Close Distance Research Articles

Soybean Collect Recommender Based on Distance and Productivity Cluster Using K-means Clustering and Simple Addictive Weighting Method

Soybeans are an essential agricultural product that is one of the primary food sources in Indonesia, such as tempeh, tofu, soy milk, soy sauce, and other preparations. However, production yields, harvested land area, and soybean productivity in each district or city in Central Java Province vary widely. Differences in soybean productivity in each area are due to production factors such as area, use of fertilizers, seeds, and labor. This study tries to provide recommendations for soybean harvesting based on the distance and productivity of an area using K-means clustering and the simple addictive weighting method. In the Central Java Province, 35 regions will be divided into four clusters: the first with high productivity, the second with medium productivity; the third with low productivity; and the fourth with very low productivity. Additionally, based on the fourth cluster clustering results, it will be advised to take soybeans from other clusters by taking the closest distance and cluster members into account. According to the research, four clusters have formed: the first has five members, the second has fourteen, the third has nine, and the fourth has seven. The fourth cluster, which consists of seven members who do not grow soybeans, is advised to buy soybeans from the following regions: Kendal Regency, Klaten Regency, Magelang Regency, Batang Regency, and Brebes Regency.

A bird's‐eye view: Evaluating drone imagery for the detection and monitoring of endangered and invasive day geckos

AbstractSpecies monitoring can be strongly limited by terrain accessibility, impeding our understanding of species ecology and thus challenging their conservation. This is particularly true for species living in the canopy, on cliffs or in dense vegetation. Remote sensing imagery may fill this gap by offering a cost‐effective monitoring approach allowing to improve species detection in inaccessible areas. We investigated the applicability of drone‐based monitoring for a Critically Endangered insular gecko (Phelsuma inexpectata) and two invasive alien gecko species representing a risk for the former (P. grandis and P. laticauda). We determined the approach distance before inducing behavioural response caused by the drone's presence. All three study species showed no escape behaviour to the drone's presence until very close distances (mean distance for P. inexpectata: 33.8 cm; P. grandis: 21.9 cm; P. laticauda: 26.4 cm). We then performed horizontal and vertical approaches with the drone, taking photos every meter starting at 10 m away from the canopy edge to determine an optimal distance for detection while ensuring species‐level identification. We examined a total of 328 photos. We found a bimodality in the number of detected geckos for two species, with different individuals recorded between short and intermediate distances. Therefore, we recommend taking photos at two distances of 2–2.5 and 5 m away from the canopy, ideally facing away from the sun and in low wind conditions. We encourage the application of our methodology for Phelsuma spp., but also for other species of similar size and ecology to improve detection in inaccessible areas.Abstract in French is available with online material.

Design and construction of solar-powered smart garbage disposal unit

Cities with developing economies experience exhausted waste collection services, and inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites; which is an ongoing challenge and many struggles due to weak institutions and rapid urbanization. The purpose of the research is to design and construct a smart garbage disposal system using a two-way power supply unit (that is, the electrical power supply unit and solar power supply unit) based on Arduino Nano that utilizes ATMEGA 328p microcontroller. Two pairs of ultrasonic sensors, the pair that faced upward detects the presence of garbage disposal agent at a close distance of (5 - 50) cm and then opens the lid while the other pair faced the inside of the container senses when the container is filled up and then closes the container until it is emptied are used.

