Close Social Interactions Research Articles

Prevalence of Infectious Diseases in Children at Preschool Education Institutions and Stakeholder Opinions.

Preschool education institutions, where children have close contact and social interactions, can serve as potential environments for the transmission of infectious diseases. This issue poses a significant health concern, impacting both individual and public well-being. Thus, the present research set out to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in preschool children and the views of parents and teachers on the prevention of infectious diseases. The study employed a mixed-method approach and involved 397 parents and 46 preschool teachers. The study was survey-based via in-person interviews. The results revealed that after they started school (almost in 5 months), children with a mean age of 4.7 ± 0.5 years experienced illness approximately 3.5 ± 2.0 times, of whom 91.5% used antibiotics. The prevalence of infectious diseases was found to be associated with the child's being born at term, maternal education level, and the public/private status of preschool institutions. The presence of a sick child in the classroom elicits negative emotions from both teachers and parents. They recommend that studies on education, safety, hygiene, school health, health screenings, regulation of the learning environment, legal regulations, and school exclusion policies be carried out to prevent infectious diseases. When children with infectious diseases come to school, nearly half of the teachers admit them to the classroom due to various reasons and pressures. Parents request teachers to monitor medication, control sweating, and use a nebulizer for their sick children. Some of the teachers meet these requests, but they claim that the educational process is negatively affected. At preschool education institutions, the risk factors of infectious diseases have a complex structure and can be influenced by variables related to teachers, children, parents and the institution itself. Infectious diseases not only pose a threat to health but also impact teachers' and parents' emotions, teacher-child relationships, and the overall atmosphere within schools and classrooms.

The lived experience of withdrawal from Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: A qualitative interview study.

Our knowledge of the broader impacts of antidepressant withdrawal, beyond physical side effects, is limited. Further research is needed to investigate the lived experiences of withdrawal, to aid clinicians on how to guide patients through the process. To explore antidepressant users' experiences and views on the withdrawal process and how it affected their quality of life across multiple life domains. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 individuals from the community who had attempted to withdraw from Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor antidepressants in the past year. Semi-structured interviews were conducted online. A topic guide was used to ensure consistency across interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive reflexive thematic analysis. Five themes were generated. The first highlighted the challenges of managing the release from emotional blunting and cognitive suppression following antidepressant discontinuation. The second related to the negative impact of withdrawal on close relationships and social interactions. The third showed that concurrent with negative physical symptoms, there was a positive impact on health (exercise was reported by some as a coping mechanism). The fourth theme focused on support from GPs and families, emphasising the importance of mental health literacy in others. The final theme underscored the importance of gradual and flexible tapering in enabling a manageable withdrawal experience,and the consideration of timing. The lived experience of withdrawal significantly impacts individuals' well-being. Participants emphasised that withdrawal is not just about physical side effects but also affects their emotional, cognitive, and social functioning. Eight people attended individual online meetings to share their experiences of antidepressant withdrawal to help inform the study design and recruitment strategy. Insights from these meetings informed the development of the topic guide. Questions about GP involvement, family relationships, and mood and thinking changes were included based on this PPI work. This ensured the inclusion of topics important to antidepressant users and facilitated the researcher's questioning during the interviews.

Analisis Kebijakan Sekolah untuk Mengembangkan Mutu Internal Pendidikan Siswa SMP Istiqlal Deli Tua

Learning is a key element in building a nation's civilization. The level of learning understood by a community will have a significant influence on the lifestyle that will be created. The position of learning in achieving progress in various aspects of life, such as social, political, cultural and economic, cannot be questioned. This research is carried out using qualitative methods, namely research that is carried out through observation and seeking information directly in research positions or in other words it can be said as field research. This research uses a phenomenological approach by explaining and describing phenomena that occur in conditions in the field. In this case, researchers want to explain and describe the impact of School Policy Analysis to Improve the Internal Quality of Learning for Istiqlal Deli Tua Middle School Students. Istiqlal Deli Tua Middle School's policy in formulating its vision and mission shares the main focus on aspects of morality. Determining the direction of the vision and mission is influenced by close social interactions and the various backgrounds of students. The process of formulating policies at Istiqlal Deli Tua Middle School involves various parties, including internal schools, student parents, and other policy makers, in order to improve learning progress. This personal learning option as a school policy is not carried out without a reason, but rather is adjusted to the vision and mission that form the basis. learning system in the school. To realize this policy, the school has designed a management system and implementation guidelines that include regular, automatic activities and exemplary examples inside and outside the classroom. The conclusions of research on the analysis of school policies to improve the internal quality of student learning include an explanation of the important role of school policies in providing direction and support. Management of energy resources, including the allocation of funds and development of teaching staff, and the involvement of all related parties, such as teachers, parents, students and local communities, are considered important in achieving the goal of quality learning. Continuous monitoring and assessment are key aspects for identifying revision zones and adapting school policies. A focus on improving the educational process, innovative teaching methods, and long-term educational support are also recognized as elements that can provide positive impacts. Finally, adapting to changes in learning areas, such as technological growth, curriculum changes, and social dynamics, is considered important and requires flexibility in school policies. However, it is necessary to explain that this conclusion is universal and needs to be confirmed by specific findings from actual research

