Kretek Research Articles

Comparison Between The Effect of Clove, Filter and Biomass Cigarette Smoke to The Lung Function of COPD Patients at Harum Melati Pringsewu Clinic Lampung Province, Period January 2013-January 2020

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common disease characterized by respiratory symptoms and limited air flow associated with the airways and/or alveolar abnormalities triggered by a significant effect on substances or gases. COPD is the leading of death cause in the world. COPD can be caused by cigarette smoke and biomass. Method: This research is aquantitative method with descriptive analytic and retrospective approach. The samples were 203 COPD patients taken from medical records January 2013-January 2020 at Harum Melati Pringsewu Clinic Lampung Province with statistical test use Analysis Varians (ANOVA) technique. Results: From the characteristics based on type of COPD smoke exposure were clove smokers 127 people (62.6%), filter smokers 3 people (1.5%) and biomass users 73 people (36.0%). The mean lung function COPD patients based on type of smoke exposure were 127 people with clove smokers with average lung function value 55.03%, the lowest value 12.20% and the highest 121.50%. Filter smokers of 3 people with average lung function value 75.07%, the lowest value was 67.00% and the highest 81.41%. Biomass users 73 people with average lung function value 56.91%, the lowest value 19.50% and the highest 149.13%. Comparison the effect clove cigarettes smoke, filter cigarettes and biomass on the pulmonary function of COPD patients obtained P=0.319. Conclusion: There is a decrease lung function in clove smokers, filter smokers and biomass users in COPD patients but not statistically significant difference.

Visual Metafunction In Cigarette A Mild Advertisements: A Multimodal Analysis

Departing from multimodal approach, this study attempted to analyze the different semiotic resources used by A Mild, a giant Indonesian cigarette brand from Sampoerna, and to realize how these resources convey interpretations and messages in their billboard ads. The data of the study are three A Mild billboard advertisement images that analyzed using the visual grammar framework proposed by Kress and Leeuwen (2006) that consist of representational function, interactive function, and compositional function. The findings revealed that A Mild designed their billboard advertisements to create movements as to affect the viewer’s emotion through the implicit use of representational features that utilized processes like narrative and conceptual, interactive features. They are realized in the gaze, power, social distance, and modality. In terms of the compositional features, they employed the important and less important elements on the image. It can be concluded that the involvement of the verbal elements on the image affect the interpretation of the image.

Health Risks of Kretek Cigarettes: A Systematic Review.

IntroductionThe objective of this study is review the evidence on the health risks associated with smoking kretek cigarettes compared with not smoking or smoking regular cigarettes.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search in five electronic databases: EMBASE (Ovid), ASSIA, PubMed and Scopus. Since kretek use is largely restricted to Indonesia, we identified additional studies using an online search for grey literature and studies in Indonesian journals and the National Library of Indonesia. We included relevant search terms in English (“kretek” and “clove cigarettes”) and Bahasa (“rokok” and “merokok”). We selected studies which compared any health outcome between smokers of kretek cigarettes and non-smokers or smokers of regular cigarettes. We included studies in any smokers compared to non-smokers in Indonesia, since most Indonesian smokers use kretek, but analysed these separately. Study data were extracted by a single reviewer and checked by two reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.ResultsWe identified 32 studies, all from Indonesia. There were 31 cross-sectional studies and one case control study. This systematic review identified a relatively limited number of studies, and most of these were of poor quality as assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa score. They were generally cross-sectional, small and lacking justification for sample size, had high potential for selection bias because of lack of data on non-respondents or those lost to follow up, and missing information about the statistical analysis. Fourteen studies looked specifically at kretek exposure and eighteen looked at any type of cigarette exposure but were conducted in Indonesia are therefore likely to predominantly reflect kretek exposure. Kretek were found to be associated with oral cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic health disease, myocardial infarction, asthma, and oral diseases.ConclusionsAlthough existing studies are of poor quality, kretek are likely to be at least as harmful as regular cigarettes.

Settling outside the WTO: the case of the Indonesia-US kretek cigarette trade dispute, 2010–2014

ABSTRACT In 2010, Indonesia officially filled a complaint to the World Trade Organization (WTO) over a dispute regarding the US import ban on clove cigarettes. Despite the fierce exchange of arguments in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), in 2014, Indonesia and the US agreed to cease the formal pursuit and resolve trade disputes through signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) encompassing a more comprehensive trade partnership. This paper examines the reasons behind Indonesia’s preference for settling the clove cigarette dispute by signing the MoU with the US, stemming from the Indonesian Government’s perception of the shared benefits generated and WTO DSB’s institutional weaknesses. The MoU also allows the Indonesian Government to advance its foreign policy agenda and its trade diplomacy objectives, offering broader sets of advantages.

