Clothing System Research Articles

Dental Public Health in Action: Experiences and Responses of Oral Health Care Professionals during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malta.

Initial impetus for action: Maltese Oral Health Care Professionals (OHCP) experienced changes to clinical practice and redeployment during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the early stages, there were few data on the resultant changes to the provision of dental services or their impact on the wellbeing of dental professionals. Solutions Suggested: Two questionnaires were designed to explore different domains in OHCP working on the frontline of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as in other areas/sectors. The findings were intended to inform guidance documents and to better support the profession. Findings: Anxiety-provoking factors, challenges, and areas of concern of OHCP were identified and practical recommendations to support transitioning to the 'new normal' were presented. OHCP expressed anxiety about contracting COVID-19 from their workplace and passing infection to other family members, friends, or patients. As a result, OHCP expressed the need for better protective clothing, workplace ventilation, and air filtration systems. Future implications: Provision of adequate PPE for OHCP was a priority. New guidelines for dental practice were informed by the experiences of the particpating OHCP. University modules to enhance the resilience of OHCP were among the recommendations to support practitioners.

Modeling and Simulation of Human Body Heat Transfer System Based on Air Space Values in 3D Clothing Model.

Comfort can be considered as subjective feeling, which could be affected by the external ambient, by the physical activity, and by clothing. Considering the human body heat transfer system, it mainly depends on various parameters including clothing materials, external and internal environment, etc. The purpose of the current paper is to study and establish a quantitative relationship between one of the clothing parameters, ease allowance (air gap values) and the heat transfer through the human body to clothing materials and then to the environment. The study considered clothing which is integrated with the 3D ease allowance from the anthropometric and morphological data. Such incorporating of the clothing’s 3D ease control was essential to properly manage the air space between the body and the proposed clothing thermal regulation model. In the context of thermal comfort, a clothing system consisting of the human body, an ease allowance under clothing, a layer of textile materials, and a peripheral layer adjacent to the textile material was used. For the complete system, the heat transfer from the skin to the environment, which is influenced by thermoregulation of the human body, air gap, tissue, and environmental conditions were also considered. To model and predict the heat transfer between the human body and the temperature of skin and clothes, a 3D adaptive garment which could be adjusted with ease allowance was used. In the paper, a thermoregulatory model was developed and proposed to predict the temperature and heat within clothing material, skin, and air space. Based on the result, in general the main difference in the temperature of clothing and skin from segment to segment is due to the uneven distribution of air layers under the clothing.

3D 가상착의 시스템을 활용한 셀러브리티 의상 재현 연구 : 그레이스 켈리의 레이디라이크 룩 스타일 의상을 중심으로

A 3D virtual clothing system is being developed using cutting-edge IT technology in collaboration with the fashion industry. This highly efficient system should enable researchers to virtually recognize the silhouette, fit, and expression of a fabric without actually constructing sample clothes. The fourth industrial revolution’s highly developed IT technology has produced an increasing demand for 3D virtual clothing systems. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the practicality of such a system. To begin, the research team used a 3D virtual clothing system to reconstruct a costume worn by Grace Kelly in a film and then attempted an appearance evaluation. Next, the researchers conducted an appearance evaluation of a real clothing model of the same costume. After this, the team compared the results of the two evaluations. Therefore, this study should contribute to the development of 3D virtual clothing systems. Additionally, this work could indicate further research directions by suggesting ways to reconstruct clothes in old relics or disappearing films using a 3D virtual clothing system.

Source strength as a measurement to define the ability of clean air suits to reduce airborne contamination in operating rooms

Surgical site infections after total hip and knee replacement are linked to the quality of the operating room (OR) air. Applying tight occlusive clothing, effective ventilation and correct working methods are key concepts to obtain low bacterial concentrations in the OR air. The dry penetration test referred to in European standard EN 13795-2:2019 is a screening method for materials used in surgical clothing. Source strength, defined as the dispersal of bacteria-carrying particles from persons during activity, is a functional test of clothing systems and has been calculated in a dispersal chamber and in ORs. Results from both tests can be used when comparing surgical clothing systems. This study relates results of dry penetration tests to source strength values for five surgical clothing systems available on the Swedish market. Experimental data are reported on the function of these products, expressed as source strength calculated from results in a dispersal chamber and in ORs during orthopaedic operations. All materials tested with dry penetration ≤50 colony-forming units (cfu) had source strength values <3 cfu/s for one person in the dispersal chamber, whereas the material of one product when laundered >50 times had source strength in the dispersal chamber of up to 8 cfu/s. The dry penetration test could predict the performance of clean air suits of the same design, but more studies are needed to obtain a more valid correlation. Requirements of source strength should be included in standards.