Biophysical modeling of the electric field magnitude and distribution induced by electrical stimulation with intracerebral electrodes

Intracranial electrodes are used clinically for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, notably in drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE) among others. Visualization and quantification of the energy delivered through such electrodes is key to understanding how the resulting electric fields modulate neuronal excitability, i.e. the ratio between excitation and inhibition. Quantifying the electric field induced by electrical stimulation in a patient-specific manner is challenging, because these electric fields depend on a number of factors: electrode trajectory with respect to folded brain anatomy, biophysical (electrical conductivity / permittivity) properties of brain tissue and stimulation parameters such as electrode contacts position and intensity. Here, we aimed to evaluate various biophysical models for characterizing the electric fields induced by electrical stimulation in DRE patients undergoing stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) recordings in the context of pre-surgical evaluation. This stimulation was performed with multiple-contact intracranial electrodes used in routine clinical practice. We introduced realistic 3D models of electrode geometry and trajectory in the neocortex. For the electrodes, we compared point (0D) and line (1D) sources approximations. For brain tissue, we considered three configurations of increasing complexity: a 6-layer spherical model, a toy model with a sulcus representation, replicating results from previous approaches; and went beyond the state-of-the-art by using a realistic head model geometry. Electrode geometry influenced the electric field distribution at close distances (∼3 mm) from the electrode axis. For larger distances, the volume conductor geometry and electrical conductivity dominated electric field distribution. These results are the first step towards accurate and computationally tractable patient-specific models of electric fields induced by neuromodulation and neurostimulation procedures.

한국의 서해 서핑 참여자의 참여 유형에 관한 Q 방법론적 연구

The purpose of the study was to analyze the participation patterns of surfing participants in west sea of Korea. In order to achieve the study purpose, a survey was conducted on 20 participants who came to surf in the West Sea. The Q methodology was applied to identify the type of participation of the study subjects. 23 Q statements were selected. The study subjects directly classified the Q statement. The classified Q statements were classified into three participation types using the QUANL 1.2 program. The characteristics of each type are as follows. First, 'achievement type' was found to deep social relationships with people around them through a sports called surfing and prefer satisfaction when surfing with acquaintances in the sea. Second, the 'distance and safety type' was found to prefer safety in surfing participation and selection of close distances rather than the influence of waves, weather, and wind when using public transportation or moving to surfing spots on their own. Third, the “natural-friendly type” was found to prefer the beautiful sunset and the natural environment of Manripo+California, which can be seen in the West Sea.

A systematic performance comparison of two Smooth Pursuit detection algorithms in Virtual Reality depending on target number, distance, and movement patterns.

We compared the performance of two smooth-pursuit-based object selection algorithms in Virtual Reality (VR). To assess the best algorithm for a range of configurations, we systematically varied the number of targets to choose from, their distance, and their movement pattern (linear and circular). Performance was operationalized as the ratio of hits, misses and non-detections. Averaged over all distances, the correlation-based algorithm performed better for circular movement patterns compared to linear ones (F(1,11) = 24.27, p < .001, η² = .29). This was not found for the difference-based algorithm (F(1,11) = 0.98, p = .344, η² = .01). Both algorithms performed better in close distances compared to larger ones (F(1,11) = 190.77, p < .001, η² = .75 correlation-based, and F(1,11) = 148.20, p < .001, η² = .42, difference-based). An interaction effect for distance x movement emerged. After systematically varying the number of targets, these results could be replicated, with a slightly smaller effect. Based on performance levels, we introduce the concept of an optimal threshold algorithm, suggesting the best detection algorithm for the individual target configuration. Learnings of adding the third dimension to the detection algorithms and the role of distractors are discussed and suggestions for future research added.

Shear Band Interaction In 1D Torsion

When two shear bands are formed at close distance from each other, they interact, and further development of one of them may be quenched down. As a result, there should be a minimum distance between shear bands. In the literature there are at least three analytical models to estimate this minimum distance. Predictions of these models do not generally agree with each other and with test results. Recently we developed a 1D numerical scheme to predict the formation of shear bands in a torsion test of a thin-walled pipe. We validated that scheme by reproducing the results of the pioneering experiments of Marchand and Duffy [9], and then used it to investigate the mechanics of shear localization and shear band formation. We describe our shear band code in a separate publication [8], and here we use it only as a tool to investigate the interaction between two neighboring shear bands during the process of their formation. We trigger the formation of those shear bands by specifying two perturbations in the initial strength. We vary the perturbations in term of their amplitude and/or their width. Usually, the stronger perturbation triggers a faster developing shear band, which then prevails and quenches the development of the other shear band. We change the distance between the two shear bands and find, that up to a certain distance between them, one of the shear bands becomes fully developed and the other stays only partially developed. Beyond this distance between them the two shear bands are both fully developed. Finally, we check the influence of certain material parameters and loading parameters on the interaction between such two neibouring shear bands, and compare the results to predictions of the above-mentioned analytical models from the literature.

