Close Match Research Articles

Primary cementing of vertical wells: displacement and dispersion effects in narrow eccentric annuli. Part 2. Flow behaviour and classification

We present results for Newtonian laminar miscible displacement flows in a narrow, vertical, eccentric annulus, obtained from experiments carried out in a scaled laboratory set-up. These are compared with two computational models introduced in Part 1, Zhang & Frigaard (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 947, 2022, A732). Quite close matches have been found for different approaches, regarding the overall evolving displacement process: front shape, dispersion levels and front velocities. Standardized criteria have been established to identify whether a flow has steady/unsteady and dispersive/non-dispersive displacement front, applicable to both concentric and eccentric annuli. Three characteristic flows have been observed, unsteady and dispersive, dispersive with steady front, and non-dispersive with steady front. Through both qualitative and quantitative studies, the importance of the buoyancy number has been established: it both restrains dispersion on the annular gap scale and induces secondary flows in the azimuthal direction.

An analytical drain current modelling of DMGC CGAA FET: A circuit level implementation

The GAA FET has emerged as a promising device due to its excellent control over short-channel effects and improved electrostatic control. This manuscript presents the analytical modelling for the Dual Material Graded Channel (DMGC) Cylindrical GAA FET to characterize the drain current in linear, saturation, as well as subthreshold regions. The model incorporates the effect of supply voltage, radius, and thickness of oxide layer on the device enabling a comprehensive analysis of the device behaviour. The influence of subthreshold swing is also presented. Next, the analysis is extended to investigate the important analog performance parameters that includes transconductance and output conductance. The validation of the analytical model across a wide range of operating conditions with the simulated data is performed and observed to be a close match. Building upon the insights gained from the analytical modelling, a common source amplifier based on the DMGC CGAA FET is designed. The amplifier’s performance has been optimized by carefully selecting the biasing conditions and a maximum gain value of 7.745 is achieved. Further, an improvement of 42.28% in output voltage is observed for DMGC in comparison with SMGC making it a promising device for high-performance integrated circuit design.

Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf

We present the optical spectroscopic evolution of SN 2023ixf seen in subnight cadence spectra from 1.18 to 15 days after explosion. We identify high-ionization emission features, signatures of interaction with material surrounding the progenitor star, that fade over the first 7 days, with rapid evolution between spectra observed within the same night. We compare the emission lines present and their relative strength to those of other supernovae with early interaction, finding a close match to SN 2020pni and SN 2017ahn in the first spectrum and SN 2014G at later epochs. To physically interpret our observations, we compare them to CMFGEN models with confined, dense circumstellar material around a red supergiant (RSG) progenitor from the literature. We find that very few models reproduce the blended N iii (λλ4634.0,4640.6)/C iii (λλ4647.5,4650.0) emission lines observed in the first few spectra and their rapid disappearance thereafter, making this a unique diagnostic. From the best models, we find a mass-loss rate of 10−3–10−2 M ⊙ yr−1, which far exceeds the mass-loss rate for any steady wind, especially for an RSG in the initial mass range of the detected progenitor. These mass-loss rates are, however, similar to rates inferred for other supernovae with early circumstellar interaction. Using the phase when the narrow emission features disappear, we calculate an outer dense radius of circumstellar material R CSM,out ≈ 5 × 1014 cm, and a mean circumstellar material density of ρ = 5.6 × 10−14 g cm−3. This is consistent with the lower limit on the outer radius of the circumstellar material we calculate from the peak Hα emission flux, R CSM,out ≳ 9 × 1013 cm.

History of chicken grazing stunts tomato seedling growth and influences bacterial endophytes isolated from tomato.

