Cm In Circumference Research Articles

Pulmonary vein reentry—Properties and size matter: Insights from a computational analysis

Pulmonary vein (PV) ablation plays an important role in atrial fibrillation (AF) therapy but suffers from a limited mechanistic understanding of PV arrhythmogenicity. Rapid focal activation has been suggested, but some evidence points to underlying reentry. This study was performed to evaluate how the electrophysiological properties of PVs may make them a site for reentry and to analyze specifically the roles of PV dimensions and coupling properties. A computer model designed to efficiently reproduce electrophysiological behaviors was fit to action potentials from canine left atria (LA) and PVs. To assess structural and functional arrhythmogenic determinants, an idealized PV of varying length and circumference was attached to LA tissue, and 5 seconds of activity after extrastimulation were simulated. PV reentrant activity depended critically on vein size and coupling properties. With cumulative removal of transverse and longitudinal connections, sustained (n=23) or nonsustained (n=93) reentries could be observed (687 simulations) for veins 1-3 cm long and 1-2 cm in circumference. The prevalence of sustained reentry increased with PV length (8% for 1 cm vs. 22% and 31% for 2 and 3 cm, respectively; P<.05 for each). The PV circumference did not affect the incidence of sustained reentry (25%, 17%, and 21% for 1-, 1.5-, and 2-cm circumferences; P=NS), but the number of reentrant events increased from 12/201 simulations for PVs with a 1-cm circumference to 48/232 and 56/254 events for PVs with 1.5- and 2-cm circumferences, respectively (P<.05). Sustained reentry cycle lengths were approximately 200-250 ms (16/23), except for the longest PVs. Reentry occurs readily in PVs with realistic properties in the context of specific connection heterogeneities. Reentry properties and incidence depend on PV anisotropy and dimensions but could certainly contribute significantly to PV arrhythmogenesis.

Musculocutaneous Latissimus Dorsi Free Transfer Phalloplasty in Children and Adolescents

Purpose Total phalloplasty in children generates a great dilemma concerning indications as well as neophallic size. Evaluating long-term results of total phalloplasty using different flaps with poor results regarding penile size, we developed a technique using a latissimus dorsi free flap in children with micro or absent penis and difficult psychological problems. Material and methods In the period from April 2001 until June 2006, total phalloplasty was performed in 14 patients aged between 10 and 18 years. Indications were micropenis (3), intersex (1), small penis after epispadias (6) or hypospadias repair (1) and absent penis after epispadias repair (2) or trauma (1). Musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi free flap was harvested with a long pedicle, transferred to the recipient area and anastomosed to the femoral artery, saphenous vein and ilioinguinal nerve. Two-stage buccal mucosa urethroplasty was performed in 8 patients, while in the remaining 6 it was not indicated due to a different urinary diversion. An inflatable penile prosthesis enveloped in the vascular graft was implanted in 4 and a semirigid in 1 adolescent patient. Results Follow-up was from 5 to 66 months (mean: 23 months). Penile size was 13 to 16 cm in length and 10 to 14 cm in circumference. There was no partial or total flap necrosis. The donor site was closed directly with a good outcome in 5 and satisfactory in 6 patients, while in the remaining 3 a split-thickness skin graft was used with an unsatisfactory aesthetic appearance. All inflatable penile prostheses function normally. A remarkable improvement of the psychological status was noted in all children. Conclusions Phalloplasty in children is indicated in selected cases in order to diminish profound psychological trauma due to body dysmorphia. A musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap is our technique of choice that enables the formation of a neophallus in children with size as in adults.

Comparison between canopy trees and arboreal lower strata of urban semideciduous seasonal forest in Araguari - MG

The present study intended to determine the phytosociological characteristics of the tree elements on the lower strata and the canopy of a semideciduous seasonal forest. The trees (&gt; 15 cm circumference at breast height) were sampled in 40 plots of 10m x 20m. The individuals in the lower strata (&gt; 1m up to 15 cm of circumference in the base of the stem) were sampled in plots of 10m x 10m. Licania apetala and Micrandra elata obtained the first and second places in the two strata. Among the species with the highest value of importance on the canopy, Alchornea glandulosa, Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus, Copaifera langsdorffii, Heisteria ovata and Didymopanax morototoni presented a ratio of less than one individual in the lower strata when compared to the canopy. However, there was a high floristic similarity between the lower strata and the canopy.