The interaction between cortisol and testosterone predicts leadership within rock hyrax social groups

Group movement leadership is associated with higher risks for those in the front. Leaders are the first to explore new areas and may be exposed to predation. Individual differences in risk-taking behavior may be related to hormonal differences. In challenging circumstances, such as risk-taking leadership that may pose a cost to the leader, cortisol is secreted both to increase the likelihood of survival by restoring homeostasis, and to mediate cooperative behavior. Testosterone too has a well-established role in risk-taking behavior, and the dual-hormone hypothesis posits that the interaction of testosterone and cortisol can predict social behavior. Based on the dual-hormone hypothesis, we investigated here whether the interaction between testosterone and cortisol can predict risk-taking leadership behavior in wild rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis). We used proximity loggers, observations, and playback trials to characterize hyrax leaders in three different leadership contexts that varied in their risk levels. In support of the dual-hormone hypothesis, we found that cortisol and testosterone interactions predict leadership that involves risk. Across different circumstances that involved low or high levels of risk, testosterone was positively related to leadership, but only in individuals (both males and females) with low levels of cortisol. We also found an interaction between these hormone levels and age at the low-risk scenarios. We suggest that the close social interactions and affiliative behavior among hyrax females within small egalitarian groups may make female leadership less risky, and therefore less stressful, and allow female leaders to influence group activities.

Using Space Syntax in Close Interaction Analysis between the Elderly: Towards a Healthier Urban Environment

Population aging has become an issue that the world should to face together. Public spaces in urban areas play an important role in stimulating social interactions for the elderly, especially close social interactions. Although a volume of studies have focused on the health of the elderly and the shaping of urban space, they have neglected the need for close social behavior of the elderly group. This analysis addresses the question: What are the principles to improve public space qualities which facilitate age-friendly social interactions for the elderly? Blind-dating activities in Beijing City work as an example of close social interactions between the elderly. Methods include a case study in Beijing, field survey, and Space Syntax with related tools. The survey took place from 1 July to 30 September 2022. Around 102 elderly men and 84 women aging from 55 to 75 participated in the survey process. Results indicate that the close social interaction can positively comfort the elderly’s physical and psychological situations. It could be a path for the single elderly group meet a partner, make new friends, and establish new social networks. Consequently, three principles, including obtaining the safety of public space, keeping greenery in the social environment, and providing suitable space for close social interactions are proposed towards age-friendly urban areas. These support the regeneration of the elderly’s social life and stimulate a chasing of happy later lives.

Improvement in general touch avoidance in patients with moderate‐to‐severe genital psoriasis treated with ixekizumab during a 52‐week, randomized, phase 3 clinical trial (IXORA‐Q)