Distribution of black shank disease on Temanggung tobacco and environmental factors affecting disease development

Temanggung tobacco recognized for its aromatic character and high-nicotine content is a main component of clove cigarette. Currently, it only fulfils 30% of market requests. A major issue is low productivity caused by land fertility degradation and pathogens invasion such as Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of black shank disease. This research aimed to determine the incidence level and distribution of the disease within tobacco plantation in Temanggung. A survey was conducted on 53 locations determined by a land system method. The incidence of black shank was recorded for each location as well as soil samples were also taken to identify soil nutrient contents. The results revealed that black shank was found at various incidence levels in several sampling points, especially in the paddy land. In dry land, none of black shank was found. In contrast, in paddy land black shank incidence reached up to 44%. It indicated that environmental condition influenced development of black shank. C-organic has a negative correlation with black shank incidence. High black shank incidence took place in low C-organic areas. C-organic has an important effect on the improvement of physical and chemical structure of soil characters as well as the equilibrium of soil microbes.

Hubungan Klasifikasi Perokok dengan Kesehatan Jaringan Periodontal Masyarakat yang Merokok di Pulau Harapan diukur dengan Skor CIPTN

The Ministry of Health in Alamsyah, (2017) states that smoking behavior is an activity of burning one of the tobacco products, then smoking or inhaling the smoke, including clove cigarettes, white cigarettes, cigars or other forms produced from the nicotina tabacum, nicotina rustica and other species. The classification of smokers consists of: light smokers (1-4 cigarettes/day), moderate smokers (5-14 cigarettes/day), heavy smokers (> 15 cigarettes/day). This study was conducted to obtain an overview of the health of the periodontal tissue in people who smoke on the island of Harapan. Data were collected by classifying smokers and intra-oral examination of CPITN on every community who smoked on the island of Harapan whose results were recorded on the examination sheet. This examination was carried out in January 2020. The data were analyzed by Univariate and Bivariate. Based on the results of research on male smokers in Harapan Island, Seribu Islands region, it can be concluded that there are no smokers who have a score of 0 or have healthy periodontal tissue. In the category of moderate smokers, the highest number of CIPTN 2 scores or had tartar on the sub gingiva was 9 people (52.9%), while in the heavy smoker group the highest score also had CIPTN 2 scores or had tartar on the sub gingiva as many as 18 people (48,6%). The statistical test results obtained P = 0.029 where the P value <0.05, it can be concluded that there is a difference in the proportion of the classification of smokers to the state of the periodontal tissue calculated based on the CIPTN status or there is a significant relationship between the classification of smokers and the state of the periodontal tissue calculated by the CIPTN score).

DETERMINING TSUNAMI DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR STUDENTS IN BANTUL DISASTER PREPARED SCHOOL, YOGYAKARTA

The Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) mapped 52 villages in the southern region of Yogyakarta Special Region as an area prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. The potential of tsunamialong the southern coast of Java Island is due to the geographical location of Indonesia that is flanked by the Eurasia Asia - Australia plate and the Pacific and Philippine plates are quite active. Disaster preparedness school is the important key to protecting children and young people in creating a conducive and safe learning environment from unavoidable disasters. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of tsunami disaster preparedness in disaster preparedness school students in Kretek Bantul. This research method is descriptive quantitative using cross-sectional design. The population to be taken in this study were students of SMPN 2 Kretek Bantul Disaster Alert School Sampling using a purposive sampling technique with the number of samples in this study were 115 students. The results of this study indicate that the determinants of students' tsunami disaster preparedness at SMP Negeri 2 Kretek Bantul are knowledge, attitudes, awareness, and experience factors, while the factors that do not affect preparedness are perceptions and infrastructure.