Influence of surface material and reprocessing on the durability of antimicrobial surfaces

Abstract The risk of infection from contaminated surfaces has already been shown in several publications. Due to the increased demand for optimized infection control measures during the Corona pandemic, antimicrobial surface technologies have gained more an interest. Apart from many proofs of efficacy, there are only a few studies dealing with the durability of these surface coatings with regard to the material and the reprocessing measures. This work did therefore examine the impact of different materials and surface textures, as well as different detergents and disinfectants, on the durability of antimicrobial surface technologies. Differently structured materials (glass, wood, plastics, metal) and wallpaper bonded to plasterboard were coated with an TiO2Ag based antimicrobial coating (HECOSOL GmbH, Bamberg). These test samples are then used to perform abrasion tests with various cleaning and disinfecting agents and cloth systems (microfiber cloth, cotton cloth, foam cloth). The majority of the test samples in our experimental setup showed at least significant activity. According to our results, both the selection of cleaning and disinfection methods including wiping systems and the surface material have a major impact on the durability of antimicrobial coatings. In order to be able to come to conclusions about the long-term activity of these surface technologies, the effectiveness should be tested not only during the development phase, but also in the finished product and again after several reprocessing cycles in use.

Aerogel incorporated flexible nonwoven fabric for thermal protective clothing

Aerogel-nonwoven fabrics are gradually emerging as a promising alternative in the field of thermal protective textiles. Although currently available commercial aerogel-nonwovens can provide some degree of flexibility and find their way into the conventional textiles, their flexibility has not yet reached an acceptable level essential for clothing comfort. Fabric flexibility is important for the aesthetics, comfort, and functionality of clothing. This article demonstrates the design and fabrication of an aerogel-nonwoven fabric as a thermal liner in a multilayered protective clothing system that is significantly more flexible than commercial aerogel-nonwoven fabrics. The developed aerogel-nonwoven composite possesses almost similar dry and radiant heat resistance but inferior contact heat resistance in comparison to commercial aerogel nonwovens. It has high air and moisture vapour permeability compared to its commercial counterpart and will provide satisfactory thermal comfort to the wearer in hot and humid environments. The overall thermal resistance performance, together with high flexibility and moisture management capability, make the aerogel-nonwoven fabric a potential alternative to commercial nonwovens for any thermal protective clothing system where fabric flexibility and thermal comfort are the key requirements.

Unravelling the Role of Temperature and Photoperiod on Poinsettia Heat Delay

The effects of day temperature (DT), night temperature (NT), and night length (NL) were evaluated on the flowering responses of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) cultivars Orion Red and Prestige Red, respectively. Plants were placed under 60 DT × NT × NL treatments that consisted of three DT (20, 24, 28 °C), four NT (16, 20, 24, 28 °C), and five NL (10, 11, 12, 13, 14 hours) for the first 17 days of the experiment. After 17 days, all plants were consolidated to one greenhouse with an inductive environment (14-hour NL, 24 ± 2.0 °C DT and 21.2 ± 1.4 °C NT), and the timing of first color, visible bud, and anthesis were recorded. ‘Orion Red’ reached anthesis 8 to 10 days faster than ‘Prestige Red’ across all NLs; however, in both cultivars, days to anthesis decreased in a sigmoidal pattern as NL increased. The relative rate of progress to anthesis (1/days to anthesis) under a 12-hour NL was approximately half that of plants grown at a 13- or 14-hour NL. At a 12-hour NL, the relative rate of progress to anthesis decreased linearly as DT increased for both cultivars. At 13- to 14-hour NL, DT had relatively little effect on the relative rate of progress to anthesis. Thus, high DT delayed flowering of both heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cultivars when flower initiation occurred under NL, typical of naturally occurring NLs in September and early October (i.e., 12-hour NL), whereas high DT did not delay flowering for either cultivar under a 14-hour NL, which is typically provided under black cloth systems. In contrast, the flowering responses to NT were quite different for the two cultivars. The heat-tolerant cultivar showed relatively little change in the relative rate of progress to anthesis as NT increased from 16 to 28 °C within each NL treatment; however, the heat-sensitive cultivar displayed a large decrease in the relative rate progress to anthesis as NT increased from 20 to 28 °C within each NL treatment. Although the delayed flowering that occurred at 28 °C and 14-hour NL was significant, the relative rate of progress to anthesis at this treatment was significantly higher than the 28 °C and 12-hour NL treatment. This suggests that artificially shortening NL to 14 hours with a black cloth system does not prevent heat delay of poinsettia, but it allows for more rapid flowering than if flower initiation took place under natural NL (≈12 hours). To summarize, high DT affected flowering when flower initiation took place at 12-hour NL for heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive poinsettia cultivars, whereas high NT uniquely delayed flowering of the heat-sensitive cultivar at NL from 12 to 14 hours.