Occurrence of the marbled rose-chafer (Protaetia lugubris Herbst, Coleoptera, Cetoniidae) in rural avenues in northern poland

The occurrence of Protaetia lugubris, an endangered species developing in hollow trees, was studied in a network of rural avenues in northern Poland. We detected 1002 trees from nine species with hollows suitable for beetle development (25% of all trees inspected). Among them, 74 trees (7.4%) from seven species were occupied by P. lugubris. The distribution of P. lugubris was random with respect to tree species identity. The beetle preferred trees above 200 cm in circumference with a tendency towards higher occupancies of the bigger trees having circumferences above 300 cm. P. lugubris did not show any significant preferences according to hollow entrance area, exposition and road surface type. Our results indicate that P. lugubris is a generalist species colonizing all suitable hollows. Its occurrence indicates suitable conditions for many other species associated with tree cavities and decaying wood.

Musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi free transfer flap for total phalloplasty in children

Objective Total phalloplasty is rarely performed in children due to the mutilation involved and the dilemma concerning neophallic size in children. We present a musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi free transfer flap for total phalloplasty in children with difficult psychological problems. Materials and methods Total phalloplasty was performed in eight boys aged between 10 and 15 years. Indications were small penis after failed epispadias repair (4), micropenis (3) and intersexuality (1). A musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi free flap was harvested with thoracodorsal artery, vein and nerve. The flap was transferred to the pubic region and anastomosed to the femoral artery, saphenous vein and ilioinguinal nerve. Two-staged urethroplasty was performed in five patients using buccal mucosa, while in the remaining three a Mitrofanoff channel had been created previously. An inflatable penile prosthesis was implanted in two cases after puberty. Results Follow-up was from 6 to 53 months (mean: 29 months). Penile size varied from 13 to 16 cm in length and from 10 to 12 cm in circumference. No flap necrosis, either partial or total, was noted. The donor site healed acceptably in four cases while in the remaining four moderate scarring occurred. Function of the penile prostheses is satisfactory. Psychological status is significantly improved in all children. Conclusion Phalloplasty in childhood is indicated to prevent profound psychological problems related to body dysmorphia. The musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap is a possible choice for phalloplasty in children that enables good neophallic size as in adults. We recommend this surgery to be performed before puberty to ensure optimal psychosexual pubertal development.

