Clove Oil Research Articles

Parasiticidal Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Plant Essential Oil Formulations for Controlling Poultry Ectoparasites in Farm Conditions

Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations (NEOFs) have shown remarkable parasiticidal properties in laboratory settings, suggesting the potential for practical farm applications. This study investigates the efficacy of NEOFs—comprising clove and cinnamon essential oils (EOs)—in controlling poultry ectoparasites under real farm conditions. We evaluated the impact of NEOFs on ectoparasite populations, egg-laying performance, egg quality, leukocyte profiles in chicken blood, and potential insecticide residues in eggs. Conducted across various poultry farms, the results revealed that NEOFs achieved an over 95% ectoparasite eradication after two treatments, compared to significantly higher ectoparasite populations in untreated control groups. Egg production was notably higher in NEOF-treated flocks, and the feed conversion ratio was improved. No significant differences in leukocyte profiles were observed between the treated and control groups. In contrast, cypermethrin residues were detectable in eggs for more than eight weeks post-treatment. NEOFs achieved an over 97% ectoparasite extermination within seven days post-treatment, with farmer satisfaction averaging 4.83 out of 5.00. These findings position NEOFs as a highly effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides for managing poultry ectoparasites, offering a viable solution for sustainable poultry farming.

Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Nano-Bilosomal In Situ Gels Containing Anti-Psychotic Clozapine for Treatment of Schizophrenia: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Background/Objectives: Patients with schizophrenia have significant challenges in adhering to and complying with oral medicines, resulting in adverse consequences such as symptom worsening and psychotic relapse. Methods: This study aimed to develop clove oil-based bilosomes using definitive screening design (DSD) to maximize the anti-schizophrenic action of clozapine and promote its nose-to-brain delivery. The target was to optimize the physicochemical properties of bilosomes and incorporate them into mucoadhesive intranasal in situ gels, searching for augmented ex vivo and in vivo clozapine delivery. Results: The bilosomes’ particle size was decreased by increasing the span, SDC, and clove oil amounts. In addition to using a high lipid amount, the aforementioned components also helped increase the entrapment efficiency values. Increased zeta potential was only observed by increasing surfactant amount and reducing clozapine concentration. After incorporation of optimized liquid clove oil-based bilosomes, which had a spherical nano-sized vesicular shape, into P 407-dependent gels, an HPMC (2% w/w)/P 407 (20% w/w)-containing formulation (G6) was selected as an optimized gel owing to its acceptable gelation time (13.28 s), gel strength (27.72 s), viscosity (12,766.67 cP), and mucoadhesive strength (4273.93 dyne/cm2). The optimized G6 exhibited higher Jss (50.86 μg/cm2·h−1) through the nasal mucosa compared to the control gel (23.03 μg/cm2·h−1). Compared to the control gel, G6 displayed higher relative bioavailability (491.37%) than a commercial tablet (264.46%). Following ELISA analysis, dopamine and serotonin were significantly reduced, while BDNF was remarkably increased after administration of optimized G6 into schizophrenic rats. Conclusions: Our study indicates the potential of intranasal bilosomal gels in upgrading the anti-schizophrenic and neuroprotective activity of clozapine.

Augmentation of antifungal activity of fluconazole using a clove oil nanoemulgel formulation optimized by factorial randomized D-optimal design.

In the present study, fluconazole (FLU) showed the highest solubility in clove oil and was selected as the oil phase for the FLU-loaded nanoemulsion (FLU-NE). Among the studied cosurfactants, Labrafac was better than ethanol at providing globules with acceptable sizes and a lower polydispersity index (PDI) when Tween 80 was the surfactant. This optimized FLU-NE was thermodynamically stable. Furthermore, FLU-NE stored at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity for 6months demonstrated good stability. The FLU-NE was converted to a FLU-loaded nanoemulsion gel (FLU-NEG) using 2% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The FLU-NEG was acceptable in terms of visual appearance and spreadability. Rheological studies revealed pseudoplastic behavior for FLU-NEG. The viscosity of FLU-NEG decreased when the applied rpm was increased. FLU-NEG showed greater drug release than that from a FLU-GEL formulation. Furthermore, the FLU release from FLU-NEG followed the Higuchi model. The results from the in vitro antifungal evaluation of FLU-NEG on Candida albicans ATCC 76615 strain confirmed the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU by clove oil. Significant differences were observed in the zones of inhibition produced by FLU-NEG compared to those produced by the blank nanoemulsion gel (B-NEG), fluconazole suspension (FLU-SUS), and nystatin samples. Thus, the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU using clove oil as the oil phase in its nanoemulsion formulation was quite evident from our results. Therefore, the developed FLU-NEG could be considered a potential candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies.