Analysis of Risk Factors that Influence the Lumbago Event in Hand-Rolled Clove Cigarette Workers at Margantara Jaya Cigarette Factories

Background: Lumbago or low back pain (LBP) is one of the musculoskeletal disorders, it is the result of incorrect ergonomics. Back pain is a problem in many countries, because it often affects productivity of the work. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the incidence of low back pain reaching 60-70% occurs in early adulthood.
 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze of working period, the length of sitting, and sitting position in lumbago event and look for the most dominant factors among the three variables at Margantara Jaya Tulungagung Cigarette Factory.
 Methodhs: The study design used quantitative research as the research design by using a “cross sectional” approach. The sampling technique was used by the researcher was Simple Random Sampling with a sample calculation formula obtained a sample of 135 respondents. The data analysis techniques were using the Logistic Regression test.
 Results: The result showed that from 135 respondents who had been studied by the researcher, it was found that 115 respondents (85%) had positive lumbago. 80 of 135 respondents (59%) had more than 10 years of service, and 114 of 135 respondents (84%) sat for more than 9 hours per day and 122 of 135 respondents (92%) were in ergonomic sitting position. Based on the Logistic Regression test based on the omnibus test of the model, it showed a significance value of p-value = 0,000 <α = 0.05, it meant that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, this means that there was a joint effect between the factors of work period, length of work and sitting position of lumbago incidents in hand- rolled clove cigarette workers. Based on the value of Exp (B) with the highest value Exp (B) = 187,663 it can be concluded that the most dominant factor that affecting the lumbago event is the sitting position.
 Conclusion: There is a relationship between the factors of work period, length of work and sitting position of lumbago incidents in hand- rolled clove cigarette workers and the most dominant factor that affecting the lumbago event is the sitting position.

The clove tree and its products (clove bud, clove oil, eugenol): prosperous today but what of tomorrow’s restrictions?

Context of the study – The clove tree, farmed primarily in Indonesia, Madagascar, the Comoros, Tanzania and Sri Lanka, produces two major commodities: the clove and the eugenol-rich essential oil. At the present time, the clove caters to the spice market, which is concentrated in India, as well as the market for the traditional Indonesian cigarette, the kretek, which accounts for 70% of world output. The essential oil extract is exploited for its various properties: plasticising, anaesthetic, antimicrobial and organoleptic, which are deployed in the cosmetics, dentistry and agro-food sectors. Several innovative, often cutting edge, applications are currently being researched, taking advantage of its profile as an organic product derived from green chemistry, implicated in the agroecology approach. The main areas concerned are medicine, agri-food and agronomy. Aim of the study – We are considering a series of plausible hypotheses of evolutions in demand on the international market, to assess how the development of current and potential applications might steer the market in the coming years and decades. We are exploring their impact on the offer of producing countries, and therefore, on the incomes of local farmers and distillers. Methodology – Our approach is based on an extensive bibliography. Remarkable results – The clove sector is under threat from various sources: American cigarette manufacturers' offensive to conquer the vast Indonesian market, disregard for quality, inter-annual variation of production, competition between clove producing countries, as well as substitute products, impact of oil extraction methods on firewood consumption. A few forward-looking elements are given, particularly concerning the impact of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion – These threats need to be anticipated and taken into consideration by all actors of the sectors for the clove and its products to continue providing a reliable source of income to thousands of small farmers in the producing countries.

Determinan Risiko Sistematis pada Perusahaan Rokok di Indonesia

This study aims to examine the effect of company size, sales growth, and financial leverage on systematic risk in the Indonesian cigarette industry. The variable total assets is used to proxy for company size, long term debt-to-equity ratio for financial leverage, and beta stock—collected from the third party—for systematic risk. Four cigarette companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange are sampled for this study in the 2016Q2-2018Q4 period. Hypothesis testing is done using panel data regression. The results show that ceteris paribus, company size and financial leverage have a positive effect on systematic risk, while sales growth statistically has no effect.

PERAN WTO DALAM MEMBANGUN PENEGAKAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP PROTEKSIONISME (STUDI KASUS: SENGKETA DAGANG ROKOK KRETEK INDONESIA)

Indonesia’s objection to the United States (US) over a clove ban in 2010 was one of the most difficult trade dispute cases that Indonesia has ever submitted. The dispute between both countries in the clove cigarettes negotiations was actually completed in 2014 after the two countries agreed on mutual understanding (MoU) related to cigarettes. Indonesia's victory over the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) by the World Trade Organization (WTO) shows the enforcement of international law in intervening in a country's domestic policies.Although it took great deal of time, Indonesia's victory over US becomes a lesson learned. This victory proves the role of the WTO in resolving trade dispute cases and refutes the notion of a superpower in particular the US being immune to the international law. US domestic trade policies that impose a ban on clove cigarettes have deviated from WTO rules and have harmed Indonesia as a producer

Identification of Free Radical in Main Stream Cigarette Smoke in Cigarette with Clove mix (Kretek) and Cigarette without Clove mix (White)