Abstract Integrated crop-livestock production systems promote resource interchange on the farm. Although crop-livestock integration can increase soil quality and fertility, information on their impact on plant vigor and endophytic bacterial communities is sparce. We aimed to address the impact of chicken-grazed soil (CGS) on tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) seedling growth and stem endophytes. We hypothesized that as planting substrate contains higher amounts of CGS, tomato seedlings will have higher biomass and greater bacterial endophyte diversity. Furthermore, endophytes recovered from tomato seedlings grown in planting substrate containing CGS will be similar to those commonly found in plants, and possibly to those associated with animal sources, including chicken manure. To test this hypothesis, two greenhouse trials were conducted where tomato seedlings grew for six weeks in substrates containing different dilutions of CGS. We observed that the greater the amount of CGS, the greater seedling stunting. Bacterial endophytes recovered in these experiments differed by CGS dilution. Bacillus and Paenibacillus were the dominant genera, Bacillus being the only genus present across all treatments. Most recovered isolates were found to be close matches to formerly cultured plant endophytes and soil bacteria. Future directions should focus on identifying mechanisms to ameliorate seedling stunting when grown in CGS.

Monopile Foundation Stiffness Estimation of an Instrumented Offshore Wind Turbine through Model Updating

Rapid development of offshore wind foundation models has resulted in a large number of built structures with generally underestimated foundation stiffness properties and a need to update and validate both the individual structural models and the underlying foundation design frameworks. This paper outlines a structural health monitoring approach, based on the combination of output only structural health monitoring methods and model updating, to estimate foundation stiffness parameters using field monitored data. Field monitoring data from an offshore wind turbine under idling conditions, over a large monitoring period, are presented and operational modal analysis is applied to estimate the modal parameters. Those are compared to modal properties predicted by finite element models, employing either old (API/DNVGL) or new (PISA) foundation design properties, which are calibrated using geotechnical site investigation data. A new approach to interpret seabed level statically equivalent foundation stiffness, in terms of effective lateral and rotational stiffness against load eccentricity, is presented. Seabed level statically equivalent foundation properties are updated by comparison against the observed modal behaviour and the optimised foundation parameters are presented, demonstrating a close match to the predictions of the PISA method.

Finite element analysis of TiN coated thin film

Finite element analysis (FEA) is one of the most widely used techniques in predicting the material behavior under loading conditions in various applications e.g., thin film coating. Thin film coating offers superior mechanical characteristics such as hardness, resistance to wear, etc. In this study, the finite element analysis method is used along with the Johnson Cook Plasticity Model to obtain the deformation behavior and stress distribution of TiN-coated thin film sample. Material properties of TiN thin film coating obtained through nanoindentation are the inputs for the material model. Berkovich indenter is modelled to simulate the results. Elastoplastic analysis is done under different strain conditions as per the Johnson Cook Plasticity Model. FEA model results obtained are compared with the reported results. There is a close match between the values of material model 6 and experiment 1 which suggests that FEA is a prominent tool in predicting the nanoindentation results.

The Venusian Insolation Atmospheric Topside Thermal Heating Pool

A 1 metre increment modelled pressure profile is used to study the troposphere of Venus from the surface to the lower stratosphere. Using a troposphere model lapse rate profile as the constraint on cooling by vertically convecting air, the modelled height of the tropopause convection limit is a close match to the level of the observed static atmosphere height for the 250 Kelvin freezing point level of 75% by weight of concentrated sulphuric acid, the primary condensing volatile in the Venusian atmosphere. This relationship suggests that the observed albedo of Venus is a response to and not a cause of planetary atmospheric solar radiant forcing.Using the thermal lapse rate for the troposphere of Venus in its top-down mode of application, the depth below the tropopause that solar irradiance is able to achieve effective heating of the Venusian atmosphere is established. This radiant quenching depth delineates a pool of upper tropospheric air that both captures and responds to solar radiant forcing. Consequently, this top of the troposphere insolation forcing induces a process of full troposphere adiabatic convective overturn and delivers solar heated air to the ground via the action of forced air descent in the twin polar vortices of Venus.

