Close-range Photogrammetry Method Research Articles

3D Modeling of Bajang Ratu Temple using UAV Photogrammetry with Oblique Images

The Bajang Ratu Temple is located in Dukuh Kraton, Temon Village, Trowulan District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia, one of the heritage buildings of the Majapahit Kingdom. 3D modeling is one of the efforts that can be used to carry out reconstruction of the Bajang Ratu Temple. In this study, 3D modeling of Bajang Ratu Temple uses a close-range photogrammetry method with low and high oblique images taken using a non-metric camera on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The results of this study were obtained geometric accuracy, that is RMSEx = 0,043 m, RMSEY = 0,049 m, and RMSEZ = 0,092 m for high oblique images. While, for low oblique images, the geometric accuracy are RMSEx = 0,054 m, RMSEY = 0,062 m, and RMSEZ = 0,120 m. The visual analysis results show that the exterior structure of the 3D model formed has resembled the true Bajang Ratu Temple in reality. Based on the shape’s analysis, the 3D model object has an RMSE value of less than 0.5 m, so that it can appropriate the criteria for Level of Detail of order three that is RMSE < 0.5 m.

An experimental study of the aerodynamics of micro corrugated wings at low Reynolds number

In this paper, an experimental study was performed to examine the flow characteristics of fabricated micro corrugated wings by fully mimicking the real 3D Odonata wing. For this purpose, a true scale hind wing from the Orthetrum caledonicum species with a semi span length of 60 mm was reconstructed by non-destructive close-range photogrammetry and fabricated with an advanced 3D printer. The accuracy of the proposed reconstruction technique was evaluated and compared with a 3D model of the same wing created using a Micro-Computed Tomography (CT) scanning technique to show that the close-range photogrammetry method was able to predict the pattern of micro corrugation of the wings with satisfactory fidelity. To do that, the corrugation patterns of both reconstructed wings were compared at different sections of the wings. Then, high-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry was used to investigate the flow field of the wing during gliding flight at three low Reynolds numbers Re = 5 × 103, Re = 8 × 103 and Re = 12 × 103, and angle of attack 10°. The results include free stream velocity, vorticity distribution, boundary layer, and flow visualization. The velocity contour and vorticity boundary layer of both wings were compared experimentally. The flow behavior around the corrugated patterns reconstructed from both methods were compared with satisfactory agreement. The results support that the corrugations of the wing act as turbulators to generate unsteady vorticity to transition the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent quickly, leading to delayed stall and improved aerodynamic performance. Moreover, this study shows the application of the presented photogrammetry method for corrugated wing reconstruction, which is fast, low-cost, non-destructive, with high replication accuracy for the next generation of micro air vehicles.

Validation of terrestrial laser scanning and artificial intelligence for measuring deformations of cultural heritage structures

The paper discusses the issue of using artificial neural networks and point clouds for calculating displacements of cultural heritage structures. The model trained on laboratory dataset was able to determine displacements of the building façade, with the relative accuracy of 3% of the simulated values. The success rate of this model was equal to 85%. The deformations that were derived from digital surface models generated from point clouds, had the relative accuracy of 7% and the values determined by image based close-range photogrammetry methods - 35%. A major novelty is the use of neural networks to determine deformations based on sub-models generated from the point cloud and the unique, supervised-trained, high accuracy predictive model. Practical significance is associated with creating an end-to-end solution that performs detection and estimates the value of the deformation automatically which is a major advantage over other methods.

Non-Deterministic Assessment of Surface Roughness as Bond Strength Parameters between Concrete Layers Cast at Different Ages.