Principles of Growth Assessment

1. Leila Beker, PhD, RD 1. United States Food and Drug Administration Washington, DC 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Growth Charts: United States . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/ 2. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook . Committee on Nutrition. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003 3. Growth and Pubertal Development in Children and Adolescents: Effects of Diet and Physical Activity. Rogol AP, Clark PA, Roemmich JN. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(suppl) :521S– 528S [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] 4. Evaluation of Methodology for Nutritional Assessment in Children: Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Energy Expenditure. Zemel BS, Riley EM, Stallings VA. Ann Rev Nutr. 1997;17 :211– 235 [OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4][PubMed][5][Web of Science][6] Growth in children is usually steady and predictable, and good references are available for assessment and comparison. Growth reflects changes in the mass of body tissues (muscle, fat, and bone), with differences in maturation and body composition between boys and girls. Growth is a key component of nutritional status and indicator of health and well-being for the individual and in populations, with every aspect of a child’s health being affected by his or her nutritional status. Growth can be measured objectively by using various anthropometric measurements and is universally part of any pediatric care. Typically, weight is measured by using scales, infantometer (length board), stadiometer (stature) for linear growth, calipers for skinfold measurements, and nonstretchable tape for head and arm or other circumferences. Recumbent length is referenced through age 3 years, stature from 2 to 20 years, and head circumference from birth to age 3 years. Although infancy and adolescence are characterized by rapid growth, growth occurs in spurts, with rapid growth followed by slower growth. Stunting or faltering of linear growth reflects both a decrease in the number of spurts and the height of these spurts and can begin in utero. Growth generally is divided into four periods: 1) infancy to 2 years of age, 2) preschool years (2 to 6 years), 3) middle childhood years (7 to 10 years), and 4) adolescence (11 to 20 years). These growth periods encompass changes in body composition as well as maturational milestones. During infancy, childhood, and adolescence, both cell number and cell size increase. Body composition changes significantly from infancy to adolescence in terms of absolute and relative changes in the amount of lipid, protein, water, and minerals. Skinfold measurements provide information on body composition that reflects nutritional stores, including lean body mass (muscle and water), lipid (energy stores), and bone … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BAmerican%2BJournal%2Bof%2BClinical%2BNutrition%26rft.stitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BClin%2BNutr%26rft.aulast%253DRogol%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BD%26rft.volume%253D72%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D521S%26rft.epage%253D528%26rft.atitle%253DGrowth%2Band%2Bpubertal%2Bdevelopment%2Bin%2Bchildren%2Band%2Badolescents%253A%2Beffects%2Bof%2Bdiet%2Band%2Bphysical%2Bactivity%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10919954%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=ajcn&resid=72/2/521S&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F27%2F5%2F196.atom [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnual%2Breview%2Bof%2Bnutrition%26rft.stitle%253DAnnu%2BRev%2BNutr%26rft.aulast%253DZemel%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%2BS.%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D211%26rft.epage%253D235%26rft.atitle%253DEVALUATION%2BOF%2BMETHODOLOGY%2BFOR%2BNUTRITIONAL%2BASSESSMENT%2BIN%2BCHILDREN%253A%2BAnthropometry%252C%2BBody%2BComposition%252C%2Band%2BEnergy%2BExpenditure%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1146%252Fannurev.nutr.17.1.211%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9240926%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.211&link_type=DOI [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=9240926&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F27%2F5%2F196.atom [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1997XM78600012&link_type=ISI

Principles of Growth Assessment

Principles of Growth Assessment

Central Venous Access in Obese Patients: A Potential Complication

To the Editor: Because peripheral IV access may be limited in obese patients (1), cannulation of a central vein (subclavian, internal jugular) is often recommended (2). We report a previously unrecognized complication of central line placement in an obese patient. A 54-yr-old, 160 kg, 183 cm tall (body mass index = 47.8 kg/m2) man with cerebral vasospasm was scheduled for cerebral angiography under general anesthesia. He had been admitted to the intensive care unit after an emergency craniotomy and clipping of an aneurysm after a subarachnoid hemorrhage 3 days earlier. At the time of the surgical procedure, a triple-lumen right subclavian venous catheter (Arrowgard® Blue Plus Multi-Lumen CVC, Arrow International, Inc., Reading, PA) had been percutaneously inserted without difficulty. On admission to the radiology suite propofol 100 μg · kg−1 · min−1 was infusing through the proximal lumen of the subclavian catheter and neosynephrine 200 μg · kg−1 · min−1 was infusing through the medial lumen. As is our routine, the patency of each lumen was checked before induction of general anesthesia. Blood could only be aspirated from the distal lumen. Under direct fluoroscopy using contrast medium it was noted that only the distal lumen was intravascular, and the propofol (proximal lumen) and neosynephrine (medial lumen) were extravasating into the subcutaneous tissue of the neck. A long guidewire was inserted under fluoroscopic guidance into the right atrium through the patent distal lumen. The triple-lumen catheter was removed and a double-lumen catheter (Blue FlexTip Catheter®, Arrow International) was passed over the guidewire. Fluoroscopy with dye injection confirmed that both catheter lumens were intravascular. The initial triple-lumen catheter was 16 cm long and had been inserted to the hub. The patient had an extremely large neck (>70 cm in circumference). Because of the distance between his skin and the vein, only the distal lumen was intraluminal. A chest radiograph after placement demonstrated that the catheter was intrathoracic, and because blood could be aspirated from the distal lumen its position was considered acceptable (Fig. 1). The replacement catheter was 20 cm long. The additional length was needed to allow both catheter lumens IV access (Fig. 2). A similar complication was recently reported with a much shorter 10.8 cm pulmonary artery catheter introducer in an obese patient (3).Figure 1.: A chest radiograph obtained after placement of the 16-cm triple-lumen subclavian catheter. Arrow points to the distal tip of the catheter.Figure 2.: A chest radiograph obtained after placement of the 20-cm double-lumen subclavian catheter. Arrow points to the distal tip of the catheter.Standard central venous access catheters placed in subclavian veins may not be long enough in some obese patients. Longer length catheters should be considered for these patients. When using any multilumen catheter, all lumens should be checked to confirm intravascular position after placement. In morbidly obese patients catheter position can change with movement (3), so position should be reconfirmed periodically. E. Ottestad, MD C. Schmiessing, MD John G. Brock-Utne, MD, PhD V. Kulkarni, MD D. Parris, MD J. B. Brodsky, MD Department of Anesthesia Stanford University Medical Center Stanford, CA [email protected]