Combining Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles (MBGNs) with Essential Oils to Tackle Bacterial Infection and Oxidative Stress for Bone Regeneration Applications.

Bacterial infectious diseases remain one of the significant challenges in the field of bone regeneration applications. Despite the development of new antibiotics, their improper administration has led to the development of multiresistant bacterial strains. In this study, we proposed a novel approach to tackle this problem by loading clove oil (CLV), a natural antibacterial compound, into amino-functionalized mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs). The scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) revealed that amino-functionalization and CLV loading did not affect the shape and size of the MBGNs. The successful grafting of the amino groups on the MBGNs' surface and the presence of CLV in the material were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. The increased CLV concentration led to a higher loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and antioxidant activity. The in vitro CLV release profile exhibited an initial burst release, followed by a controlled release over 14 days. The loading of CLV into MBGNs led to a stronger antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. aureus, while MG-63 osteoblast-like cell viability was enhanced with no morphological changes compared to the control group. In conclusion, the CLV-MBGNs nanocarriers showed promising properties in vitro as novel drug delivery systems, exploiting essential oils for treating bone infections and oxidative stress.

Exploring the antifungal activity of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against wilt disease caused by Fusarium equiseti in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

This study investigates the isolation and characterization of Fusarium equiseti, a fungal pathogen causing wilt in bitter gourd. It explores the antifungal activity of essential oils, particularly clove oil, as a natural management approach. The pathogen was isolated from wilt-infected bitter gourd stems and it was confirmed as F. equiseti morphologically by the presence of three-septate falcate macroconidia and globose microconidia and also confirmed molecularly by PCR amplification of the ITS region (PP501044.1). Among the tested essential oils, clove oil demonstrated the highest mycelial growth inhibition (100%) at a concentration of 0.5%, followed by peppermint, wintergreen and tea tree oils. In comparison, neem oil exhibited the least inhibition (15.54%). GC-MS analysis of clove oil revealed 38 compounds, where eugenol is the predominant compound that played a crucial role in antifungal activity. Additionally, metabolic analysis revealed several enriched pathways in F. equiseti during its interaction with clove oil, particularly those involved in lipid metabolism and energy production. Pot culture experiments confirmed the efficacy of clove oil in reducing disease severity and incidence in bitter gourd, achieving a 66.99 % reduction when combined with soil application.Furthermore, clove oil-treated plants showed increased activity of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), suggesting the induction of systemic resistance. This study highlights the potential of clove oil as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for managing F. exquisite-induced wilt in bitter gourd. Future research should focus on optimizing clove oil application methods and understanding its interactions with fungal pathogens at the molecular level to enhance its efficacy in sustainable disease management.

Efficacy of Eugenol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Sepsis Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates around the world and is characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, resulting in multiple organ dysfunctions. Eugenol is a phenolic aromatic compound derived from clove oil. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer characteristics, which have led to its extensive use in diverse fields, including cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacology. The ongoing study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (EC-NPs) on sepsis-induced liver damage using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Methods: Thirty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, sepsis, and septic rats treated with chitosan, eugenol, or EC-NPs. Results: EC-NPs showed excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. EC-NP administration significantly improved liver function, as indicated by the decreased liver enzyme activities and C-reactive protein (CRP) level, as well as the increase of albumin content. Moreover, EC-NPs caused an increase in glutathione-reduced and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as a reduction of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide formation. In addition, the EC-NP treatment reduced the DNA damage in septic rats; also, the EC-NP treatment repaired, to some extent, the abnormal architecture of the hepatic tissues of septic rats. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination showed a marked decrease in inflammation through the reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β expression. Conclusion: In conclusion, EC-NPs attenuated liver injury in sepsis through its antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities and protection of DNA.