Cigarette smoke is a source of free radicals. Cigarette smoke is a component of Aerosols and free gases that contain large amounts of chemical compounds. Cigarette smoke can be divided into two: main smoke and side smoke. The main smoke of cigarettes inhaled by smokers is known to cause a buildup of harmful substances and causes of oxidative stress so that research is carried out using ESR Leybold Heraeus. The sample used is a smoke sample from two types of cigarettes that are popular in Indonesia. The measurement is done by pulling smoke directly into the measurement tube. Then the resonance pattern is observed and the external magnetic field is calculated and the value of the lande factor is based on frequency and current data. Measurements result showed resonance in both types of cigarettes, at a frequency of 32.4-70.8 MHz and obtained values of lande factors that vary and have a value between 1.9-2.1 with two acquisition values that are outside the range that is 1.8368; and 2.2060. There are differences in the number of resonances that occur for each sample. This difference can be due to differences in the constituent of content and the texture of cigarettes which can affect the results of the combustion process.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKSPOR CENGKEH INDONESIA TAHUN 2001-2015

Cloves origin Indonesia has been known since the 17th century. The presence of clove cigarette factory to make the production of national cloves absorbed in the domestic market so that the amount exported quite fluctuate. In addition to useful food and cooking spices, cloves in certain countries such as China and Japan are in demand for incense makers used in religious ceremonies. This study aims to identify the factors that influence and examine how much influence the amount of production, domestic consumption, domestic prices, export prices and exchange rates on clove export volume in 2001-2015. Data analyzed descriptively analytical with quantitative approach and using equation multiple linear regression. The results showed that production, domestic consumption, domestic prices, export prices and exchange rates had a 53.2% and significant effect on Indonesian clove exports from 2001-2015. Government policy support in empowerment of extension and farmer group organization is needed to increase clove production in Indonesia, so as to increase the export volume of cloves. DOI : https://doi.org/10.33005/adv.v8i2.1805

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CIGARETTE PACKS IN INDONESIA: REGULATORY NON- COMPLIANCE AND PRODUCT PROMOTION ADVANTAGE

Background: A cigarette pack is the most intimate property and frequently seen by smokers every time they want to start smoking. It gives tobacco industry the opportunity to scrutinize every single space including the inside part of the pack to promote tobacco product and it is often called a mini billboard.Objective: To analyze possible violations if any against the existing regulations on packaging and labelling and to uncover packaging design and types of promotional elements on cigarette packs. Methods: A purposive sample based on the assessment and discussion with the representatives of National Agency of Drug and Food Control that generated a total of 42 cigarette packs representing 18 sample from Jakarta, 5 most popular brands, 18 special edition packs, and 1 illegal cigarettes. The observation units, variables and observable signs that covered the materials, size, content of the entire pack including the cigarettes stick were set by Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance and analyzed against the existing regulation.Results: There were two brands produced in 2019 that did not comply with the latest sets of Pictorial Health Warning. About 40.5% of sample (n=17) did not include information on production dates on the pack as mandated by Government Regulation Number 109/2012. The back panels of the top of pictorial health warning in all machine-made cigarettes were partially bunged up by excise tax stamps with exception of hand-rolled clove cigarettes. The tobacco industry took the advantage of the cigarette packs’ violations for product promotion, among others providing information on filter technology, promoting the upcoming tobacco-sponsored events, relating the product with imported goods by mentioning the country of brand origin, and using the flip lid of the pack to promote the brand name reputation. A total of 83.3% (n=35) samples gives additional products description such as bold, mild, lights, super, and special.Conclusion: The tobacco industry uses the ample spaces on both outer and inner panels of cigarette packs to promote their products, no single corners are left empty. The study confirmed violations of the regulation for product promotion.

Cigarette Rod Sorting System on Conveyors

Kretek cigarettes are a type of cigarette that is still in demand today. The manufacturing of kretek cigarettes in factories still has limitations, especially in the process weighing cigarettes per stick. From this problem, a tool is needed to separate cigarettes based on the weight of the cigarette that has been determined per stick. And the results of the cigarette weight sorter can be monitored via the website to reduce errors in the size of the clove cigarette. The method used in this study is to make a cigarette sorting tool using a conveyor with a DC servo motor component as a driving force for the conveyor to be 3 parts by weight, namely parts weigh <1.5 grams, parts weight> 1.5 grams and parts = 1.5. gram. Based on the results of the study, 1 pack of cigarettes where each pack contains 12 cigarettes shows that there are 2 cigarettes <1.5 grams, 7 cigarettes> 1.5 grams and 3 cigarettes corresponding to 1.5 grams. The results of the study indicate that the manufacture of a cigarette sorting system on the conveyor can help the cigarette weighing process to be more precise.

