Cloth Panels Research Articles

Embroidering the Traumatized “Cloth-Skin-Body”: Suffragette Embroidered Cloths Worked in Holloway Prison, 1911–1912

In Holloway Prison in March 1909, in an astonishing act of bodily harm, the suffragette Constance Lytton punctured the membrane of her skin with two needles and a hairpin in order to inscribe the words “Votes for Women” across her skin-body. She used her own skin as the ground cloth for the inscription, and needles, hairpin, skin, body, cloth and pain were all implicated in the act. Instead of using the needle to work cloth, Lytton used it to probe the boundary of her skin-body. Skin became a projected cloth where she materially wrought and discursively wrote the beginnings of a visceral and political suffrage message, demonstrating that her quasi-“cloth-skin-body” was a political site and the locus of trauma. Whilst Lytton did not leave any tangible evidence of hand-embroidering through cloth in Holloway, several suffragette embroideries worked there between 1911 and 1912 have survived. Hundreds of women were imprisoned at this time as the militant Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) turned to breaking windows and the destruction of property. They faced the threat of the hunger strike and forcible feeding. In this paper the relationship between trauma and embroidering through the “cloth-skin-body” is explored with reference to six suffragette embroideries. Leaning on the psychoanalytical writings of Didier Anzieu, Nicola Diamond and Stella North, as well as drawing on my own practice as research, I argue that for imprisoned suffragettes embroidering was autobiographic, situated and embodied. The paper proposes the concept of a “cloth-ego,” which can be psychically projected from the body: hyphenated in its proximity to skin and the body but abstracted and expanded into the world as an embroidered handkerchief, tablecloth, bag or panel. For suffragettes such as the embroiderer Janie Terrero, who registered her own forcible feeding and that of nineteen others on a cloth panel, I argue that embroidering through the cloth-skin-body helped to psychically re-make and repair the self and filter and expel the toxic and invasive “spine in the flesh.” 1 Through the “procedural enactments” 2 of embroidering, I claim that the women processed their somatic and affective experiences. The material practice of embroidering allowed their “absent present” 3 bodies to “speak.” It enabled the body to tell a material story above and beyond the discursive limits of language, beyond the words and images on the cloth. Thus, a story could be articulated before words were found or before feelings were put into consciousness, thought or speech.

Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea) assemblage in the State Ecological Station of Wenceslau Guimarães, Bahia, Brazil

The diversity of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is poorly known in the biomes of the Bahia state. However, studies were carried out in other states of the northeastern region with species inventories in the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado. In order to bro aden the knowledge on of the richness and diversity of hawkmoths in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, six monthly sampling sessions were carried out in the State Ecological Station of Wenceslau Guimarães. Hawkmoths were captured using a 250-watt mercury-vapor light trap set against a white cloth panel, for two nights a month, between 6:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. A total of 266 specimens were collected, distributed across 17 genera and 41 species. The most abundant and dominant species were Isognathus swainsoni C. Felder, 1862, with a relative abundance of 12.41%, and Xylophanes amadis (Cramer, 1782) and Xylophanes anubus (Cramer, 1777), both with 7.9%. Our study represents the second inventory of hawkmoths for the state, totaling 59 species known for the Atlantic Forest of Bahia. Isognathus excelsior (Boisduval, [1875]) and Manduca lucetius (Cramer, 1780) represented new records for the biome. The accumulated number of species indicates the need for further sampling in order to safely reach the curve asymptote.

Optimising targets for tsetse control: Taking a fly's-eye-view to improve the colour of synthetic fabrics.