Quantitative Analysis of Natural Gas Diffusion Characteristics in Tight Oil Reservoirs Based on Experimental and Numerical Simulation Methods.

As an important mechanism in gas injection development, the diffusion characteristics of natural gas in tight reservoirs are important in the dynamic prediction of the development effect and optimization of injection-production parameters. In this paper, a high-pressure and high-temperature oil-gas diffusion experimental device was built, which was used to study the effects of the porous medium, pressure, permeability, and fracture on oil-gas diffusion under tight reservoir conditions. Two mathematical models were used to calculate the diffusion coefficients of natural gas in bulk oil and cores. Besides, the numerical simulation model was established to study the diffusion characteristics of natural gas in gas flooding and huff-n-puff, and five diffusion coefficients were selected based on experimental results for simulation study. The remaining oil saturation of grids, the recovery of single layers, and the distribution of CH4 mole fraction in oil were analyzed based on the simulation results. The experimental results show that the diffusion process can be divided into three stages: the initial stage of instability, the diffusion stage, and the stable stage. The absence of medium, high pressure, high permeability, and the existence of fracture are beneficial to natural gas diffusion, which can also reduce the equilibrium time and increase the gas pressure drop. Furthermore, the existence of fracture is beneficial to the early diffusion of gas. The simulation results show that the diffusion coefficient has a greater influence on the oil recovery of huff-n-puff. For gas flooding and huff-n-puff, the diffusion features both perform such that a high diffusion coefficient results in a close diffusion distance, small sweep range, and low oil recovery. However, a high diffusion coefficient can achieve high oil washing efficiency near the injecting well. The study is helpful to provide theoretical guidance for natural gas injection in tight oil reservoirs.

Gas Migration Law and Precision Extraction in Close Distance Coal Seam Goaf: A Case Study

Gas Migration Law and Precision Extraction in Close Distance Coal Seam Goaf: A Case Study

Communicating health advice on social media: A multimodal case study

Social media represent new arenas for health communication. Platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok provide unique opportunities for health workers to build understanding, engagement, and trust among a broad and young audience. At the same time, such platforms demand of health workers a careful balance between social closeness and professional distance. The article is based on a case study in which the award-winning Norwegian psychologist Maria Abrahamsen’s practice of health communication on Instagram is studied through the lens of multimodal discourse analysis. Following a bottom-up method, the study starts with a close reading of a single Instagram post, where video and written verbal text interact closely. The entire account is then studied as a complex case of mediated health communication. Conclusively, after a discussion of genre implications, the article suggests possible solutions to key challenges concerning the followers’ engagement and trust.

Co-planting of a fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing host tree facilitates regeneration of the root hemiparasitic ‘iliahi (Hawaiian sandalwood)