AbstractBackgroundPeople with genital psoriasis may avoid close social interactions (hugs, handshakes, kisses, touching others, or being touched), which can have a significant impact on quality of life. Ixekizumab, an interleukin 17A antagonist, demonstrated rapid and persistent improvement in moderate‐to‐severe genital psoriasis through 52 weeks in a phase 3 trial (IXORA‐Q).ObjectivesTo evaluate general touch avoidance (TA) in patients with moderate‐to‐severe genital psoriasis treated with ixekizumab through 52 weeks in the IXORA‐Q trial.MethodsIn IXORA‐Q (NCT02718898), adult patients received 80 mg ixekizumab every 2 weeks (IXE Q2W, N = 75) or placebo (PBO, N = 74) for 12 weeks. At Week 12, all patients received open‐label 80 mg ixekizumab every 4 weeks (IXE Q4W) through Week 52, with an opportunity to escalate dosing to Q2W at Weeks 24, 28, or 40. Patients used a numeric rating scale (NRS) to self‐report the degree of TA experienced over the past 2 weeks (score of 0 [not at all] to 10 [very much]). Outcomes included TA NRS score change from baseline and the proportion of patients achieving a TA NRS score of 0 through Week 52. Correlations between TA NRS scores and psoriasis outcomes were also examined.ResultsMean (standard deviation) baseline TA NRS score was 2.7 (3.3) for IXE Q2W and 3.0 (3.5) for PBO. Among patients with a baseline TA NRS score >0, mean (standard deviation) change from baseline at Week 52 (where a lower score indicates greater improvement) and the proportion of patients who achieved a TA NRS score of 0 at Week 52 were −4.4 (3.2) [78.0%] for patients treated continuously with ixekizumab (Q2W then Q4W, N = 41) and −4.1 (3.6) [62.5%] for PBO/IXE Q4W (N = 40). TA NRS score improved in parallel with the majority of psoriasis outcomes examined, with the strongest positive association between the TA NRS score and Dermatology Life Quality Index total score.ConclusionsAmong patients with moderate‐to‐severe genital psoriasis, ixekizumab treatment achieves continued sustained improvement in general TA to 52 weeks.

Трансформация переводческого образования как важный этап его модернизации в условиях новой эпохи Китая

Introduction. This article examined the main tasks of Chinese translation education in the new era, analyzed the problems it faces, put forward ideas about the need to transform translation education for the training of qualified personnel. The relevance of the research was determined by the importance of forming the image of China as a state with a centuries-old history, outstanding culture and science, possessing powerful resources, which could not be done without the development of intercultural communication, which was facilitated by a developed system of translation education.
 Aim. The goal is to analyze the current state of translation education in China and outline ways to develop this industry.
 Methodology and research methods. The authors are based on the analysis and generalization of the experience of teaching foreign languages in China, as well as by the method of included observation and systematic description of methodological processes.
 Results. The authors come to the conclusion that the transformation of translation education should provide for a change in the goals of training translation personnel (it is necessary to move from the model of training universal translators to the model of training specialists of a narrow professional orientation) and requirements for the training of translation personnel (it is advisable to subordinate the requirements to the logic of competence-based training); transformation of the model of teaching translation (it is important to move from teacher orientation to the integrated development of translation technologies and translation education) and the transformation of the teaching staff (it is necessary to develop a system of continuous professional development, more actively introduce technological advances in teaching practice).
 Practical significance. The implementation of the provisions of this study will make it possible to bring translation education in China to a level that meets the challenges of the time and is characterized by close and intensive social interaction in various fields of activity.

Mechanisms of the formation of psychological disadaptation in combatants with a distinction based on the signs of adjustment disorders and PTSD

IntroductionContemporary for combatants with signs of adjustment disorders (AD) consists of “distorted” thoughts about the displacement of the value of one’s role, the loss of a certain significant position. This can be seen from the analysis of complaints about the feeling of anxiety, tension, asthenia, mood swings, lack of emotional regulation and the assessment of well-being criteria.It is important to understand what is a preventer of maladjustment, and what is a predictor of the formation of psychological adaptation disturbances in combatants with a distinction based on the signs of AD and PTSD.ObjectivesBased on the analysis of violations of the psycho-emotional sphere, peculiarities of perception of the social environment, understanding of one’s role in traumatic events, and personal adaptation potential, predictors and preventers of violation of psychological adaptation among combatants are determined.MethodsThe clinical investigation based on psychiatric examination with the narrative motivation interview,psychological examination by Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.ResultsThe predictors of impaired psychological adaptation in combatants withAD: Low indicators of moral normativity, which structure thoughts and help in the interpretation and analysis of negative experienced events of a stressogenic level.Preventers of violation of psychological adaptation in combatants with AD:Communicative potential, which lies in the structure of personal adaptation potential. This indicator indicates the presence of a need in the social environment and opportunities for realization, that is, as a resource of the individual. The ability to receive from the social environment a sense of support, reinforcement of self-esteem, motivation for activity, determination of the goals of future projects. Predictors of impaired psychological adaptation in combatants with PTSD: Low communicative potential, which, under the significant influence of stressogenic factors, isolates from close social interaction and does not allow family members to influence the emotional state. Family support is diminished and perceived as a trigger for anger. Fixation on the intensity of emotional experiences, maintaining the tone of negative manifestations, as a form of receiving punishment. Keeping under control one’s values in the life system and an attempt to reorient oneself to the future.ConclusionsRelying on preventers as the resource base of the personality of combatants and predictors as targets of psychocorrective intervention in the tasks of the medical and psychological rehabilitation program, algorithms for further psychocorrective intervention were determined.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Журнал «Юрислингвистика»: реферативный обзор