The savannah tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes, are important vectors of Rhodesian human African trypanosomiasis and animal African trypanosomiasis in East and southern Africa. We tested in Zimbabwe whether robust, synthetic fabrics, and innovative fly’s-eye-view approaches to optimise fabric colour, can improve insecticide-treated targets employed for tsetse control. Flies were caught by electrocution at a standard target comprising a 1m x 1m black cotton cloth panel with 1m x 0.5m black polyester net panels on each side. Catches were subdivided by species and sex. Tsetse catches were unaffected by substitution of the black cotton with a blue polyester produced for riverine tsetse targets. Exchanging the net panels for phthalogen blue cotton to simulate the target routinely used in Zimbabwe significantly reduced catches of female G. m. morsitans (mean catch 0.7 times that at standard), with no effect on other tsetse catches. However, significantly greater proportions of the catch were intercepted at the central panel of the Zimbabwe (means 0.47–0.79) versus standard designs (0.11–0.29). We also engineered a new violet polyester cloth using models of tsetse attraction based upon fly photoreceptor responses. With and without odour lure, catches of females of both species at the violet target were significantly greater than those at standard (means 1.5–1.6 times those at standard), and typical blue polyester targets (means 0.9–1.3 times those at standard). Similar effects were observed for males under some combinations of species and odour treatment. The proportions of catch intercepted at the central panel of the violet target (means 0.08–0.18) were intermediate between those at standard and typical blue polyester. Further, the reflectance spectrum of violet polyester was more stable under field conditions than that of black cotton. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of photoreceptor-based models as a novel means of improving targets to control tsetse and trypanosomiases.

Effects of a Cloth Panel Containing a Specific Ore Powder on Patients with Japanese Cedar Pollen Allergy During the Pollen Dispersal Season.

Pollen allergy remains a big problem in contemporary societies. We have shown in previous studies that a cloth containing a special natural ore powder (CCSNOP) is effective in relieving symptoms in patients with pollen allergies. However, in that study, subjects were exposed to CCSNOP for only one hour. In the present study, CCSNOP or control (non-woven cloth; NWC) panels were placed in the bedrooms of pollen allergy patients for two weeks during the pollen dispersal season in 2018, and the effects were investigated. Twenty-one subjects were exposed to CCSNOP panels and 10 subjects were exposed to NWC panels. Our investigations showed that use of CCSNOP resulted in relief of symptoms and reduced use of therapeutics. Moreover, the ratio of eosinophil count decrease during exposure was higher in the CCSNOP group. Furthermore, a formula for measuring various cytokines and other parameters was established and clearly showed a distinction between the CCSNOP and NWC groups. In this formula, Granulocyte Macrophage colony-stimulating Factor (GM-SCF), Interleukin (IL)-12p40, Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 and eosinophil count were extracted. These results indicated that CCNSNOP has a beneficial effect on pollen allergy patients. Future studies shall engage in long-term monitoring of pollen allergy patients who will utilize this mineral powder for at least one year.

경순왕 영정에 표현된 복식 연구

Five portraits of King Gyeongsun are displayed in the Gyeongju National Museum: one copy is from Gojaam, and four copies are from Sangyongam. The purpose of this study is to identify the costume of King Gyeongsun in the portraits. First, the shape of the costume is examined for each component of the clothes. Second, historical background and changing aspects of clothing are analyzed through relevant historical literature and visual analysis. Third, the similarities and influences of the costume are determined by comparing the portrait with the Buddhist painting. In the portrait, King Gyeongsun is wearing a headgear and a round-necked coat, holding a scepter and wearing shoes. The following are the two types of headgear: a cylindrical crown in the Gojaam copy and Myeollyugwan in the Sangyongam copy. The cylindrical crown is similar in shape to that of the Buddha and the Buddhist saint. Furthermore, the crown’s partial decorations are similar to 12 zodiac signs’ Ryanggwan inscribed on the royal tombs of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the portraits, King Gyeongsun is wearing a round-necked coat with cylindrical crown or Myeollyugwan. The ensemble of headgear and clothing varies on the wearing style during the Goryeo Dynasty. In addition, the king wears a long fabric belt with front cloth panel, which was also seen in the statue of Queen Jindeok of Silla. The circular design in the Gojaam copy is most likely to have been added as it was replicated in the 17th century. The costume depicted in the portraits is very similar to that of Siwangdo in the late Joseon Dynasty as compared with Obangojewido among the Buddhist paintings. Similar clothing design also resembles the 12 zodiac signs inscribed on the tombs of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties.