Root hemiparasitic trees can photosynthesize yet also acquire resources from host plants, which may benefit the long-term survival and growth of the hemiparasite. Experimental evaluation of planting distance between tree hemiparasites and their hosts can lead to biological insights and contribute to practitioner decision making. On an abandoned pasture site in a historically tropical dry forest in Hawai‘i, we studied the effects of two host species and four planting distances on the survival and growth of ‘iliahi (Hawaiian sandalwood, Santalum paniculatum), an endemic root hemiparasitic tree. Treatments included a control with no host or one of two native host species: ‘aʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa), a fast-growing shrub, or koa (Acacia koa), a fast-growing nitrogen-fixing tree. ‘Iliahi and host seedlings were planted at a distance of <0.2, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 m from each other. After three years, survival of ‘iliahi seedlings was greatest for ‘iliahi paired with koa at 1.0 m (88 %) compared to the control with no host (53 %) and when paired with koa at 2.0 m (55 %). Height and ground line diameter of ‘iliahi seedlings were greater when paired with koa at closer distances than with ‘aʻaliʻi at any distance or the control with no host. Specifically, ʻiliahi growth was greatest when paired with koa at <0.2 m distance. Foliar nitrogen concentration was greater for ‘iliahi paired with koa at <0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 m distances, whereas the other foliar nutrient concentrations were typically greater for the ‘iliahi control with no host. For sites with few or no pre-established hosts, such as abandoned pastures, ‘iliahi growth can be greatly improved by co-planting in proximity to koa. As with other Santalum spp., early and abundant parasitic root connections with a host, especially a nitrogen-fixing host, are likely important for ‘iliahi establishment and early growth.

Sensor Fusion for the Robust Detection of Facial Regions of Neonates Using Neural Networks.

The monitoring of vital signs and increasing patient comfort are cornerstones of modern neonatal intensive care. Commonly used monitoring methods are based on skin contact which can cause irritations and discomfort in preterm neonates. Therefore, non-contact approaches are the subject of current research aiming to resolve this dichotomy. Robust neonatal face detection is essential for the reliable detection of heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature. While solutions for adult face detection are established, the unique neonatal proportions require a tailored approach. Additionally, sufficient open-source data of neonates on the NICU is lacking. We set out to train neural networks with the thermal-RGB-fusion data of neonates. We propose a novel indirect fusion approach including the sensor fusion of a thermal and RGB camera based on a 3D time-of-flight (ToF) camera. Unlike other approaches, this method is tailored for close distances encountered in neonatal incubators. Two neural networks were used with the fusion data and compared to RGB and thermal networks. For the class "head" we reached average precision values of 0.9958 (RetinaNet) and 0.9455 (YOLOv3) for the fusion data. Compared with the literature, similar precision was achieved, but we are the first to train a neural network with fusion data of neonates. The advantage of this approach is in calculating the detection area directly from the fusion image for the RGB and thermal modality. This increases data efficiency by 66%. Our results will facilitate the future development of non-contact monitoring to further improve the standard of care for preterm neonates.

Implementation of fuzzy logic controller for TV viewing distance detector tool

This study describes the design of a safe distance detection device for watching TV using Arduino Uno. This system is expected to help reduce the risk of eye damage, especially those caused by viewing TV that is too close. This system functions to provide a warning in the form of an alarm where at a close distance the buzzer will activate and at a safe distance the buzzer will turn off. The system also provides warnings in the form of LEDs and LCDs as visual notification features, so that they can provide information to the audience to stay at a safe distance. In this study using the fuzzy logic method because this method is suitable for use in most real-time problems such as in making decisions to find variable and uncertain distances. With this fuzzy logic method, a mathematical framework is obtained that is used to represent uncertainty, ambiguity, inaccuracy, lack of information and partial truth.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analyses of To Chicken in Vietnam.

Indigenous chicken breeds have both cultural significance and economic value since they possess unique genetic characteristics that enable them to adapt to the local environment and contribute to biodiversity, food security, and sustainable agriculture in Vietnam. To (Tò in Vietnamese) chicken, a Vietnamese indigenous chicken breed, is popularly raised in Thai Binh province; however, little known is about the genetic diversity of this breed. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of To chicken for a better understanding of the diversity and origin of the breed. The results of sequencing showed that the mitochondrial genome of To chicken spans a total length of 16,784 base pairs and comprises one non-coding control region (known as the displacement-loop (D-loop) region), two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. The phylogenetic tree analyses and estimated genetic distances based on 31 complete mitochondrial genome sequences indicated that To chicken has a close genetic distance with the Laotian native chicken breed, Lv'erwu breed in China, and Nicobari black and Kadaknath breeds in India. The result of the current study might be important for conservation, breeding, and further genetic studies of To chicken.

