live and dead understory vegetation are critical for wildland fuel characterization and to link understory vegetation to ecosystem processes. Current methods to accurately model understory fuel complexity in 3D rely on expensive and often inaccessible technologies. Structure-from-motion close-range photogrammetry, in which ordinary photographs or video stills are overlaid to generate point clouds, is promising as an alternative method to generate 3D models of fuels at a fraction of the cost of more traditional field surveys. In this study, we compared the performance of close-range photogrammetry with field sampling surveys to assess the utility of this alternative technique for quantifying understory fuel structure. Using a commercially available GoPro camera, we generated 3D point cloud models from video-derived image stills of 138 sampling plots across two western ponderosa pine and two southeastern slash pine sites. We directly compared structural metrics derived from the photogrammetry to those derived from field sampling, then evaluated predictive models of biomass calibrated by means of destructive sampling. Photogrammetry-derived measures of occupied volume and fuel height showed strong agreements with field sampling (Pearson’s R = 0.81 and 0.86, respectively). While we found weak relationships between photogrammetry metrics and biomass 0 to 10 cm in height, occupied volume and a novel metric to characterize the vertical profile of vegetation produced the strongest relationships with biomass above the litter layer (i.e., &gt;10 cm) across different fuel types (R2 = 0.55–0.76). The application of this technique has the potential to provide managers with an accessible option for inexpensive data collection and can lay the groundwork for the rapid collection of input datasets to train landscape-scale fuel models.

Ferrous iron biooxidation in a flooded packed-bed bioreactor at extreme conditions of iron concentration and acidity

The utility of ferrous iron biooxidation is to regenerate Fe(III) at required rates and conditions in specific hydrometallurgical contexts, such as metal extraction from ores/concentrates and mining and electronic waste. In these applications, considerable kinetics improvements can be achieved by increasing [Fe(III)], but pH must be decreased to avoid precipitation of this oxidant. Information about continuous biooxidation operation is limited to [Fe] < 20 g/L and 2.3 > pH > 1, therefore, it is interesting to test wider ranges for these parameters.A 1L flooded packed-bed bioreactor (30 cm in height), inoculated with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, was operated 60 days in continuous mode without interruptions at [Fe] up to 57 g/L and pH up to 0.44.Total Fe(II) conversion was achieved when operating at [Fe] = 57 g/L and pH = 1.2. The maximum biooxidation rate reached was 3.5 g/L·h for [Fe] = 40 g/L and 1 h of hydraulic retention time. Biooxidation rate decreases by 32 % when pH decreases from 1.2 to 0.44. Nevertheless, the biofilm remained stable at this low pH and steady state was achieved. When comparing the relative decreases in biooxidation rate and oxygen solubility, the drop of efficiency can be explained by aeration limitations and salting out effect.