RESEARCH AND APPLICATION ON ASEISMIC ENERGY-SAVING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR RURAL BUILDINGS

Rural buildings in China were mostly self-built by farmers and destroyed severely after earthquakes due to poor aseismic capacity and inefficient energy saving measures. Thusly, it is an urgent need to develop an aseismic energy saving structural system with low-cost rural construction. The paper analyzed the characteristics of traditional rural building structures, including raw soil wall bearing structure, soil-wood bearing structure, wood structure, stone structure and brick masonry structure, as well as their status quo on the energy saving technologies for aseismic buildings, respectively. The research on the low-cost aseismic and isolation structures for rural buildings by the author’s group in recent years were introduced, which include a RAC brick masonry structure with vertical constructional reinforcements, a new type concrete block masonry structure with constructional columns, an isolated masonry structure with glass fiber cloth and panels-graphite-glass fiber cloth panels layer, an isolated masonry structures with low-strength glass bead mortar layer, a RAC shear wall with heat insulation blocks and a single layer of reinforcements, as well as the corresponding engineering applications. The studies show that the aseismic and isolated structures proposed above have the advantages of being constructed easily, economical and applicable to use, and good aseismic energy saving effect. Combined with the demand of industrialization application technology development for rural buildings, the application of the ecological environmental protection materials, and green construction, the key problems were pointed out for the development of a structural system of rural aseismic energy saving construction.

A Receptor-Based Explanation for Tsetse Fly Catch Distribution between Coloured Cloth Panels and Flanking Nets.

Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause nagana in cattle, and sleeping sickness in humans. Therefore, optimising visual baits to control tsetse is an important priority. Tsetse are intercepted at visual baits due to their initial attraction to the bait, and their subsequent contact with it due to landing or accidental collision. Attraction is proposed to be driven in part by a chromatic mechanism to which a UV-blue photoreceptor contributes positively, and a UV and a green photoreceptor contribute negatively. Landing responses are elicited by stimuli with low luminance, but many studies also find apparently strong landing responses when stimuli have high UV reflectivity, which would imply that UV wavelengths contribute negatively to attraction at a distance, but positively to landing responses at close range. The strength of landing responses is often judged using the number of tsetse sampled at a cloth panel expressed as a proportion of the combined catch of the cloth panel and a flanking net that samples circling flies. I modelled these data from two previously published field studies, using calculated fly photoreceptor excitations as predictors. I found that the proportion of tsetse caught on the cloth panel increased with an index representing the chromatic mechanism driving attraction, as would be expected if the same mechanism underlay both long- and close-range attraction. However, the proportion of tsetse caught on the cloth panel also increased with excitation of the UV-sensitive R7p photoreceptor, in an apparently separate but interacting behavioural mechanism. This R7p-driven effect resembles the fly open-space response which is believed to underlie their dispersal towards areas of open sky. As such, the proportion of tsetse that contact a cloth panel likely reflects a combination of deliberate landings by potentially host-seeking tsetse, and accidental collisions by those seeking to disperse, with a separate visual mechanism underlying each behaviour.

A Study on the Court uniform Worn by Government Officials in Late Joseon Dynasty

This study aims to examine the court uniform worn by government officials during the Joseon Dynasty on national celebration days. It is particularly focused on changes to the uniform that occurred during the late Joseon Dynasty, centering on the 17th century. The research comprehensively examines literature that has just been discovered in addition to diagrams and archaeological remains while referring to Chinese artifacts if necessary. Throughout the study, some significant facts were discovered by examining in factors constituting the court uniform suit and the shapes of each costume item. In terms of the components of the court uniform, there were no significant differences between the early days of the Joseon Dynasty and the later days of the Joseon Dynasty. The court uniform was replaced with another costume after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and the Manchu war of 1636, however, gentlemen’s gowns were used instead of the old court uniform. The study clearly sorted out formative changes by items such as top, bottom, a wide band, Front Cloth Panel, and a ceremonial band by classifying them into four steps. This will pave the way for creating a standard for judgment that can be applied to newly discovered court uniform relics that the date of production still remains as unknown.

An Efficient Approach for Automatic Cloth Panel Extraction from Pattern Images

D cloths for different body sizes from 2D patterns of any size has recently gained attention in both academic and industry fields. Most of the classical patterns in old books and magazines are available only in hardcopy forms. Thus, there is a need to produce softcopies of those patterns in the old books and magazines. In this research work, efficient solutions for these two issues are provided. First, a specific pattern size given any size pattern is automatically generated. This greatly facilitates the generation process of different size patterns in the apparel industry. Second, the design of customized apparel products provided in hardcopy images is fully automated. This automation process can greatly improve the efficiency of cloth production in the apparel industry.