The result of close and significant social, state and scientific interaction between language and law is the development of a new applied branch of linguistic knowledge – Legal Linguistics. The term “legal linguistics” was introduced in 1999. At the same time, the first issue of the publication “Legal Linguistics” was published – a project designed to comprehend and discuss current problems at the intersection of language and law and immediately became one of the most cited scientific sources in the academic community of Russia. The rubrication of the journal, gradually formed in the course of analysis by the editorial board of submitted copyright materials, reflects the most acute and global issues of this scientific direction. In November 2021, a significant event took place that opened a new milestone in the life of a twenty-year-old publication. The journal “Legal Linguistics” is included in the list of peer-reviewed scientific publications, which should publish the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of Candidate of Science, for the degree of Doctor of Science (VAK) in the following specialties: 5.1.1. Theoretical and historical legal sciences, 5.1.4. Criminal Law Sciences, 5.9.5. Russian language. Languages of the peoples of Russia, 5.9.8. Theoretical, applied and comparative linguistics. The work presents an abstract review of the issues of the journal “Legal Linguistics”, summarizing the scientific developments of researchers in the field of interaction between language and law. The specifics of the journal and the periodicity of its publication are analyzed; the main thematic sections and headings are indicated.

Examination of Physical Changes and Counselling Premenopausal Women In Cilayung Village, Jatinangor District

Perimenopause is the period always starts with an irregular menstrual cycle to the last menstrual period. The World Health Organization estimates that by 2030, 1.2 billion women worldwide will reach menopause. In Indonesia, in 2025, there will be around 60 million menopausal women. Cilayung Village is one of the villages in the Jatinangor district which is 4 KM from district center and the campus area. Although not far from the district center, Cilayung Village does not care about the changes that have occurred. Information given by village midwives on perimenopausal women showed that, in a month there could be 2 to 5 women found to be in their perimenopausal period. Also there were no health data about perimenopausal women. The methods of this community service were carried out in stages: 1) analysis of the situation of perimenopausal women, 2) problem identification, 3) determining work goals, 4) problem solving planning, 5) close social interaction, 6) implementation of activities, and 7) evaluation. Village midwives and cadres assited with the activities mentioned above. A total of 106 perimenopausal women participated, and they were examined to physical changes, and there were collected as data. The data collected showed vasomotor instability or hot flashes (at least 54.70%), not experiencing vaginal dryness (90.60%), low osteoporosis or OSTA status (45.30%), and cholesterol status (the most common was 78.30%). Health promotion and counselling were given, and a presentation followed by a Q and A session on perimenopausal women was also organized.

Apathogenic proxies for transmission dynamics of a fatal virus.

Identifying drivers of transmission—especially of emerging pathogens—is a formidable challenge for proactive disease management efforts. While close social interactions can be associated with microbial sharing between individuals, and thereby imply dynamics important for transmission, such associations can be obscured by the influences of factors such as shared diets or environments. Directly-transmitted viral agents, specifically those that are rapidly evolving such as many RNA viruses, can allow for high-resolution inference of transmission, and therefore hold promise for elucidating not only which individuals transmit to each other, but also drivers of those transmission events. Here, we tested a novel approach in the Florida panther, which is affected by several directly-transmitted feline retroviruses. We first inferred the transmission network for an apathogenic, directly-transmitted retrovirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and then used exponential random graph models to determine drivers structuring this network. We then evaluated the utility of these drivers in predicting transmission of the analogously transmitted, pathogenic agent, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and compared FIV-based predictions of outbreak dynamics against empirical FeLV outbreak data. FIV transmission was primarily driven by panther age class and distances between panther home range centroids. FIV-based modeling predicted FeLV dynamics similarly to common modeling approaches, but with evidence that FIV-based predictions captured the spatial structuring of the observed FeLV outbreak. While FIV-based predictions of FeLV transmission performed only marginally better than standard approaches, our results highlight the value of proactively identifying drivers of transmission—even based on analogously-transmitted, apathogenic agents—in order to predict transmission of emerging infectious agents. The identification of underlying drivers of transmission, such as through our workflow here, therefore holds promise for improving predictions of pathogen transmission in novel host populations, and could provide new strategies for proactive pathogen management in human and animal systems.