Computational study of van der Waals interaction at the sub‐nanometer scale and its influence on the molecular behavior under confinement conditions in graphene‐2D h‐BN heterostructure

AbstractThe atomistic features of the van der Waals interaction between graphene and 2D h‐BN layer are investigated with and without doping using density functional theory. It is computationally shown, how different types of 2D materials can form heterojunctions with each other without the need for close lattice matching if the atomic species are neighbors in the periodic table. H2, N2, and O2 are introduced as the dopants separately to investigate the van der Waals interaction at the sub‐nanometer scale and its influence on the molecules and interlayer coupling. The geometrical forms and formation energies of differently bonded molecules and atoms immersed in van der Waals forces in the heterostructure are predicted accurately. The spatial dependence of the van der Waals energy between graphene and h‐BN and its effect on the confined molecule/atoms is well brought out in the present investigation. The weak van der Waals forces between graphene and h‐BN do introduce minor changes at the nanoscale but maintain the original band structure which is dominated by graphene. The present graphene and 2D h‐BN van der Waals heterostructure, with enhanced features, offers a unique opportunity to fabricate new materials with different properties. They will become the building blocks in engineering new functional materials.

Unveiling the fates of nitro-transformation products in advanced oxidation process: A DFT-based kinetic model

Kinetic models are widely employed to investigate the reaction mechanisms and estimate kinetic parameters of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which are critical for assessing toxicity variations in these processes. However, conventional models often oversimplify the kinetics related to transformation products (TPs) due to the complex reactions involved in AOPs. Consequently, predicting the concentration profiles of TPs in conventional kinetic models is challenging. In this study, we aimed to overcome this challenge by developing a novel kinetic model that enriches the TPs-related elementary reactions in AOPs. Specifically, we mapped the entire reaction pathways from parent organic compounds through various intermediates to their TPs using density functional theory (DFT). We investigated the formation of nitro-TPs of phenolics, such as salicylic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, phenol and 4-chlorophenol in sulfated radical-based AOPs in the presence of NO2−. The predicted concentrations of nitro-TPs obtained from our model exhibited a close match with those reported in previous research, thus confirming the accuracy of our predictions. Our research highlights the effectiveness of combining DFT and kinetic modeling, which facilitates a streamlined understanding of the mechanisms governing TP formation and decay in AOPs. This approach holds the potential to advance our comprehension of these complex reactions and may be beneficial in future studies of similar reactions.

The DOTA macrocyclic cavity in metallic radiopharmaceuticals: Mythology or reality?

BackgroundThe hypothetical concept of ‘macrocyclic cavity’ is largely employed as useful model to interpret the affinity of metal ions for the macrocyclic chelating ligand 2,2′,2′′,2′′′-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (H4DOTA). It Is hypothesized that a close matching between the size of the macrocyclic cavity and that of the metallic ion is a key parameter to ensure the high-yield formation of stable coordination metal-DOTA complex. This approach has become popular in the design of radiopharmaceuticals containing radiometals and H4DOTA as chelating group.ResultsBased on X-ray structural data of metallic complexes formed by the ligand H4DOTA upon coordination with a variety of metals, an elementary argument based on Euclidean geometry is presented here that questions the existence of the hypothetical ‘macrocyclic cavity’ within the chelator macrocycle. The geometrical analysis was applied to the complex formed by a Ga3+ ion coordinated to H4DOTA as model compound.ConclusionsApplication of Euclidean geometry to calculate bond angles in the coordination complex of the ligand H4DOTA with the Ga+3 ion, supposed to incorporate a hypothetical ‘macrocyclic cavity’, revealed that this conceptual entity has no physical reality and, therefore, cannot be considered a meaningful description of a stable structural arrangement for metallic radiopharmaceuticals.

First Results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: Benchmark Comparison of Optical and Mid-infrared Tracers of a Dusty, Ionized Red Quasar Wind at z = 0.435

The [O iii] 5007 Å emission line is the most common tracer of warm, ionized outflows in active galactic nuclei across cosmic time. JWST newly allows us to use mid-IR spectral features at both high spatial and spectral resolution to probe these same winds. Here we present a comparison of ground-based, seeing-limited [O iii] and space-based, diffraction-limited [S iv] 10.51 μm maps of the powerful, kiloparsec-scale outflow in the Type 1 red quasar SDSS J110648.32+480712.3. The JWST data are from the Mid-InfraRed Instrument. There is a close match in resolution between the data sets (∼0.″6), in ionization potential of the O+2 and S+3 ions (35 eV) and in line sensitivity (1–2 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2). The [O iii] and [S iv] line shapes match in velocity and line width over much of the 20 kpc outflowing nebula, and [S iv] is the brightest line in the rest-frame 3.5–19.5 μm range, demonstrating its usefulness as a mid-IR probe of quasar outflows. [O iii] is nevertheless intrinsically brighter and provides better contrast with the point-source continuum, which is strong in the mid-IR. There is a strong anticorrelation of [O iii]/[S iv] with average velocity, which is consistent with a scenario of differential obscuration between the approaching (blueshifted) and receding (redshifted) sides of the flow. The dust in the wind may also obscure the central quasar, consistent with models that attribute red quasar extinction to dusty winds.