Tick Abundance and Levels of Infestation on Cattle in Response to Patch Burning

Patch burning (PB) uses frequent, spatially discrete fires throughout a pasture to create variation in the composition and structure of the plant community. The complex vegetation changes incurred from this type of burning regimen in addition to the focal grazing of cattle induced by PB should reduce tick populations by creating less favorable microhabitats. To determine if a reduction in tick populations occurred on PB pastures, three PB-treated pastures and three control pastures were used. PB pastures were divided into six subplots with one burned rotationally each spring and summer. Control pastures and each PB subplot had a burn interval of 3yr. Pastures were dragged with 1-m2 flannel cloth panels to estimate tick abundance for 4yr. (2006, 2007, 2009, and 2010). Infestation levels with ticks (i.e., tick burden) and weight for five calves and three cows per pasture were recorded once a month from April to October in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Differences in tick abundance between PB pastures and control pastures were not significant except in 2006 when fewer adult ticks were detected in PB pastures. A total of 13 609 ticks were observed on cattle. Animals on PB pastures had 4 028 (29.6%) ticks whereas 9 581 (70.4%) ticks were on cattle from control pastures. Tick burden was significantly reduced on animals in PB pastures compared to animals in control pastures in 4 out of 6 mo. Significant differences in average daily weight gain of calves in PB and control pastures were not detected. Although differences were not detected in questing tick abundance on pastures, significant reductions of tick burden on cattle in PB-treated pastures indicates that PB can be used to help control ticks in pastures.

Optimizing the Colour and Fabric of Targets for the Control of the Tsetse Fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes

BackgroundMost cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) start with a bite from one of the subspecies of Glossina fuscipes. Tsetse use a range of olfactory and visual stimuli to locate their hosts and this response can be exploited to lure tsetse to insecticide-treated targets thereby reducing transmission. To provide a rational basis for cost-effective designs of target, we undertook studies to identify the optimal target colour.Methodology/Principal FindingsOn the Chamaunga islands of Lake Victoria , Kenya, studies were made of the numbers of G. fuscipes fuscipes attracted to targets consisting of a panel (25 cm square) of various coloured fabrics flanked by a panel (also 25 cm square) of fine black netting. Both panels were covered with an electrocuting grid to catch tsetse as they contacted the target. The reflectances of the 37 different-coloured cloth panels utilised in the study were measured spectrophotometrically. Catch was positively correlated with percentage reflectance at the blue (460 nm) wavelength and negatively correlated with reflectance at UV (360 nm) and green (520 nm) wavelengths. The best target was subjectively blue, with percentage reflectances of 3%, 29%, and 20% at 360 nm, 460 nm and 520 nm respectively. The worst target was also, subjectively, blue, but with high reflectances at UV (35% reflectance at 360 nm) wavelengths as well as blue (36% reflectance at 460 nm); the best low UV-reflecting blue caught 3× more tsetse than the high UV-reflecting blue.Conclusions/SignificanceInsecticide-treated targets to control G. f. fuscipes should be blue with low reflectance in both the UV and green bands of the spectrum. Targets that are subjectively blue will perform poorly if they also reflect UV strongly. The selection of fabrics for targets should be guided by spectral analysis of the cloth across both the spectrum visible to humans and the UV region.