33054 Improvement in touch avoidance in patients with genital psoriasis treated with ixekizumab: 52-week results of a phase 3 clinical trial in patients with moderate-to-severe genital psoriasis (IXORA-Q)

Introduction: Genital psoriasis can have a significant impact on quality of life, where people may avoid close social interactions such as touching others or being touched. Ixekizumab, an interleukin 17A antagonist, demonstrated rapid and persistent improvement in genital psoriasis up to 52 weeks and touch avoidance (TA) up to 12 weeks. Here, we report TA up to 52 weeks with ixekizumab.

Teaching Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Tailoring Virtual Learning for Public Health and Cancer Health Disparities Education.

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted higher education institutions in the United States (US). Given the dangers of close social interaction in spreading COVID-19, colleges and universities closed their campuses to minimize and often restrict face-to-face instruction of any kind, including supplemental skill development training and experiential learning. In exchange, higher education institutions implemented online learning strategies to continue education for students, including in-person experiential field experiences. This paper describes the adaptation of an in-person experiential field experience into an eight-day virtual workshop as a result of COVID-19 restrictions along with results from participant surveys evaluating pre-and post-test changes in knowledge and their overall assessment of the virtual workshop. This workshop, the Public Health and Cancer Research Workshop (PHCRW), was tailored for students from health-related graduate programs with the primary goal of introducing students to the causes and impacts of cancer disparities in the US/Mexico border region and research related to mitigating those disparities. The course facilitators added a professional development curriculum necessary for student success and the pursuit of advanced degrees such as academic/job interviewing skills and scientific and grant writing. The objectives were for students to (1) understand introductory and intermediate curriculum on public health, cancer, and cancer research; (2) examine the interrelationships among factors impacting public health problems; (3) describe the components of the research process; (4) describe various components of scientific writing; and (5) demonstrate professional strategies associated with school admission and employment. Students completed pre-and post- self-assessments that indicated gains in knowledge about cancer topics, particularly cancer prevention strategies (Mpre = 3.43; Mpost = 4.43), social determinants associated with cancer (Mpre = 3.29; Mpost = 4.43), and cancer rates by characteristics (Mpre = 3.43; Mpost = 4.43). Additionally, students overwhelmingly stated that they appreciated the opportunity to supplement their educational experience in a virtual format. Though the virtual format proved challenging in some respects, students expressed high satisfaction with the workshop. In addition to achieving the goals, the workshop successfully increased students' skills, knowledge, and self-confidence. Despite the last-minute adaptation of the PHCRW, students' satisfaction indicated that this program was an overall success.

Building supply chain resilience amid Covid-19: Post-Pandemic strategies for hotel industry

One of the businesses where its supply chain management is affected by the risks and major consequences due to Covid-19 is the hotel and tourism industry. As an industry based on human mobility and close social interaction, the tourism and hotel industry has the potential to not only become the center of the spread of the virus but also be the party that bears the most consequences for this pandemic condition. As one of the main tourism destinations in Indonesia, the hotel industry in Yogyakarta City is also struggling with this pandemic situation. One of the steps that can be taken in dealing with disruptive conditions is to create Supply Chain Resilience in the organization's business activities. By conducting the in-depth interview, this qualitative study aims to explore the strategies that have been taken by hotel industry in Yogyakarta City to build supply chain resilience for the post-pandemic condition. Various themes that emerged from the content analysis of interview responses related to the building supply chain resilience strategies amid Covid-19 pandemic have been consised and presented. Based on the content analysis that emerged out of the qualitative enquiry, this study found several strategies are suggested to build supply chain resilience. The strategies that have been successfully conducted in the hotel industry in order to make the business bounce back after the pandemic such as creating work flexibility as HR strategy, managing supply and demand uncertainty, creating disaster management operating procedure, and entering multi-business and multi-channel platforms.

The feasibility and effects of a telehealth-delivered prehabilitation programme for cancer patients shielding during the pandemic

Introduction: Patients awaiting cancer treatment were classified as “vulnerable” and advised to shield to protect themselves from exposure to coronavirus during the pandemic. Whilst these measures can reduce the risk of these patients contracting COVID-19, the prohibition of close social interaction and the restriction in movement has resulted in unintended consequences on physical function and quality of life. We sought to establish the feasibility and effects of a telehealth-delivered home-based prehabilitation programme during the pandemic.