Rectal wall sparing effect of three different endorectal balloons in 3D conformal and IMRT prostate radiotherapy

To investigate the dosimetric consequences and rectal wall (Rwall) sparing effect of three different endorectal balloons (ERBs) for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer. In 20 patients, 4 planning computed tomography scans were made: 1 without ERB and 3 with ERB1, ERB2, or ERB3 inserted. Two different planning target volumes were defined: prostate only, and prostate plus seminal vesicles. The 3D-CRT and IMRT planning techniques were used, and the prescription dose was 78 Gy. In 284 treatment plans, the Rwall mean dose, the Rwall normal tissue complication probability, and the absolute Rwall volumes exposed to > or =50 Gy (V(50)) and > or =70 Gy (V(70)) were calculated. For spatial dose distribution analysis, inner rectal wall dose maps and dose surface histograms were generated. Each ERB was tolerated well. In the case of 3D-CRT, each ERB showed a statistically significant reduction of all the measured parameters. ERB2 and ERB3 performed better than ERB1. In IMRT, a statistically significant reduction in the Rwall dose parameters could not be demonstrated for any of the ERBs. For 3D-CRT and IMRT, as a result of the rectal dilation, ranging from 8 to 20 cm in circumference, the ERBs resulted in a reduction of the relative inner Rwall surface exposed to intermediate and high doses. In 3D-CRT, any ERB showed a significant rectal wall sparing effect. ERB2 and ERB3 were superior to ERB1. For both 3D-CRT and IMRT, a reduction of the relative inner Rwall surface exposed to intermediate and high doses was found, which may lead to reduced late rectal toxicity. Development of user- and patient-friendly ERBs is warranted to increase their acceptability.

Patient‐circumference‐adapted dose regulation in body computed tomography. a practical and flexible formula

To illustrate that the attenuation formula based on monochromatic radiation in homogeneous objects may be used for dose regulation in body computed tomography (CT) based on patient circumference and using a simple cloth measuring tape. Based on the attenuation formula for monochromatic radiation the following Microsoft Excel equation was derived: mAs(x) = mAs(n)*EXP((0.693/ HVT)*(O(x)-O(n))/PI()), where mAs(x) (milliampere second) in a patient with circumference O(x) is calculated based on the nominal mAs(n) set for a reference patient with the circumference O(n) with regard to indication, scan protocol, and available CT scanner. The HVT = half-value thickness (object thickness change in cm affecting mAs setting by a factor of 2) resulting in the least mAs difference compared with published studies investigating the mAs needed for constant image noise in abdominal CT phantoms at 80-140 kVp was evaluated. Clinically recommended HVT values were applied to 20 patients undergoing abdominal CT using 130 effective mAs and 94 cm circumference as nominal settings, and an HVT of 9 cm. The object-sized dependent mAs for constant image noise at 80-140 kVp in 10-47 cm diameter abdominal phantoms (31-148 cm in circumference) differed, with few exceptions, by no more than 10% from those obtained with our formula using an HVT of 3.2-3.8 cm. An HVT of 9 cm in the patient study resulted in the same image noise-patient circumference relation as a phantom study using a "clinically adapted mAs" resulting in an acceptable noise according to diagnostic requirements. Clinical experiences recommend an HVT of about 8 cm for abdominal CT and 12 cm in thoracic CT. Changing the kVp from 120 to 80, 100, or 140 requires a mAs change roughly by factors of 4, 2, and 0.6, respectively, for constant image noise. Until fully automatic automatic exposure control systems have been introduced, applying the formula in a computer program provides the radiologist with an easy, quick, flexible, and practical instrument for reasonably good patient-sized adjusted exposure levels in clinical practice.