Deciphering Hyperammonia-Producing Bacteria (HAB) in the Rumen of Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and Their Inhibition through Plant Extracts and Essential Oils

Hyperammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) are a class of microbes present in the stomach of ruminants, responsible for the rapid rate of ammonia production from protein degradation beyond the capacity of these animals for their utilization. Thus, ruminant nutritionists are interested in decreasing ruminal protein degradation and ammonia genesis by focusing on controlling the activity of HAB. The investigations of the present study were carried out to determine predominant hyperammonia-producing bacteria in the rumen of buffaloes, their isolation and characterization, as well as the inhibition of these isolates with various sources of plant secondary compounds (tannins, saponins, and essential oils). Studies employing high-throughput sequencing of amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene from genomic DNA recovered from enrichment culture of HAB of buffalo rumina indicated that, at the phylum level, Proteobacteria (61.1 to 68.2%) was the most predominant HAB. Acidaminococcus was most predominant among the identified genera. In vitro experiments were conducted with enrichment culture of buffalo rumen contents incubated with different types of feed additives such as essential oils (eucalyptus oil, lemon grass oil, and clove oil) and extracts of plants (Sapindus mukorossi fruits and Ficus bengalensis leaves), each at graded dose levels. The reduction in ammonia production by clove and lemon grass oils was evident due to the presence of major bioactive compounds, especially eugenol and limonene, which have strong antimicrobial activity. However, clove oil and Indian soapberry/reetha (Sapindus mukorossi) fruit were found to be promising and effective in reducing the growth, protease production, and ammonia production of HAB culture.

Metabolic Rate of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) in the Face of Common Aquaculture Challenges.

This study examined the metabolic rate (MO2, oxygen consumption) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under normal management conditions in aquaculture. Using an intermittent respirometry system, we assessed daily variations and the effects of feeding, handling, temperature increase, and anesthetics. MO2 exhibited a daily rhythm, with higher values during day. Feeding to satiety produced a 35% increase in MO2 compared to fasted animals, with a maximum peak after 3 h and returning to baseline after 7 h. Handling stress (5 min) produced a 140% MO2 peak (from 180 to 252 mg O2 kg-1 h-1), returning to the routine MO2 after 2.5 h. An increase in water temperature (+0.1 °C min-1) up to 30 °C caused MO2 to peak at 200% after 2.5 h from the start of the temperature increase. The use of common anesthetics in aquaculture (MS-222, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil in deep anesthesia concentration) affects MO2 during the first few minutes after anesthetic recovery, but also during the following 4 h. It can be concluded that the metabolic rate is a good indicator of the goldfish's response to aquaculture practices involving energy expenditure and stress. Thus, intermittent respirometry is a valuable non-invasive tool for understanding and improving fish welfare in aquaculture.

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential for three essential oils on the properties of wood pulp paper

Purpose This study aims to determine the efficiency of three types of essential oils (EOs) as antioxidants on wood pulp paper samples: camphor oil, clove oil and lavender oil. Because of the detrimental influence of the oxidation process on wood pulp paper, this type of paper suffers significant disintegration. Design/methodology/approach The evaluation methodology is based on scanning electron microscope and three directions laser microscope, the hydrogen ion concentration measurement, color change measurement using the CIELAB system and infrared spectrum analysis, as well as investigating the mechanical properties of paper as represented by tensile and elongation to determine Young’s modulus values. Findings According to the findings, camphor was an effective antioxidant for paper samples, protecting them from the damaging effects of oxidation and the impact of artificial aging processes while also improving the mechanical properties of paper. Originality/value This paper emphasizes the concept of using environmentally friendly materials derived from EOs, owing to their ease of application, lack of environmental impact, distinctive properties, low cost and distinctive properties in both curative and preventive conservation of paper manuscripts.