MINDING THE GAP: BODY AWARENESS IN FLYING BIRDS

Event Abstract Back to Event MINDING THE GAP: BODY AWARENESS IN FLYING BIRDS Ingo Schiffner1* and M. Srinivasan1 1 University of Queensland, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Australia When birds fly in cluttered environments, they need to be aware of the widths of the gaps that they traverse, so that they may tailor their flight behaviour appropriately. We performed experiments with 7 male budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus, a small species of parrot inhabiting the dry bushlands of Australia. The birds were trained to fly down a tunnel that presented a vertically oriented gap, extending from the ceiling to the floor, positioned halfway along the tunnel’s length. The gap was created by suspending two cloth panels, each carrying a black/white checkerboard pattern. The width of the gap could be adjusted by varying the inter-panel separation. The birds’ flight behaviour was captured by a high-speed video camera mounted on the ceiling, above the gap. A total of 560 flights were filmed at 200 frames per second. Apart from the initial training, which did not involve more than 5 flights in most cases, the birds were able to traverse the gap successfully, for all of the gap widths that we tested. Only in very few cases (3%) did the birds accidentally touch one of the cloth panels while traversing the gap. The bird’s flight was characterised by a consistent wing beat cycle, which remained uninterrupted throughout the entire flight when the gap was sufficiently wide. When flying through narrower gaps, the birds showed an increasing propensity to interrupt the normal wing beat cycle by holding their wings vertically upwards, or tucked against the body, whilst traversing the gap. We analysed this behaviour quantitatively by examining the variation of the probability of wing elevation (or closure) with gap width, and the duration of interruption of the wing beat cycle as a function of gap width. The analysis reveals that birds are very precise at estimating the width of the gap in relation to their wingspan. A mere 7% (i.e. 2cm) reduction in gap width is sufficient to cause a significant transition from uninterrupted to fully interrupted flight. Furthermore, the critical width of the gap depends upon the individual bird, being narrower for birds with smaller wingspans. We conclude that birds are highly aware of their body size in relation to the gaps that they need to traverse, and use precise judgements to adjust their flight behaviour appropriately. Keywords: Bird flight, obstacle avoidance, Vision Conference: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology, College Park. Maryland USA, United States, 5 Aug - 10 Aug, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster (but consider for Participant Symposium) Topic: Sensory: Vision Citation: Schiffner I and Srinivasan M (2012). MINDING THE GAP: BODY AWARENESS IN FLYING BIRDS. Conference Abstract: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnbeh.2012.27.00177 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 28 Apr 2012; Published Online: 07 Jul 2012. * Correspondence: Dr. Ingo Schiffner, University of Queensland, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Brisbane, Australia, i.schiffner@bangor.ac.uk Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Ingo Schiffner M. Srinivasan Google Ingo Schiffner M. Srinivasan Google Scholar Ingo Schiffner M. Srinivasan PubMed Ingo Schiffner M. Srinivasan Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Charles Ives at ‘Christo's Gates’

AbstractThroughout its 150-year history New York City's Central Park has inspired writers, painters, poets, and musicians. In 1906 Charles Ives was moved by its rich soundscape to compose his orchestral piece Central Park in the Dark; nearly one hundred years later, in 2005, the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude unfurled 7500 saffron-coloured cloth panels for a sixteen-day installation at the park. Although separated by a century, these artworks appear similarly preoccupied with the construction, manipulation, and perception of nature and place, honouring and celebrating the park as a naturalistic setting, while also acknowledging it as a fabricated entity, shaped by human interactions, and as an ongoing cultural project. The present article suggests parallels between Ives's construction of the park in sound, and ‘Christo's Gates’, as the installation became known – parallels that suggest the continuing resonance of Ives's musical contemplation, as well as the issues that occupied its composer as the Gilded Age gave way to the progressive era.

Wandering Behavior and Attempted Exits Among Residents Diagnosed with Dementia-Related Illnesses: A Qualitative Approach

ABSTRACT Exiting attempts and wandering behavior among residents diagnosed with dementia-related illnesses were investigated. Residents were exposed to three test conditions: a mini-blind that concealed the view from the door, a cloth panel that concealed the panic bar of the door, and both the mini-blind and the cloth panel. During these test conditions, qualitative observations were conducted in addition to recording the attempted exits. The purpose of this paper is to present the qualitative findings in relationship to a model developed. The findings suggests that residents seemed to exit due to goal-orientation, exit-seeking behaviors, and attraction to the panic bar.