Stochastic buckling response of variable fiber spacing composite plate under thermal environment

The effectiveness of variable fiber spacing composite (VFSC) laminates subjected to thermal loading is compared with uniformly distributed fiber composite (UDFC) laminates. The higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is adopted to develop a FE model for estimating critical thermal buckling load. Three types of fiber distribution patterns are considered to study the effect of the non-uniform spacing distribution of fiber on thermal buckling, and the results are compared with UDFC. Further, a surrogate model based on the radial basis function network (RBFN) is developed to examine the impact of composite properties uncertainty on the critical buckling response of UDFC and VFSC laminates under thermal loading. The RBFN model is found to be highly efficient and possesses a close match with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Though the VFSC laminates possess a large deviation (standard deviation) in the buckling temperature, the stochastic effect (standard deviation/mean) shows relatively minimal variation in VFSC and UDFC laminates. The effect of each composite property is investigated for different lamination sequences and boundary conditions. From the sensitivity analysis, the thermal expansion coefficient of matrix [Formula: see text] is found to be the most sensitive property for all the investigated cases. Lastly, the RBFN model is utilized to quantify reliability parameters for multiple stochasticity levels.

Capacitance Estimation for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Sensors Using Digital Processing of Time-Domain Voltage Response to Single-Pulse Excitation

In this paper, a new approach for capacitance measurement for electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensors is proposed. The method is based on the digital processing of the time-domain voltage measurements at the sensor electrodes. Furthermore, a robust capacitance estimation algorithm is developed to convert the measured voltage time-series to inter-electrode capacitances. The proposed measurement technique simplifies the electronic design of the ECT sensor and is suitable for use in applications requiring a compact device with a fast scan time. The accuracy and sensitivity of the method are investigated numerically and experimentally using a prototype sensor. In particular, the sensitivity of the estimated capacitance to measurement noise levels is analyzed in detail. Additionally, an analysis of the parameters that affect the accuracy of estimated capacitances is carried out from which we are able to demonstrate that the method is immune to effects such as stray capacitances between the electrodes and the ground. A prototype sensor with an open curved geometry on a millimeter scale is used to test the method empirically. Experimental results obtained for measurements with mineral oil and water are shown and compared against capacitances obtained using a physics-based forward model of the sensor. The inter-electrode capacitances in the range of tens of femtofarads to a few picofarads are estimated and a close match with the forward model results is obtained.

Exploring the Innovative Mode of Engineering Cost Education in the Context of Double High

In the current double-high context, the traditional education model cannot meet the needs of the industry and students, so there is a need to explore innovative models. This includes promoting internships, practical training, hands-on teaching, and innovating curriculum and teaching methods. Through these innovative initiatives, engineering cost education can enhance students' practical skills, teamwork, and problem-solving abilities to meet the needs of industry development. At the same time, the introduction of information technology, diversified teaching methods, and personalized teaching can improve teaching effectiveness and students' learning experience. Such innovative exploration can help cultivate high-quality engineering cost talents and promote a close match between education and industry needs.

A short fragment of mitochondrial DNA for the taxonomic identification of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in northwestern South America.