Optimizing professional oral hygiene tactics with various methods and tools: impact on microcirculation in periodontal tissues

Relevance. While professional oral hygiene (POH) is widely implemented in dental practice, there is a notable lack of comprehensive research on its effects on periodontal tissues. This underscores the need to investigate the impact of various air-polishing systems (APS) on periodontal tissues in specific clinical contexts. Choosing the appropriate active ingredient in mouth rinses for antiseptic treatment during the final stage of professional oral hygiene is critical for dental practitioners, as the active ingredient directly affects microcirculation in periodontal tissues.Materials and methods. A standard dental examination was conducted on 200 patients aged 18 to 25 years. Patients were divided into groups based on the active component of the APS: calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, a mixture of calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, trehalose, or glycine. In the second stage of the study, antiseptic treatment was performed according to the active ingredient in the mouth rinse, using one of the following antiseptics: chlorhexidine (0.20%) with hyaluronic acid; a combination of clove and fennel essential oils, bromelain enzyme, and bifidobacterium lysate; or essential oil-based rinses containing thymol, eucalyptol, menthol, and methyl salicylate. The control group used distilled water. Microcirculation dynamics in the periodontal tissues were monitored throughout the study using ultrasound Doppler flowmetry.Results. An increase in microcirculation parameters in periodontal tissues was observed following professional oral hygiene using various APS components, both with and without ultrasonic treatment. The application of mouth rinses as the final step in antiseptic oral care contributed to the restoration of microcirculation in periodontal tissues within 1 hour of use.Conclusion. The study identified the most effective protocol for mouth rinse application, tailored to the active component of the air-polishing system.

The Effectiveness of Essential Oils as Vegetable Pheromones Against Cocoa Pests Using The Trap Method

Cocoa plants are one of the important commodities in plantation crops. The decreasing cocoa production is caused by several factors, one of which is pest attacks. There are several main pests in cocoa plants, namely, fruit borer pests, fruit sucking pests and lice. Currently, the use of chemical insecticides has been widely studied, causing many residues that can pollute the environment and disrupt the stability of the agro-ecosystem. One alternative that can be used is the use of attractants, namely pheromones derived from plant extracts containing essential oils. The use of pheromones with the trap method is one of the insect trapping techniques that has been widely used in control. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best combination of essential oils as vegetable pheromones to control pests in cocoa plants. This study consisted of six treatments and three replications. Treatment consists of use of vegetable pheromones derived from patchouli oil, cinnamon oil, oil nutmeg, clove oil, control (water) and combination (all treatments).

Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Emulgel Containing Eugenia caryophyllus Buds Extract

ABSTRACT: Background: Eugenia caryophyllus is a valuable aromatic spice used in household cooking. Traditional healers frequently employ the plant, which is said to have therapeutic qualities, in herbal concoctions to treat a variety of illnesses and conditions. Objective: Eugenia caryophyllus clove buds have antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The formulation of clove emulgel and its assessment using a variety of evaluation criteria were the main objectives of the current study. Clove emulgel was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Materials and Procedures: We extracted and assessed the oils from Eugenia caryophyllus buds for phytochemical testing using solvents such as methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, and N-hexane. We prepare emulgel and test it for spreadability, pH, and other organoleptic characteristics. We used egg albumin denaturation as a protein to measure the in vitro anti-inflammatory efficacy. We tested the antibacterial susceptibility using the agar-well diffusion method. Results: Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, and glycosides were the phytochemical components found in clove bud extract. Physical factors such as color, consistency, and state—such as semi-solid, smooth, and brownish-gummy—are included in this category of evaluation parameters. The emulgel's pH was 5.35, its spreadability ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 cm, and no phase separation was noticed while the emulgel was stored. An in vitro anti-inflammatory test (spectroscopy method) and an antimicrobial test (zone of inhibition) were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of emulgel. Comparing clove oil emulgel to a typical medication, these evaluations found that it demonstrates strong anti-inflammatory and antibacterial resistance. Conclusion: In conclusion, Clove Buds Emulgel has demonstrated antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Emulgel demonstrated the inhibitory response percentage in relation to the standard. This validates the roles that E. caryophyllus has been shown to play in protecting human health. This innovative emulgel mixture was applied to arthritis to lessen microbial infection and joint discomfort. In addition, more preclinical and clinical trials will be needed for this research in order to successfully commercialize the emulgel formulation for the treatment of inflammation and antimicrobial activity.