Modelling the sustainable harvest of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra fruits in the South African lowveld

Levels of commercialization, size class profile and fruit production of Sclerocarya birrea (marula) trees were studied in the Bushbuckridge region of South Africa. A stage-based population matrix model was used to estimate the sustainable yield for S. birrea fruit. The trees begin to bear fruit at an average size of 42.8 cm in circumference and this relates to an approximate age of 19 years. For a stable size class profile, the population growth rate, λ, was 1.1828758. The observed size class profile did not conform to the stable stage size class profile, obtained from the model. Thus, it was not possible to predict the state of the observed population. Using the model, it was estimated that 92% of fruit could be removed without impacting the current population profile. The management of other more destructive forms of S. birrea resource use (such as bark or firewood harvesting), however, do need to be monitored to limit negative impacts on the population that may reduce fruit availability for regeneration or cropping.

EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS OF STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION ON FLOWERING AND QUALITY OF CUT IRIS, TULIP AND LILY

EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS OF STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION ON FLOWERING AND QUALITY OF CUT IRIS, TULIP AND LILY

STUDIES ON THE BULB DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN LILIUM ORIENTAL HYBRIDS

Based on the growth observation of lily bulbs (Lilium Oriental hybrids, ‘Acapulco’, ‘Marco Polo’, ‘Siberia’, ‘Sobonne’ and ‘Tiber’), we found the mountainous condition was suitable for the bulb development. Total 288,020 bulbs (12-14 cm, 14-16 cm and 16-18 cm in circumference) of Oriental lily were harvested from 401,500 imported bulblets (6/9 cm), which were grown in the mountainous region (Jinyun, Zhejiang Province) having an elevation of 880 m. The average ratio for harvested flowering bulbs (>12 cm) and big bulbs (16-18 cm) was 71.7% and 15.4%, respectively. The concentrations of soluble sugar, sucrose and starch in the bulb scales, as well as leaf photosynthesis were investigated during the whole year cultivation. It was found that the fresh weight and circumference of harvested bulbs have the positive correlation between vegetative growth in lily. The bud removal improved the process of bulb development. Accumulation and transportation of carbohydrates in the bulbs also increased significantly from the bud-removal. The average concentrations of starch and total soluble sugar were 293 mg g FW -1 and 9.2 mg g FW -1 in the harvested bulbs, respectively. It was indicated that the quality of mountainous reproduction bulbs was similar to that of the commercial bulbs from Holland.

Risk factors for prematurity at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe

Prematurity remains the main cause of mortality and morbidity in infants and a problem in the care of pregnant women world-wide. This preliminary study describes the socio-demographic, reproductive, medical, and obstetrical risk factors for having a live pre-term delivery (PTD) in Zimbabwe. This case-control study examined risk factors for PTD, at Harare Maternity Hospital between March and June 1999. The frequency of PTD among live birth was 16.4%. Prior history of stillbirth or abortion was associated with PTD (adjusted relative risk [ARR] 1.50; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.11). Nutritional factors, including drinking a local non-alcoholic beverage (mahewu) during pregnancy and mother's increasing mid-arm circumference reduced the risk of PTD (ARR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.93 and ARR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.99 per cm of circumference, respectively). Obstetric conditions including eclampsia, anaemia, ante-partum haemorrhage, and placenta praevia were infrequent, but when present, were strongly associated with PTD (ARR = 3.57; 95% CI: 1.67, 7.63; ARR = 4.12; 95% CI: 1.80, 9.43; ARR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.86, 5.00 and ARR = 3.30; 95% CI: 1.34, 8.14, respectively). Malaria, although less frequent, nonetheless was associated with an increased risk of PTD (ARR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.70, 5.04). These results suggest that in addition to established obstetric risk factors, nutrition and malarial infection are important. About 43% of the mothers initiated prenatal care after 28 weeks of gestation. Addressing prematurity in this population will require earlier initiation of prenatal care to allow for early detection and management of complications of pregnancy, and improving nutritional status of reproductive age with locally available foods. Further exploration of the potential benefits of mahewu, is warranted.