Vehicle Load Capacity Analysis Above KMP. Swarna Kartika on Balikpapan – Palu Track

Kariangau Ferry Port which is managed and supervised by the Land Transportation Management Agency (BPTD) Region XVII of East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan Provinces serves 3 tracks, namely Kariangau - Penajam, Balikpapan - Palu, and Balikpapan - Mamuju. The Balikpapan – Palu track is 213 miles served by the Swarna Kartika Crossing Motor Boat (KMP. Swarna Kartika) operated by PT. Jembatan Nusantara with travel time ±20 hours. The distance traveled which takes a long time, it is necessary to pay attention to the security and safety conditions of the vehicles on board the ship. Currently, the arrangement and handling of vehicle loads on board the ship is still careless and positioned at a very close distance without rope safety (lashing) so that it is very dangerous for ship operators and vehicles on board. The method used to analyze existing problems is the analysis of the calculation of the load capacity of vehicles per group based on the Production Unit (SUP) in the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Mechanism for Determining and Formulating the Calculation of Crossing Transportation Tariffs. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the average load factor of loading and unloading vehicles is very high, namely 139.49%. The ideal number of vehicle capacities on board KMP.Swarna Kartika is not yet suitable based on the Production Unit (SUP), where the SUP available vessels is smaller than the capacity of the used SUP. So that from this calculation, it is planned to arrange vehicles per group on the ship to match the SUP capacity available for the ship.

Refraining from interaction can decrease fear of physical closeness during COVID-19

Perception of peripersonal space (PPS) and interpersonal distance (IPD) has been shown to be modified by external factors such as perceived danger, the use of tools, and social factors. Especially in times of social distancing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to study factors that modify PPS and IPD. The present work addresses the question of whether wearing a face mask as a protection tool and social interaction impact the perception of IPD. We tested estimated IPD in pictures at three distances: 50 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm in both social interaction (shaking hands) and without interaction and when the two people in the pictures wore a face mask or not. Data from 60 subjects were analyzed in a linear mixed model (on both difference in distance estimation to the depicted distance and in absolute distance estimation) and in a 3 (distance: 50, 90, 150) × 2 (interaction: no interaction, shake hands), × 2 face mask (no mask, mask) rmANOVA on distance estimation difference. All analyses showed that at a distance of 50 and 90 cm, participants generally underestimated the IPD while at an IPD of 150 cm, participants overestimated the distance. This could be grounded in perceived danger and avoidance behavior at closer distances, while the wider distance between persons was not perceived as dangerous. Our findings at an IPD of 90 cm show that social interaction has the largest effect at the border of our PPS, while the face mask did not affect social interaction at either distance. In addition, the ANOVA results indicate that when no social interaction was displayed, participants felt less unsafe when depicted persons wore a face mask at distances of 90 and 150 cm. This shows that participants are on the one hand aware of the given safety measures and internalized them; on the other hand, that refraining from physical social interaction helps to get close to other persons.

Fixed-Point Landing Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Multi-Sensor Pattern Detection

Conventional autonomous landing systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) mainly rely on global positioning systems (GPS) or a single visual sensor, which identifies specific markers and uses them to guide the UAV landing. However, such methods have low positioning accuracies and weak range recognition abilities, which limit their applicability. This report proposes a fixed-point landing method combining light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology with a vision camera; the developed approach can be used to locate the landing area and enable a completely autonomous landing, without being affected by distance, weather, or time. First, we establish the mathematical relationship between the color of the mark and the reflection intensity of the laser point cloud. According to this relationship, UAVs can confirm their position relative to the landing point starting from a greater distance without being disturbed by the environmental light intensity. Meanwhile, the method uses the camera to detect the corners of the landing target, even obtaining the relative position at a close distance. Finally, the LIDAR and camera data are combined to detect the corner points of the markers, determine the position of the UAV relative to the center of the landing target in real time, and guide the landing.