Impact of oil type on the development and oral bioavailability of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems containing simvastatin

The aim of this work is to develop and evaluate self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) containing simvastatin to increase its oral bioavailability. Formulation EO 5 (Ethyl oleate 9.3% w/w: Tween 80 49.4% w/w: Propylene glycol 39.3% w/w) and Formulation CL 14 (Clove oil 54.3% w/w: Tween 80 34.4% w/w: Transcutol-P 9.3% w/w) were thoroughly studied. They showed emulsification time less than 1 min, droplet size in the nanometric range, and almost a complete drug release after 2 h. The in-vitro dissolution profile of both formulations was found to be significant in comparison to the pure drug in pH 1.2 and 7.4 buffers (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, they demonstrated superior anti-hyperlipidemic activity in comparison to simvastatin suspension (10 mg/kg/day). In order to investigate the impact of oil type on oral bioavailability, the selected formulations have been examined in terms of the in-vivo pharmacokinetic study, and formulation EO 5 was found to have higher bioavailability. After oral administration of a single dose (40 mg/kg) of simvastatin-loaded SNEDDS (CL14 and EO 5), a 1.5-fold and 1.95-fold increase in bioavailability were observed, respectively, as compared to simvastatin suspension. Hence, the results indicated that the developed SNEDDS could enhance the therapeutic efficacy and oral bioavailability of simvastatin.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Clove Bud Oil and Extract on Bacterial Isolates from Dental Caries

Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent oral health issues worldwide, primarily caused by bacterial activity w ithin the oral cavity. This study investigates the antibacterial activities of clove oil bud against bacteria associated with dental caries. The clove buds were collected, identified, and processed for ethanol extraction of bioactive compounds. Also, 30 samples of dental caries were obtained using swab sticks and cultured on nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol salt agar, then incubated for 24 hours and identified using biochemical tests and molecular analysis. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids (5.033%), saponins (3.50%), flavonoids (0.407%), phenols (0.4545%), tannins (5.227%), and glycosides (2.1285%) in the ethanol extract, while the clove oil contained saponins (8.70%) and a small amount of glycosides (0.0375%). The extracted compounds underwent Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, which identified key constituents such as eugenol, Caryophyllene oxide, and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid. The characterization of the clove oil revealed a density of 0.86 g/cm³, viscosity of 113.59 mm²/s, refractive index of ≥36% Brix, saponification value of 39.19 mg KOH, iodine value of 21.488 g/ml, peroxide value of 13.4 mEq/kg, and a free fatty acid content of 1.37%. Biochemical tests on the bacterial isolates from dental caries samples identified several species, including Actinomyces spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactococcus spp., Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Staphylococcus aureus strain CIB, Bifidobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., and Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrobial activity assay shows that clove oil exhibited significant inhibition of microbial growth at higher concentrations: B.subtilis had inhibition zones of 12 mm at 100 mg/ml, 6 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 2 mm at 25 mg/ml. Similarly, Lacticaseibacillus agile 1365 showed inhibition zones of 14 mm at 100 mg/ml, 8 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 3 mm at 25 mg/ml. S.aureus strain B3A22 had inhibition zones of 10 mm at 100 mg/ml and 6 mm at 50 mg/ml. In contrast, L. paracasei showed minimal inhibition, indicating lower susceptibility to clove oil. On the other hand, the result also illustrates that clove extract was more effective at lower concentrations compared to clove oil. B.subtilis had inhibition zones of 14 mm at 100 mg/ml, 8 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 5 mm at 25 mg/ml. L.paracasei demonstrated inhibition zones of 16 mm at 100 mg/ml, 11 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 8 mm at 25 mg/ml. S.aureus strain B3A22 had inhibition zones of 10 mm at 100 mg/ml and 6 mm at 50 mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of clove oil was found to be 25 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 100 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, and 25 mg/ml for both S.aureus strain CIB and strain B3A22 respectively. In comparison, clove extract demonstrated lower MIC values: 12.5 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 12.5 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 12.5 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of clove oil was 50 mg/ml for B.subtilis, for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 50 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 100 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. In contrast, clove extract showed an MBC of 25 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 50 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 50 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. These results underscore the significant antibacterial activity of clove extract, particularly due to its higher potency at lower concentrations compared to clove oil, supporting its potential use in developing alternative treatments for dental caries.