Seasonal and Annual Abundance of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in Central Georgia

Seasonal and annual changes in the abundance of Amblyomma americanum (L.) larvae, nymphs, and adults were monitored over a 5-yr period in the Piedmont physiographic region of Georgia. Tick abundance was monitored with cloth drags (all life stages) and CO2-baited cloth panels (nymphs and adults) monthly during March through September from 1987 through 1991. Larvae appeared in substantial numbers in July and were most numerous in August and September. Small numbers of unfed larvae apparently overwintered each year based on their presence during March, April, or May. Nymphs were most numerous from April through June and declined to much lower numbers by August and September. Adults were most numerous from March through May and virtually disappeared by August. These seasonal patterns were similar to those reported for A. americanum at other southeastern locations. Each life stage exhibited similar trends of annual abundance with an increase in 1988 followed by a relatively steady decline to levels equivalent to or below initial 1987 values by 1991. Major environmental variables that potentially could have influenced annual abundance were identified from Haile & Mount's (1987) computerized model of A. americanum population dynamics. Habitat type, host density, and day length were constants and rationally could be excluded as causes of annual variations in abundance; weather and host-finding rate were presumed to have been primarily responsible for these annual differences.

Influence of annual and biennial prescribed burning during March on the abundance of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in central Georgia.

A 5-yr study to evaluate the influence of annual and biennial prescribed burning in March on the abundance of Amblyomma americanum (L.) was conducted on Oconee Wildlife Management Area in the Piedmont physiographic region of Georgia. Tick abundance on plots embedded in larger burned and unburned areas were monitored with cloth drags and CO2-baited cloth panels monthly during March through September from 1987 through 1991. Annual and biennial prescribed burning from 1988 to 1991 significantly reduced the abundance of larvae, nymphs, and adults but did not alter their seasonal trends of abundance. Annual burning more consistently suppressed all life stages than biennial burning. The magnitude of tick suppression tended to increase with successive burns, especially with the annual burning regime. The order of vulnerability to direct incineration appeared to be overwintered larvae > adults > nymphs; however, only overwintered larvae were highly vulnerable. Consistent reductions in larvae during June-September following burning were associated with reduced litter depths and presumably lowered habitat suitability. During years of fire omission, the abundance of larvae on biennially burned plots increased to levels equal to or exceeding those on unburned plots. Based on cloth drag sampling, mean percentage control during 1988-1991 for larvae, nymphs, and adults, respectively, was 80, 75, and 70% on annually burned plots and 48, 73, and 65% on biennially burned plots. Frequent late-winter prescribed burning, which is commonly used to achieve wildlife habitat management objectives, could be an effective and economical component of an integrated A. americanum control program in habitats ecologically suited to regimes of frequent fire.

Three-dimensional garment design and animation: A new design tool for the garment industry

Garment design is traditionally carried out in two dimensions, and some software has been developed and applied in the garment industry in the design of garment panels. In this paper, a new tool for the interactive design of garments in three dimensions is introduced. Making use of an elastic surface model, animation allows us to examine the garment design in three dimensions dynamically. The designer can use this tool to visualize his original ideas and changes interactively, and to see the garment vividly portrayed, including texture mapping on the final design, before the real cloth panels are cut. Application of this tool in the garment industry could reduce design time and costs substantially.

Sampling of Lone Star Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): Dry Ice Quantity and Capture Success1

A seasonal test (April to September) of dry ice quantities required to stimulate lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), nymphs and adults in wooded habitat showed that it is possible to use smaller cubes (113 g) rather than larger cubes without loss of trapping efficiency. Although 340-g cubes produced nearly twice as much CO2 as the smaller cubes, no difference in tick capture was noted except in April, when fewer adults were captured with the smaller cubes. In wooded habitat, recapture of released ticks was low. Ticks released in the four cardinal directions from the dry ice on cloth panels were recovered as follows after 1 h: larvae <0.1% from 1.5 m, nymphs 1.4% from 9.3 m, males 2.5% from 9.3 m, and females 1.7% from 9.3 m. Additional sampling time (2 to 4 h) improved capture success for all stages. Capture success was very dependent on the distance the ticks were released from the dry ice.

Comparative Catches of Field Populations of Lone Star Ticks1 by Co2-Emitting Dry-Ice, Dry-Chemical, and Animal-Baited Devices2

Five CO2-emitting devices were compared for effectiveness in sampling nymphal and adult lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), at previously unsampled sites and permanent sampling sites in wooded habitats of southeastern Oklahoma. Cubes of dry ice (365 to 370 g) placed on white cloth panels (0.7 by 0.9 m) were generally more effective and easier to use than dry-chemical devices or rabbit-baited devices at both types of sites. The dry-chemical devices were nearly as effective as the dry-ice devices at permanent sampling sites and did not require a nearby dry-ice supply.