Wistar Rat Weight Loss on Conventional Cigarette Exposure Compared to E-Cigarette

Several studies have shown that smoking behavior is closely related to weight and obesity. Smokers tend to prefer fatty foods with high calories which ultimately makes a smoker vulnerable to being overweight. However, there are some studies that show lower body weight was found in smokers than nonsmokers. Our aim is to evaluate the short-term effects of smoking with conventional cigarettes and e-cigarret on weight changes in Wistar rats because animals try to minimize some confounding factors that are difficult to work on human samples (for example, physical activity, diet and motivation). This research is an experimental study, using 8-week-old male Wistar rats with body weight 150-200 grams divided randomly into 5 groups, namely 1) the group was not treated, 2) the filter cigarette exposure group, 3) the clove cigarette group , 4) e-cigarette group with a dose of 3 mL with nicotine content of 0 mg, and 5) ecigarette group with a dose of 3 mL with nicotine content of 3 mg. Body weight measurements using a digital scale. The results showed that there was a significant change in body weight between clove cigarettes and filter cigarettes with p = 0.024. In the results of this study, showed weight loss in all groups given cigarette smoke. Weight loss was significantly lower in the filter cigarette group compared to clove cigarettes and there was no significant weight difference between the conventional cigarette group and e-cigarette. This is likely the cigarette filter actually creates a major problem for smokers because of the design and materials used so it does not provide a safer effect for smoker.

Smoking History, Smoking Intensity, and Type of Cigarette as Risk Factors of Bladder Cancer

Smoking is a major risk factor that plays a role in the incidence of bladder cancer. Carcinogens from cigarettes are excreted through the urine, so direct contact with the urinary tract occurs and increases the risk of malignancy. Literature is obtained from the search results of PubMed, Medscape, and Science Direct electronic databases with some keywords used. Starting in 2009, 88 literature results were collected through the electronic databases of PubMed, Medscape, and Science Direct. After applying the exclusion criteria, 12 articles are included in this literature review with 536,989 bladder cancer patients and 52,753 controls in total. High clove cigarette smoking intensity (>40 cigarettes/day) is a risk of causing urothelial carcinoma bladder cancer. Clove cigarettes pose the highest risk of bladder cancer. Compared to clove cigarette, cigars, and tobacco pipes have relatively lower risk of causing bladder cancer. Meanwhile, other types of cigarettes, such as shisha and electronic cigarettes, do not eliminate the risk of bladder cancer. Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer. The current smoking history was associated with a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to the former history of smoking. Different types of smoking have different risks of bladder cancer.

Rokok dalam Aspek Sosial-Agama Masyarakat Indonesia

Cigarette has been popular among Indonesian since 8th AD. Along with the times, people are starting to realize the dangers of smoking. Interestingly in Indonesia, one of the companies with the highest valuation on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, PT HM Sampoerna, which is a market leader in the Indonesian cigarette industry with a market share of 35%. This shows that the cigarette industry is still one of the excellent industries in Indonesia. This paper will examine how the impact of external factors represented by economic, demographic, socio-cultural, religious, and governance aspects influences the cigarette industry. This study will provide an overview of external factors that provide opportunities and threats to an industry, especially the cigarette industry. The conclusions of this study will provide a form of attitude towards the influence of external conditions for the cigarette industry so that cigarette manufacturers can formulate strategic steps to maximize the opportunities created by related external aspects.

Representasi Identitas Nasionalisme Indonesia dalam Iklan Rokok Dji Sam Soe “Mahakarya”

Dji Sam Soe “Mahakarya” is one of the Indonesian cigarette advertisements that raises the theme of nationalism. Dji Sam Soe “Mahakarya” gave a message of nationalism to continue to love his own country, namely Indonesia. The advertisement invites the Indonesian people to continue to love this country amid the rapid pace of modernization. This udy aims to determine the representation of national identity in the cigarette advertisement of Dji Sam Soe “Ma erpiece”. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data analysis in the form of identifying signs, under anding, and analysis. The results showed that there were two forms of representational meanings in the Dji Sam Soe “Mahakarya” ad, namely the representation of national identity in Mooie Indie and representation of Balinese cultural inclusion. National identity representation in Mooie Indie is shown in the aspect of love for the land of birth. Love of birthplace visualized by the ate of Indonesia. Its form is in the form of loving one’s own country.

JUUL from the USA to Indonesia: implications for expansion to LMICs

Indonesia has one of the largest tobacco markets in the world, well known for their clove cigarettes, kreteks . However, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are growing in popularity among Indonesians. While...