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF CLOVE AND MORINGA SEEDS AND EVALUATION OF THEIR OILS FOR ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

The current study shows proximate analysis of Syzgium aromaticum (clove) and Moringa oleifera (Moringa) seeds; wherein, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, ash and fibre in clove seeds was 471.38 mg/g.dw, 219.53 mg/g.dw, 217 mg/g.dw, 14.6 mg/g.dw and 21 mg/g.dw while in moringa seeds was 492.32 mg/g.dw, 214.06 mg/g.dw, 114 mg/g.dw, 48.8 mg/g.dw and 20 mg/g.dw respectively. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of Moringa oleifera (moringa) oil revealed presence of 14 different essential fatty acids whereas Syzgium aromaticum (clove) oil revealed presence of 18 different phytocompounds. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that clove and moringa oil have the same total phenolic and total flavonoid levels (TPC and TFC), with higher value of both TPC and TFC in clove oil (24.56 mg/g.dw GE and 6.55 mg/g.dw QE) in comparison to Moringa oil (9.13 mg/g.dw GE and 3.15 mg/g.dw QE). Furthermore, the potent antibacterial as well as antifungal efficacy of both clove oil and moringa oil against E. coli, S. aureus, A. nigerand P. chrysogenum, concluded that clove oil has a greater level of antibacterial and antifungal effectiveness.

Clove oil mediated combustion method synthesised Dy stabilized lanthanum ferrite its application as photocatalyst and antibacterial agent

The work gives the details about the influence of Dy substitution in the Lanthanum ferrite (x = 1 mol%, 3 mol%, 5 mol%, 7 mol%) nanoparticles prepared by biofuel mediated combustion method. The studies of PXRD, SEM, UV-DRS, FTIR, TEM were carried out to understand the structural characteristics. The PXRD shows the high crystalline peak of lanthanum ferrites. From Rietveld refinement analysis confirms orthorhombic structure. The estimated crystal size is 31–43 nm. The band gap from UV -DRS studies was in the 2.4–2.8 eV range. The morphological studies SEM and TEM shows the agglomerated structure. The variation of peak intensity (PXRD), the band gap and the force constant calculated from FTIR confirms the presence of dopant in the host disturbed the crystal lattice. The Photocatalytic degradation for the Eosin Y dye were done under visible light. The 3 mol% Dy doped Lanthanum ferrite shows enhanced results of about 85.09 % in 60 min. The crystallinity nature from XRD and band gap of about 2.4 eV could more most supportive parameters for the nanomaterial for photodegradation. The antibacterial activities for E.coli and P. aeruginosa shown effective activity, which could make the sample to be more applicable towards biomedical field.

Antifungal potential of essential oils from different botanical sources against Penicillium digitatum: chemical composition and antifungal mechanisms of action by direct contact and volatile

Fungal deterioration is a recurring problem in citrus fruits, and the search for natural preservatives has been widely publicised. Therefore, the in vitro antifungal activity of clove, white thyme, tea tree, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus staigeriana, green mandarin, sicilian lemon, sweet orange, and bergamot essential oils (EO’s) was evaluated against the mycelial growth of Penicillium digitatum isolated from contaminated citrus fruits, by direct contact and volatiles action. In addition, the chemical composition and volatile compounds of the EO’s were evaluated by gas chromatography. Clove, white thyme, and Eucalyptus citriodora EO’s inhibited 100% of the mycelial growth of P. digitatum by direct contact and volatile action at concentrations ≤ 2 µL/mL. On the other hand, EO’s from citrus sources could not inhibit 100% of mycelial growth by any mechanism of action. Thus, the clove, thyme, and Eucalyptus citriodora EO’s are promising for developing new ecologically correct products for controlling phytopathogens in citrus fruits.