Blow flies are of medical, sanitary, veterinary, and forensic importance. Their accurate taxonomic identification is essential for their use in applied research. However, neotropical fauna has not been completely studied or described, and taxa identification without the required training is a difficult task. Additionally, the current morphological keys are not fitting to all extant taxa. Molecular-based approaches are widely used to overcome these issues, including the standard 5' COI barcode fragment (~650 base pairs [bp]) for identification at the species level. Here, a shorter sequence of 5' COI fragment (~342 bp) was assessed for the identification of 28 blow fly species inhabiting the northwest of South America. One tree-based (the generalized mixed Yule-coalescent-GMYC) and 3 distance-based approaches (automatic barcode gap discover - ABGD, the best close match - BCM, and the nearest neighbor - NN) analyses were performed. Noticeably, the amplification and sequencing of samples that had been preserved for up to 57 years were successful. The tree topology assigned 113 sequences to a specific taxon (70% effectiveness), while the distance approach assigned to 95 (59% effectiveness). The short fragment allowed the molecular identification of 19 species (60% of neotropical species except for the Lucilia species and Hemilucilia semidiaphana). According to these findings, the taxonomic and faunistic considerations of the blow fly fauna were provided. Overall, the short fragment approach constitutes an optimal species confirmation tool for the most common blow flies in northwestern South America.

Evaluation of Surface Free Energy Inducing Interfacial Adhesion of Amphiphilic Cellulose Nanofibrils.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been studied extensively over the past decade. Their applications, e.g., as fillers for nanocomposites, stabilizers for Pickering emulsions, and scaffolds for cell culture, are mostly dictated by interfacial adhesion. In general, the individual surface free energy values of the constituents of a material correlate with its adsorption and desorption behaviors. In the present study, we estimated the surface free energy values of thin films composed of CNFs using traditional contact angle methods based on the Wenzel equation and van Oss-Chaudhury-Good theory. The accuracy and utility of the estimated surface free energy values were verified by close matching between the obtained adhesion energy values and the actual interfacial adsorption behaviors of the CNFs. Therefore, the evaluated surface energy values are expected to be a feasible tool for designing of interfacial interactions between CNF surfaces and other materials.

Reading text aloud benefits memory but not comprehension.

The production effect-that reading aloud leads to better memory than does reading silently-has been defined narrowly with reference to memory; it has been explored largely using word lists as the material to be read and remembered. But might the benefit of production extend beyond memory and beyond individual words? In a series of four experiments, passages from reading comprehension tests served as the study material. Participants read some passages aloud and others silently. After each passage, they completed multiple-choice questions about that passage. Separating the multiple-choice questions into memory-focused versus comprehension-focused questions, we observed a consistent production benefit only for the memory-focused questions. Production clearly improves memory for text, not just for individual words, and also extends to multiple-choice testing. The overall pattern of findings fits with the distinctiveness account of production-that information read aloud stands out at study and at test from information read silently. Only when the tested information is a very close match to the studied information, as is the case for memory questions but not for comprehension questions, does production improve accuracy.

Fabrication of Nanocomposites with High Elasticity and Strength for the Load-Bearing Layer of Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts.

Compliance mismatch of commercially available artificial grafts, where the artificial graft and the native vessel are subject to different radial expansions, is a major issue that results in graft occlusion after implantation. A human artery possesses a nonlinear mechanical response to pulsatile pressure due to its nonlinear viscoelastic nature, which is difficult to replicate in artificial graft fabrication. Here, we fabricated nanocomposites with nonlinear mechanical responses for potential application as the load-bearing layer of vascular grafts, based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-casted nanofibrous film. The nanofibers consisted of a core-sheath structure with a PDMS elastomer reinforced with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofibers as the sheath and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer as the core. The surface morphology and chemical composition together with the crystalline structure of the nanocomposites were characterized, and dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to select the graft with the most suitable properties as the load-bearing layer of a small-diameter vascular graft. The presence of the stiff polymer PMMA and elastic polymer TPU in the PMMA/PDMS/TPU combination resulted in a delayed dissipation of energy after exposure to a force corresponding to 180 mm Hg. Casting the PDMS/PMMA/TPU nanofibrous mat into a nanocomposite film improved the ultimate tensile strength of PDMS without compromising its elasticity. The compliance values of the nanocomposites were also found to be a close match to those of the greater saphenous vein, demonstrating a great potential of the nanocomposites as the load-bearing layer in a biostable vascular graft.