Self-healable organic light-emitting devices based on electronic textiles

Wearable displays that can be applied to smart clothing systems are attracting attention as a core technology in terms of the communication between machines and humans. However, currently available displays still lack durability under random deformations of clothes. Here, we report a self-healable organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) for smart clothing system, which can recover from the various physical deformations of clothing. The reduced luminance of damaged OLEDs can be recovered again, and the structure variation caused by repetitive motions of the OLEDs can be restored to the original shape. In addition, the operating voltage of the self-healable OLEDs is 2.9 V, which is the lowest among those reported for light-emitting devices with self-healing materials. The electroluminescence intensity at 514 nm of a damaged OLEDs is only about 14.2% of its initial value due to the formations of leakage currents around internal and external cracks. However, the electroluminescence intensity at 514 nm of a damaged device recovers to 95.3% of its initial value due to the self-healing property of the polyvinyl alcohol:Agar nanocomposite and the shape-memory property of the cross-linked polyurethane. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our newly developed self-healable OLEDs represents a new core technology for future smart clothing systems because it can self-recover from damage.

Synthesis, Fabrication, and Characterization of Functionalized Polydiacetylene Containing Cellulose Nanofibrous Composites for Colorimetric Sensing of Organophosphate Compounds.

Organophosphate (OP) compounds, a family of highly hazardous chemical compounds included in nerve agents and pesticides, have been linked to more than 250,000 annual deaths connected to various chronic diseases. However, a solid-state sensing system that is able to be integrated into a clothing system is rare in the literature. This study aims to develop a nanofiber-based solid-state polymeric material as a soft sensor to detect OP compounds present in the environment. Esters of polydiacetylene were synthesized and incorporated into a cellulose acetate nanocomposite fibrous assembly developed with an electrospinning technique, which was then hydrolyzed to generate more hydroxyl groups for OP binding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Instron® tensile tester, contact angle analyzer, and UV–Vis spectroscopy were employed for characterizations. Upon hydrolysis, polydiacetylene esters in the cellulosic fiber matrix were found unaffected by hydrolysis treatment, which made the composites suitable for OP sensing. Furthermore, the nanofibrous (NF) composites exhibited tensile properties suitable to be used as a textile material. Finally, the NF composites exhibited colorimetric sensing of OP, which is visible to the naked eye. This research is a landmark study toward the development of OP sensing in a protective clothing system.

Novel Decision Making Framework Based on Complex q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Information

The q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFSs) are increasingly valuable to express fuzzy and vague information, as the generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs). In this paper, we propose complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (C$q$-ROFSs) as a new tool to deal with vagueness, uncertainty and fuzziness by extending the range of membership and non-membership function of $q$-ROFS from real to complex number with the unit disc. We develop some new complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher operations and complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher aggregation operators, i.e., the complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher weighted average (C$q$-ROFHWA) operator, and the complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher weighted geometric (C$q$-ROFHWG) operator. Subsequently, we introduce the innovative concept of a complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy graphs based on Hamacher operator called complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher graphs (C$q$-ROFHGs) and determine its energy and Randi\'{c} energy. In particular, we present the energy of a splitting C$q$-ROFHG and shadow C$q$-ROFHG. Further, we describe the notions of complex $q$-rung orthopair fuzzy Hamacher digraphs (C$q$-ROFHDGs). Finally, a numerical instance related to the facade clothing systems selection is presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed concepts in decision making (DM).

Some observations on protective efficacy of surgical clothing systems with additional clothing components concerning airborne bacteria-carrying particles measured during ongoing surgery

The main source of airborne bacteria-carrying particles is the staff and the patient. In order to reduce airborne bacteria-carrying particles from the staff, it is important that the surgical team wears a functional clothing system. This paper compares results from measurement studies of the protective efficacy, i.e., source strength, of a surgical clothing system with different additional clothing components. The studies were performed during ongoing surgery. The results show that the use of disposable hood or textile hood and the use of knee-length textile boots have considerable influence on the source strength, i.e., microbial air cleanliness in the operating room.