Enhanced diclofenac sodium delivery through advanced self-microemulsifying pectin-based transdermal patches

Diclofenac sodium (DCFNa) presents significant challenges in local pain relief due to its poor solubility and limited skin permeability. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and skin permeation of DCFNa by developing DCFNa-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) embedded pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) patch. The solubility of DCFNa in various solvents was evaluated, and a ternary phase diagram was constructed to optimize the SMEDDS formulation. The transdermal patch, composed of pectin and polyacrylate, was optimized using a simplex lattice experimental design to achieve the desired adhesion strength and to select the most suitable patch for skin drug accumulation study. Clove oil, Tween® 80, and propylene glycol were identified as the appropriate oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively, for achieving highest DCFNa solubility. The SMEDDS was formed with a ratio of 5:35:60 (oil: Smix [1:1 surfactant: co-surfactant]: water), yielding nano-sized droplets (22.64 ± 0.74 nm) and significantly enhancing DCFNa solubility (329.62 ± 10.16 mg/mL) compared to phosphate buffer (5.03 ± 1.01 mg/mL). The DCFNa-loaded SMEDDS demonstrated a 9-fold increase in skin permeability compared to the DCFNa solution. The optimized PSA patch, containing 20 % pectin and 40 % polyacrylate, exhibited superior tacking and peel strength. Additionally, a 1 % DCFNa-loaded SMEDDS patch delivered twice greater drug accumulation in the skin and showed no skin irritation, maintaining better adhesion for up to 24 h compared to commercial patches.

Effects of different slaughtering methods on the energy metabolism, apoptosis process and quality of grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) during cold storage at 4 °C.

The aquatic processing industry is increasingly aware of the need to ensure that slaughtering is carried out under high welfare standards, so there is a need to explore the impact of slaughter methods on fish fillets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different slaughtering methods (M1, lethality by hammering; M2, gas mixture causing death; M3, lethality by clove oil anesthesia + ice slurry; M4, lethality by ice slurry; M5, lethality by gradient cooling) on the energy metabolism, apoptosis and flesh mass in grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Therefore, 120 fish (24 per treatment) were slaughtered by the five methods. The results showed that the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme activity of M5 sample was higher. The serum glucose level of M2 samples and DAPI staining fluorescence of M2 samples were the highest, indicating that the stress response of M2 was strong. In addition, the texture, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and K value results showed M5 samples had better flesh quality. Gradient cooling lethality had the least effect on oxidative damage and apoptosis in grouper during cold storage as the gradient cooling lethality had the least effect on antioxidant enzyme activities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phytotherapeutic Hierarchical PCL-Based Scaffolds as a Multifunctional Wound Dressing: Combining 3D Printing and Electrospinning.

This study focuses on developing hybrid scaffolds incorporating phytotherapeutic agents via a combination of three-dimensional (3D) printing and electrospinning to enhance mechanical properties and provide antibacterial activity, in order to address the limitations of traditional antibiotics. In this regard, 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) struts are first fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM). Then, alkaline surface treatment is applied to improve the adhesion of electrospun nanofibers. Finally, peppermint oil (PEP) or clove oil (CLV)-incorporated PCL-gelatin (GEL) electrospun nanofibers are collected on top of the 3D-printed PCL scaffolds by electrospinning. Incorporating PEP or CLV into PCL-GEL electrospun nanofibers enhances the scaffold's layer detachment and adhesion force. In addition, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay indicates that incorporating PEP or CLV improves the antioxidant properties of the scaffolds. Further, antibacterial activity results reveal that PEP or CLV incorporated scaffolds exhibit inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Moreover, anti-inflammatory assays show that scaffolds reduce the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) released from Raw 264.7 macrophage-like cells. On the other hand, the phytotherapeutic hierarchical scaffolds have no toxic effect on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells, and PEP or CLV enhance cell attachment and proliferation. Overall, incorporating natural phytotherapeutic agents into hierarchical scaffolds shows promise for advancing wound healing applications.