Reduction Phalloplasty and Penile Prosthesis Implantation in a Case of Megalophallus as a Consequence of Neglected Priapism

ABSTRACT Objectives Megalophallus is a rare complication of priapism and sickle cell disease. More commonly, priapism in those patients is recurrent, difficult to prevent and ends up in erectile dysfunction as a result of cavernous tissue fibrosis or surgical intervention. A 33 year old man presented to us with a history of neglected priapism for 12 days 2 years previously. He developed a permanent unusual enlargement of the penis and erectile dysfunction. The patient determined that his new penile size is nonfunctional and unacceptable. We evaluated the patient and set out to surgically fashion the penis into a usable size, with adequate rigidity and stable condition. Material and Methods For 9 years the patient had frequent episodes of priapism which resolved spontaneously. The last episode was unsuccessfully treated conservatively and eventually the patient received a Winter shunt. The penis became enlarged and erections soft. Upon examination with intracavernous injection of 60 mg papaverine, the penis became mildly engorged and it measured 21 cm in circumference and 18 cm in length from the pubic pad of fat to the tip of the glans. MRI showed that the enlargement is mainly due to massive enlargement of corpora cavernosa. We based our goals on normative data for penile length and circumference. Under general anesthesia, we degloved the penis using a circumcision incision. The tunica albuginea was exposed laterally. A 3 cm wide strip was marked on the lateral side of each corpus cavernosum and excised along the long axis of the penis from 1 cm proximal to the coronal sulcus to the pubic bone. The cavernous tissue underneath was fibrotic and was excised to fit in the cylinders of an AMS 700 Ultrex penile prothesis. The tunica albuginea was run with an absorbable suture and the pump and reservoir were placed in the scrotum and retropubic space. Inflation of the prosthesis resulted in rupture of the suture line for 5 cm on the right side just proximal to the glans. Repeated removal of underlying cavernous tissue was not enough to accommodate the cylinder and a free tunica albuginea patch graft was sewn in. Results At the end of surgery, the penile length was left intact, while the circumference was reduced to 15 cm. Conclusion Reduction phalloplasty is feasible to manage the unusual cases of megalophallus. Extensive dissection and cavernous tissue removal necessitate penile prosthesis implantation. This is particularly justified in cases associated with erectile dysfunction complicating priapism. Disclosure Was this work supported by industry? No.

UTILIZATION OF EMBRYOGENIC CELL CULTURES FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF BULBLETS IN ORIENTAL AND EASTER LILIES

To utilize an embryogenic cell culture for bulblets production in Oriental and Easter lilies, methods of callus induction, multiplication and bulblet production were investigated. The sliced bulb scales of a Lilium longiflorum hybrid (longiflorum x fomolongi) and Oriental hybrids ('Marco Polo', 'Casa Blanca', 'Le Reve') were cultured on MS solid medium (3% sucrose, 0.3% Phytagel) supplemented with 2,4-D, dicamba or picloram at the concentrations of 1, 3, 6 and 9 mg L -1 . The most embryogenic calli were produced with 3 mg/L of picloram in the Oriental hybrids. The embryogenic cells of the Oriental hybrid 'Marco Polo' were cultured in an air-lift-type 20-L bioreactor using liquid MS medium (5% sucrose, pH 5.8) supplemented with 2 mg L -1 of picloram, and transferred to culture boxes (96x96x90 mm) containing 100 ml of hormone-free MS agar medium (0.3% Phytagel, 9% sucrose) for bulblet formation. Bulblets larger than 5 mm in diameter were produced in 20 weeks and planted in greenhouse after 8 weeks of storage at 4°C. They made bulbs of 6 to 9 cm in circumference in a greenhouse in 8 months. Adult plants of L. longiflorum, regenerated from the cells maintained over 4 years produced mostly morphological variants of flower deformities, and among the plants derived from 6-month-old callus of the Oriental hybrid 'Marco Polo', few variants were found. Therefore, bulblets of Easter and Oriental lilies can be produced in quantity relatively in short periods using embryogenic cell cultures.