Structural Performance of Strengthening of High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Columns Utilizing Different Confinement Materials: Experimental and Numerical Study

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of different confinement materials in strengthening geopolymer concrete (GP) columns subjected to axial compression loading. This research encompassed both experimental and numerical analyses. The experimental phase involved testing seven circular GP columns, while the numerical phase involved developing 3D finite element (FE) models using ABAQUS software. The primary focus of this study was to assess the impact of using outer and inner steel tubes, as well as an outer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube and a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet. To validate the FE models, the experimental results were utilized for comparison. The findings of this study revealed that the outer steel tube provided superior confinement effects on the GP column’s concrete core compared to the PVC tube and CFRP sheet. The axial capacities of the columns confined with steel, PVC, and CFRP materials were observed to increase by 254.7%, 43.2%, and 186%, respectively, in comparison to the control specimens. Furthermore, the utilization of all confinement materials significantly enhanced the absorbed energy and ductility of the columns. The FE models demonstrated a reasonably close match to the experimental results in terms of load–displacement curves and deformation patterns. This correspondence between the numerical predictions and experimental data confirmed the reliability of the FE models and their suitability for generating further predictions. In summary, this study contributes to the field by exploring the efficacy of various confinement materials in strengthening GP columns. The results highlight the superior performance of the outer steel tube and demonstrate the positive influence of PVC and CFRP materials on enhancing the structural behavior of the columns. The validation of the FE models further supports their reliability and their potential for future predictions in similar scenarios.

A deep learning approach to estimate x-ray scatter in digital breast tomosynthesis: From phantom models to clinical applications.

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has gained popularity as breast imaging modality due to its pseudo-3D reconstruction and improved accuracy compared to digital mammography. However, DBT faces challenges in image quality and quantitative accuracy due to scatter radiation. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) have shown promise in using fast convolutional neural networks for scatter correction, achieving comparable results to Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. To predict the scatter radiation signal in DBT projections within clinically-acceptable times and using only clinically-available data, such as compressed breast thickness and acquisition angle. MC simulations to obtain scatter estimates were generated from two types of digital breast phantoms. One set consisted of 600 realistically-shaped homogeneous breast phantoms for initial DL training. The other set was composed of 80 anthropomorphic phantoms, containing realistic internal tissue texture, aimed at fine tuning the DL model for clinical applications. The MC simulations generated scatter and primary maps per projection angle for a wide-angle DBT system. Both datasets were used to train (using 7680 projections from homogeneous phantoms), validate (using 960 and 192 projections from the homogeneous and anthropomorphic phantoms, respectively), and test (using 960 and 48 projections from the homogeneous and anthropomorphic phantoms, respectively) the DL model. The DL output was compared to the corresponding MC ground truth using both quantitative and qualitative metrics, such as mean relative and mean absolute relative differences (MRD and MARD), and to previously-published scatter-to-primary (SPR) ratios for similar breast phantoms. The scatter corrected DBT reconstructions were evaluated by analyzing the obtained linear attenuation values and by visual assessment of corrected projections in a clinical dataset. The time required for training and prediction per projection, as well as the time it takes to produce scatter-corrected projection images, were also tracked. The quantitative comparison between DL scatter predictions and MC simulations showed a median MRD of 0.05% (interquartile range (IQR), -0.04% to 0.13%) and a median MARD of 1.32% (IQR, 0.98% to 1.85%) for homogeneous phantom projections and a median MRD of -0.21% (IQR, -0.35% to -0.07%) and a median MARD of 1.43% (IQR, 1.32% to 1.66%) for the anthropomorphic phantoms. The SPRs for different breast thicknesses and at different projection angles were within±15% of the previously-published ranges. The visual assessment showed good prediction capabilities of the DL model with a close match between MC and DL scatter estimates, as well as between DL-based scatter corrected and anti-scatter grid corrected cases. The scatter correction improved the accuracy of the reconstructed linear attenuation of adipose tissue, reducing the error from -16% and -11% to -2.3% and 4.4% for an anthropomorphic digital phantom and clinical case with similar breast thickness, respectively. The DL model training took 40 min and prediction of a single projection took less than 0.01s. Generating scatter corrected images took 0.03s per projection for clinical exams and 0.16s for one entire projection set. This DL-based method for estimating the scatter signal in DBT projections is fast and accurate, paving the way for future quantitative applications.