Dependence of turbulence estimations on nacelle lidar scanning strategies

Abstract. Through numerical simulations and the analysis of field measurements, we investigate the dependence of the accuracy and uncertainty of turbulence estimations on the main features of the nacelle lidars' scanning strategy, i.e., the number of measurement points, the half-cone opening angle, the focus distance and the type of the lidar system. We assume homogeneous turbulence over the lidar scanning area in front of a Vestas V52 wind turbine. The Reynolds stresses are computed via a least-squares procedure that uses the radial velocity variances of each lidar beam without the need to reconstruct the wind components. The lidar-retrieved Reynolds stresses are compared with those from a sonic anemometer at turbine hub height. Our findings from the analysis of both simulations and measurements demonstrate that to estimate the six Reynolds stresses accurately, a nacelle lidar system with at least six beams is required. Further, one of the beams of this system should have a different opening angle. Adding one central beam improves the estimations of the velocity components' variances. Assuming the relations of the velocity components' variances as suggested in the IEC standard, all considered lidars can estimate the along-wind variance accurately using the least-squares procedure and the Doppler radial velocity spectra. Increasing the opening angle increases the accuracy and reduces the uncertainty on the transverse components, while enlarging the measurement distance has opposite effects. All in all, a six-beam continuous-wave lidar measuring at a close distance with a large opening angle provides the best estimations of all Reynolds stresses. This work gives insights on designing and utilizing nacelle lidars for inflow turbulence characterization.

What is Appropriate? On the Assessment of Human-Robot Proxemics for Casual Encounters in Closed Environments

Increasingly autonomous robots become more and more prevalent in daily life and their proximity to humans may affect human well-being and comfort. Consequently, researchers have begun to study the effect of robotic presence on humans and to establish distance rules. However, studies on human-robot proxemics rely on various concepts (e.g. safety, comfort, perceived safety and expectation conformity) to measure the appropriateness of distances which can affect the outcomes. The impact of using diverging operationalization has not been studied explicitly, thus the first aim of our research was to fill this gap. In two experiments (combined N = 80), placing participants in indirect hallway human-robot interactions, we found that the way appropriateness is operationalized has a significant impact on the results for lateral passing and frontal approaches. The second goal was to gain new insights into the influence of robot appearance on appropriate proximity. Using an ad-hoc created appropriateness scale we reveal that for robots displaying human faces on screens, closer distances are perceived to be appropriate. Our study provides valuable insights into the relationship between measurement methods, robot appearance, and appropriateness, and offers practical recommendations for future research and development in the field of social robotics.

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Four Koi Fish (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) Variants from Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) is an ornamental fish with many hobbyists because of the beauty of its color pattern. Koi fish are widely cultivated around the world. Indonesia is a country that has many koi fish breeders and hobbyists. Crossbreeding between variants of koi fish can form a new variants. and provide a lot of genetic variation. This study aims to determine the variations and genetic relationships of koi fish that are widely cultivated in Indonesia. This study used 40 koi fish originating from fish farmers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Koi fish variants used are Kohaku, Showa, Sanke, and Shiro. This research uses amplification method with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker which is OPA-1 and OPA-9. The results of the RAPD-PCR showed 14 bands from the OPA-1 primer and 5 bands from the OPA-9 primer with a total of 19 bands consisting of 18 polymorphic bands and 1 monomorphic band from the four samples of koi fish variants. The results of the polymorphism analysis showed that the polymorphisms of the Shiro variants is 63.16%, Showa 47.37%, Kohaku 36.84%, and Sanke 31.58%. Genetic distance calculation using the Nei genetic distance shows that the Kohaku variant has a close genetic distance to the Showa variant and the Sanke variant has a close genetic distance to the Shiro variant.