Incremento em área basal de árvores de uma floresta estacional decidual, em três fases sucessionais, no município de Santa Tereza, RS.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo modelar funções de incremento em área basal para árvores de três fases sucessionais de uma Floresta Estacional Decidual, as quais se denominaram capoeirão, floresta secundária e floresta madura. A área, localizada no município de Santa Tereza, RS, foi amostrada em dois períodos 1996 e 2000, considerando os indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito maior ou igual a 3,2 cm (10 cm de circunferência). Observou-se que, para as árvores da Floresta Estacional Decidual da região do estudo, o incremento periódico anual em área basal pode ser estimado por equações próprias desenvolvidas para cada estágio sucessional ou por meio de uma equação geral, independente do estágio sucessional, sem perda de precisão das estimativas.

Trapping Plum CurculioConotrachelus nenuphar(Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Southern United States

A more practical method than limb jarring is needed to monitor the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), in peach trees. Of 223 orchard visits made in Arkansas, traps captured plum curculio adults on 114 visits, whereas limb jarring did so on only 29 visits. Pyramid traps and jarring tree limbs along the orchard edge began to capture plum curculio adults 1 wk before the start of fruit feeding damage and continued to capture plum curculio adults until after harvest. Pyramid traps located at the edge of the peach orchard caught significantly more adults than did traps placed >30 m into the orchard interior or traps placed along the edge of an adjacent woodlot. Pyramid traps and screen traps captured similar numbers of plum curculio adults in 14 of 17 samples. Only one orchard in Oklahoma and another in Arkansas had smaller circumference tree trunks ( 38 cm in circumference. The derived economic threshold of 0.045 plum curculio adults per pyramid trap per day equated to 1% new fruit damage. This study suggested that combining trap counts with percentage of new fruit damage should be used to make insecticide application decisions against plum curculio.

ESTUDO FITOSSOCIOLÓGICO EM ÁREA DE CERRADO SENSU STRICTO NA ESTAÇÃO DE PESQUISA E DESENVOLVIMENTO AMBIENTAL GALHEIRO - PERDIZES, MG

This work aimed to survey the shrub-arboreal vegetation in an area of cerrado stricto sensu . The point centered quarter me thod was applied in 60 points, spaced at intervals of 10 m, along two transects. In each point were taken data for stem circumference (minimum of 10 cm) at 30 cm and 150 cm above the soil surface. In total, 47 woody species were sampled and distributed in 24 families. For the circumference taken at 150 cm, 240 individuals were sampled and distributed in 39 species representative of 24 families. The most important species were Pterodon pubescens, Piptocarpha rotundifolia and Qualea grandiflora, representing 39.08% of the total IVI. For circumference taken at 30 cm, 240 individuals were sampled and distributed in 43 species, representative of 23 families. The most representative species were Piptocarpha rotundifolia, Miconia albicans and Byrsonima coccolobifolia, representing 23.43% of the total IVI. A high floristic diversity was observed (Shannon's Indice = 3,15 e 3,37, respectivelly), and the method of 130 cm of circumference above the soil surface revealed a prevalence of individuals of arboreal habit with larger IVI's, while, the method of 30 cm sampled both arboreal and shrub individuals.

GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF ORNITHOGALUM DUBIUM

GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF ORNITHOGALUM DUBIUM