Covid-19 and the Social Construction of Reality in Jordan

Abstract Almost all nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of Covid-19 by restricting large gatherings and close social interactions. However, it is not expected that people will stop all social gatherings and interactions voluntarily. This situation requires the construction of a new social reality that compels people to abandon their traditional practices, particularly in countries such as Jordan that have a traditional social order and strong bonding social capital. Nevertheless, Jordan had the lowest rates of Covid-19 in the Middle East during the first four months of the pandemic, because its government used its power to impose restrictions and new regulations. However, the situation has become one of the worst cases in the entire world after the government eased its restrictions. The example of Jordan provides strong evidence that the social construction of reality sometimes requires coercive intervention. Thus, this article reconsiders and extends Berger and Luckmann’s theory of social construction by examining it in the realm of social power. The theory includes three significant processes of social construction: externalization, objectivation, and internalization that should consider the concept of social power to extend the range of its powerful explanation.

The potential interplay between the glandular microbiome and scent marking behavior in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae).

In mammals, scent marking behavior is a pervasive form of chemical communication that regulates social interactions within and between groups. Glandular microbiota consist of bacterial communities capable of producing chemical cues used in olfactory communication. Despite countless studies on scent marking in primates, few have examined the microbiota associated with glandular secretions. Nancy Ma's owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) are nocturnal, socially monogamous primates that frequently scent mark using their subcaudal glands. Previous analyses revealed that unique chemical signatures of Aotus may convey information about sex and age. We used positive reinforcement to sample the subcaudal glands of 23 captive owl monkeys to describe their glandular microbiomes and examine how patterns in these bacterial communities vary with age, sex, rearing environment and/or social group (pair identity). We coupled these analyses with behavioral observations to examine patterns in their scent marking behavior. We isolated 31 bacterial species from Phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, consistent with the dermal and glandular microbiomes of other primates. Several bacterial taxa we identified produce volatile organic compounds, which may contribute to olfactory communication. These bacterial communities are best predicted by an interaction between sex, rearing environment and pair identity rather than any of these variables alone. Within mated pairs of A. nancymaae, males and females scent mark their nest boxes at similar frequencies. In some pairs, rates of scent marking by males and females fluctuated over time in a similar manner. Pairs that had been together longer tended to exhibit the greatest similarities in their rates of scent marking. Together, these findings suggest that scent marking behavior and close social interactions with pair mates in Aotus may influence bacterial transmission and their glandular microbiomes. Chemical communication, including coordinated scent marking, may play a role in strengthening pair bonds, signaling pair status and/or in mate guarding in this socially monogamous primate.

Religion in the US duringthe timeof a Pandemic: A Medical Perspective.

Approximately 80% of Americans identify as religious. As physicians caring for patients with COVID-19, we have seen both positive and negative effects of religious activity during the pandemic. Religious worship generally supports close social interaction, which provides many benefits, especially in mental health, but it can also contradict infection control measures. These forces do not necessarily have to be in opposition to each other. Herein, we present three case vignettes of religious patients who were infected with and recovered from COVID-19. We review the potential benefits and risks of religious activity in the current pandemic, as supported by the medical literature. Finally, we offer some thoughts on how to engage with patients so that the benefits of both religious activity and public health measures are optimized.

Measuring Spillover Effects from an Entrepreneurship Programme: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Tanzania

In this paper, we identify treatment spillovers between microfinance clients in Tanzania using data from a partial population experiment where only a subset of loan group members was offered treatment in the form of business training, a business grant, or both. Our results show large and significant spillover effects from indirect exposure to treatment through group peers. In particular, we find that male microfinance clients with peers receiving both business training and the business grant experience to have significantly higher sales than those not receiving any treatment. Moreover, microfinance clients with positive spillovers make higher investments and borrow more. In addition, the treatment impacts are higher for group members with smaller loans (which is consistent with higher marginal rates of return to capital), and for members in groups with a greater share of women. Our findings illustrate that loan groups may be an important arena for the sharing of entrepreneurial resources, and that standard treatment–control analyses of similar interventions may underestimate impacts in settings with close social interactions.

Research on the Development Path of Russian Teaching Innovation in Newly-elevated Undergraduate Colleges in Contemporary Old Industrial Bases based on the Analysis of Big Data

In today’s increasingly close social interactions, foreign language teaching has become more and more important. The newly promoted undergraduate colleges in the old industrial bases are a new topic in the development of foreign language teaching. This paper analyzes the teaching principles and working methods of the old industrial bases and introduces the teaching of the newly promoted undergraduate colleges and the primary stage of Russian in the old industrial base from the analysis of big data. This has very important practical significance for the new method of teaching Russian primary stage.