The importance of surface roughness and its non-destructive examination has often been emphasised in structural rehabilitation. The presented innovative procedure enables the estimation of concrete-to-concrete strength based on a combination of low-cost, area-limited tests and geostatistical methods. The new method removes the shortcomings of the existing one, i.e., it is neither qualitative nor subjective. The interface strength factors, cohesion and friction, can be estimated accurately based on the collected data on a surface texture. The data acquisition needed to create digital models of the concrete surface can be performed by terrestrial close-range photogrammetry or other methods. In the presented procedure, limitations to the availability of concrete surfaces are overcome by the generation of subsequential Gaussian random fields (via height profiles) based on the semivariograms fitted to the digital surface models. In this way, the randomness of the surface texture is reproduced. The selected roughness parameters, such as mean valley depth and, most importantly, the geostatistical semivariogram parameter sill, were transformed into contact bond strength parameters based on the available strength tests. The proposed procedure estimates the interface bond strength based on the geostatistical methods applied to the numerical surface model and can be used in practical and theoretical applications.

Geometry accuracy analysis of the three-dimensional model using the close-range photogrammetry method for conservation object of culture (case study: Cow Statue, Faculty Of Livestock, Diponegoro University)

Conservation of cultural objects in the form of maintenance and protection to keep objects from damage and authenticity important. Documentation using a three-dimensional model (3D model) is a cheap, effective and relatively fast solution. The documentation results in the form of a three-dimensional model, which itself must have a good fit of visuals and geometry. The purpose of this study was to analyze the geometry accuracy level and the suitability of the three-dimensional model of physical objects using the close-range photogrammetric method (CRP). This study, using a non-metric camera, namely a DSLR camera to take photos of objects simultaneously and thoroughly according to the CRP concept. The results of the photos are processed based on near-range photogrammetric methods using the VisualSfM technique in point cloud creation followed by Meshlab in making three-dimensional models. The results showed that the shape and color of the model were quite good but still had some rough areas due to a lack of point cloud data. The level of color suitability of the digital model is quite good with several colors in coarse-textured areas that look less suitable for physical objects. The suitability of the geometry of the model through the difference in distance between the test points has an average of 3.524 mm and a standard deviation of 2.989 mm.

Application of geographical information system for the 3d modelling of close-range photogrammetry for documentation and landscape development of historical monuments

Historical monuments, in the form of immovable objects such as temple buildings are part of our lives, they represent our history. Historic buildings must be preserved for future generations, by documenting buildings in 3D. Three-dimensional (3D) Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used for landscape development planning around the building. 3D-GIS with GIS analysis function to provide information related to geographical location and 3D visualization. 3D GIS models can be interpreted as digital representations of terrain and objects contained in around. In this study, the method used is a close range photogrammetry method for 3D modeling using a non-metric digital camera. For the stages of research implementation, the stages of camera calibration, object shooting, processing of 3D models are divided. For the calibration process, 80% is obtained, fulfilling the calibration requirements. The building modeling phase consists of Automated Projects, the process of calculating and creating 3D models, 3D coordinate transformations, 3D model visualization and statistical analysis. Documentation of Gedong Songo Temple in Semarang Regency. This study 3D model results testing is done by calculating the difference in the distance of the model with measurements in the field (terrestrial) with the Electronic Total Station (ETS) and the distance measuring Tape. The results of the distance comparison analysis obtained a maximum distance shift value of 4.00 centimeters and an RMS value of 4.69 centimeters. The values obtained are relatively small.

Gravitational deformation of ring-focus antennas for VGOS: first investigations at the Onsala twin telescopes project