Thermal and evaporative resistance measured in a vertically and a horizontally oriented air gap by Permetest skin model

This paper is a study of the correlation of the thermal resistance (Rct ) and the evaporative resistance (Ret ) in vertically and horizontally oriented air gaps by using the portable Permetest skin model. Experiments were done in a climatic chamber; an isothermal condition for Ret tests and non-isothermal condition for Rct tests. Foamed polyethylene air gap distance rings were prepared with a thickness of 2, 4 and 5 mm and their combinations to simulate the air gap distance from 0 to 16 mm which is more than the expected average gap in clothing systems. Test samples were woven fabric of 100 percent cotton, 100 percent polyester and their blends plus 100 percent of polypropylene, all have similar weight and structure. Results showed that with the increasing thickness of the air gap, Rct increased in a polynomial trend and Ret in a linear proportional rate up to 12 mm then started to change due to the effect of free convection and the different properties of materials. The surprising positive observation is that results from the horizontally and vertically oriented air gaps are very similar, and most of the results from the vertical air gap are slightly lower than the results from the horizontal air gap in all materials.

Garment Textile Correction System Based on Artificial Intelligence under Computer Parameter Optimization Design

As artificial intelligence technology is widely used in more and more fields, it has become the frontier technology of social innovation. Artificial intelligence based on the development of computer parameters has been widely used in the clothing textile industry, and the technology of the clothing textile correction system has appeared. This article will discuss in detail the development trend of my country’s artificial intelligence technology and the establishment of computer parameters for clothing textiles in combination with the development, model status, and development status of domestic and foreign clothing textiles. Trend and production models will also be developed and analyzed for apparel textile correction system models. The clothing system’s artificial intelligence and production integration, computer parameters, product specifications and other aspects are analyzed. The purpose of this article is to create a clothing textile correction system, which can provide a useful reference for the development of artificial intelligence in the clothing textile industry in our country. Based on relevant knowledge and modern theories in practice, this article is based on a clothing textile correction system using artificial intelligence in computer parameter optimization design. In the course of the experiment, the implementation of the garment textile correction system summarized the technical value and function, as well as the technical purpose and development prospects, through rigorous experiments in theory and practice, to innovate and develop the traditional garment textile production mode. Experimental data shows that under the optimized design of computer parameters, the creation of artificial intelligence-based clothing textile correction system can provide a more convenient way for the clothing textile industry, integrate artificial intelligence into clothing textile production, and improve management efficiency and production efficiency.

Application of Internet of Things Technology in Garment Design

Summary. The Internet of things is an information network with the ability to perceive objects comprehensively and to transmit information reliably and intelligently. The research and development of the Internet of things enable us to obtain real-time information on anything, and also make the economic development of our country slowly enter the track of healthy operation. It is of great strategic significance to speed up the transformation of industry to a higher level, to develop new industries and to take the high-end industrial road. With the development of economic globalization and information globalization, the Internet of things is developing very rapidly in various industries. In view of the problems of low inventory utilization, poor management information and low supply chain efficiency in clothing industry, the application of Internet of things in clothing industry is very important. At present, there are various problems in the sales system of clothing industry, so it is of great significance to apply the collaborative system to the brand clothing system under the Internet of things. Reduce 10% inventory, improve 60% supply chain quality, brand clothing development is of great significance.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyurethane Materials and Inflated Insulation Chambers.

Evaluating mechanical and thermal characteristics of garment systems or their segments is important in an attempt to provide optimal or at least satisfying levels of comfort and safety, especially in the cold environment. The target groups of users may be athletes engaged in typical sports that are trained in the cold, as well as football players that play matches and train outdoors during the winter season. Previous studies indicated an option to substitute the inner layers of an intelligent garment with polyurethane inflated chambers (PIC) to increase and regulate thermal insulation. In this paper, the authors investigate the mechanical properties of polyurethane material with and without ultrasonic joints. Furthermore, they investigate the potential of designed PICs in terms of efficiency and interdependence of air pressure and heat resistance. The results indicated that an inflated PIC with four diagonal ultrasonic joints has the highest ability to maintain the optimal thermal properties of an intelligent clothing system. The influence of direction and number of ultrasonic joints on the mechanical properties of polyurethane material is confirmed, especially in terms of compression resilience and tensile energy.

Impact of seam on liquid transmission behaviour of multi-layered ensembles using sweat and water

Present study is focussed on the effect of seam on the moisture transmission in liquid form. Behaviour of actual sweat is found to be different from pure water used while evaluating the performance of multilayer clothing systems in seamed and unseamed condition in terms of their in-plane (wetting time) & cross-plane moisture transmission and overall moisture management capacity. Uni-directional seam shows higher wetting time at the inner surface as well as better cross-plane transmittance, and hence better overall moisture management capacity as compared to bi-directional stitched and unseamed fabrics. In all the cases, sweat shows less wetting time than water. Multi-layered ensemble with polyester spacer fabric as middle layer exhibits better overall moisture management properties in comparison to layered ensemble with fleece fabric as middle layer both in seamed and unseamed conditions. Seam type plays a most significant role followed by type of layered ensembles then solution type in affecting the overall moisture management behaviour of seamed ensembles.

A validation study on the thermal simulation of the human body-clothing-environment system through wear trials

The following analysis deals with the validation study for the already published thermal simulation of the human body-clothing-environment system through wear trials. Three test persons and a clothing system were selected for this study. The simulation process chain includes 3D scanning, clothing fit considering the deformation properties of fabrics, 3D analysis of air gaps between skin and clothing, and thermophysiological analysis of the human body taking into account different metabolic rates. Moreover, subjective wear trials were performed in a climatic chamber to validate the simulation results. The results show good validation for the core body and mean skin temperature, however, discrepancies were observed on comparing the local skin temperatures. The presented simulation approach offers a holistic solution for product development in the areas of sportswear, workwear, outdoor, and protective clothing.

Design and constructive – technological development for children’s art clothing

The present study directs research and creative activity towards the realization of a design and constructive-technological concept for children's art clothing. The collection consists of clothes that are inspired by the children's imaginary world - fairy tale characters, animals, fruits. The educational function of the clothing is sought. The choice of models is subject to comfort and freedom of movement. The artistic design of the products in the collection is realized with the help of software for creating and processing images. The process of construction and modelling is algorithmized and performed automatically using a specialized CAD clothing system. The technological and operational maps are algorithmized and developed on CorelDraw. The designed constructions can be used for modelling a wide range of clothing for children.

RETRACTED: Research on clothing design based on 5G network and FPGA

Mobile phone technology is thought to have developed in huge demand in the next few years, it exists. 5 G and related techniques, better data transmission rates, improved productivity, low latency, and high-quality services such as a number of major goals, can be solved. To analyze the cultural characteristics of the performance, explaining the characteristics of thinking of positioning principles and modern clothing brand. From the perspective of expressionism and print advertising, literary support, case studies and image analysis, Self-Organizing Map (SOM) network training analysis, summarizing the relationship with the method of painting, the influence of expressionism Conceptual picture summaries, modes, compositions and colors are represented in recent international clothing brand print advertisements. Evaluated and suitable for communication methods such as discontinuous carrier aggregation, centralized processing, and 5 G waveform coexistence Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) baseband processing architecture. Cost-effectiveness, and support for5G waveform candidates. Design details, key technologies, and how to actually implement a smart clothing system. A typical application for smart clothing. It still highlights some design challenges and open issues that need to be addressed to make smart clothes for a wide range of applications.

Common clothing area factor estimation equations are inaccurate for highly insulating (Icl>2 clo) and non-western loose-fitting clothing ensembles.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the equations for calculating the clothing area factor (fcl) used in the standards based on data sets of clothing ensembles, that are meant to provide thermal comfort over a wide range of climatic conditions from hot summer days to extremely cold winter. Over 10 equations for fcl calculations were selected from the international standards and the literature. At first a theoretical comparison based on a range of insulation values was performed. Then the data sets were used to compare the equations and measurements on real clothing systems. Most of the fcl calculation equations do give reasonably good results for western type and industrial clothing with basic insulation (Icl) up to 1.5 clo. Above the Icl of 2 clo, the error in the calculations based on traditional equations increases considerably and they overestimate fcl. Some new equations were suggested for modern clothing systems. Oppositely, for non-western clothing (for hot climate), the available equations did give good match only for very light clothing sets and commonly underestimated the real fcl. For such sets and and fashion clothes their own equations maybe needed, that count for various design aspects, e.g. fit, draping etc.