The receiving properties of radio telescopes used in geodetic and astrometric very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) depend on the surface quality and stability of the main reflector. Deformations of the main reflector as well as changes in the sub-reflector position affect the geometrical ray path length significantly. The deformation pattern and its impact on the VLBI results of conventional radio telescopes have been studied by several research groups using holography, laser tracker, close-range photogrammetry and laser scanner methods. Signal path variations (SPV) of up to 1 cm were reported, which cause, when unaccounted for, systematic biases of the estimated vertical positions of the radio telescopes in the geodetic VLBI analysis and potentially even affect the estimated scale of derived global geodetic reference frames. As a result of the realization of the VLBI 2010 agenda, the geodetic VLBI network is currently extended by several new radio telescopes, which are of a more compact and stiffer design and are able to move faster than conventional radio telescopes. These new telescopes will form the backbone of the next generation geodetic VLBI system, often referred to as VGOS (VLBI Global Observing System). In this investigation, for the first time the deformation pattern of this new generation of radio telescopes for VGOS is studied. ONSA13NE, one of the Onsala twin telescopes at the Onsala Space Observatory, was observed in several elevation angles using close-range photogrammetry. In general, these methods require a crane for preparing the reflector as well as for the data collection. To reduce the observation time and the technical effort during the measurement process, an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) was used for the first time. Using this system, the measurement campaign per elevation angle took less than 30 min. The collected data were used to model the geometrical ray path and its variations. Depending on the distance from the optical axis, the ray path length varies in a range of about pm ,1,hbox {mm}. To combine the ray path variations, an illumination function was introduced as weighting function. The resulting total SPV is about - ,0.5 mm. A simple elevation-dependent SPV model is presented that can easily be used and implemented in VLBI data analysis software packages to correct for gravitational deformation in VGOS radio telescopes. The uncertainty is almost 200,upmu hbox {m} (2sigma ) and is derived by Monte Carlo simulations applied to the entire analysis process.

Virtual 3D model of Canseleri building via close-range photogrammetry implementation

PurposeThe current technique used to measure construction is the conventional total station method. However, the conventional method is time-consuming and could not be used to create a photo-realistic three-dimensional (3D) model of an object. Furthermore, the Canseleri building is located at a slope. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe aim of this study is to assess the geometric accuracy of a 3D model using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. There are two objectives in this study. The first is to construct a 3D model of the Canseleri building using UAV images. The second objective is to validate the 3D model of the Canseleri building based on actual measurements.FindingsThe close-range photogrammetry method, using the UAV platform, was able to produce a 3D building model. The results show that the errors between the actual measurement and the generated 3D model were less than 4 cm. The accuracy of the 3D model achieved in this study was about 0.015 m, compared to total station measurements.Originality/valueAccuracy assessment was done by comparing the estimated measurement of the 3D model with the direct measurement. The differences between the measured values with actual values could be compared. Based on this study, the 3D building model gave a reliable accuracy for specific applications.

Comparative Analysis of Accuracy to the Establishment of Three Dimensional Models from Diponegoro Prince Statue Using Close Range Photogrammetry Method in Non Metric Camera and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Technology

Diponegoro Prince Statue is one of the important icons in the campus area of Diponegoro University. Because the new statue is in the area of Widya Puraya. Therefore many people visit the statue. Diponegoro statue also experienced erosion by nature (wind, rain water, etc.). Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the Diponegoro statue so that it is not damaged and lost its existence by the times. In this research, two type of surveying instruments will be tested for their accuracy in the Diponegoro statue, namely non-metric cameras (NMC) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The method used in this research is Close Range Photogrametry by comparing the results of the visualization of the model and testing the accuracy of the three-dimensional model with a comparison of the distance of the field measurements of the Total Station. From the results of visualization and accuracy of the three-dimensional model, it will be obtained which results are better between non-metric cameras and UAVs. The final results of this study indicate that UAV has a higher level of geometric accuracy compared to non-metric cameras. This is indicated by the results of the accuracy of the the UAV obtained a fairly good level of accuracy compared to the camera that is equal to 0.0162 ± 0.0133 meters for the statue of Prince Diponegoro. Whereas in non-metric cameras, the results of lower accuracy were 0.1615 ± 0.0593 meters in the statue of Prince Diponegoro. Based on the visualization of the three-dimensional model between the camera, UAV and NMC, it was found that UAV produced a better model compared to the three-dimensional model produced by NMC. With the results of the analysis in this study it is expected that the results of 3D modeling with cameras and UAVs can be used as an effort to preserve the Diponegoro statue.

3D Modelling of Geometric Triangle Construction Elements in Indoor Spaces: A Case Study for Tahir and Zühre Masjid

Tahir and Zühre Masjid, which is one of the works of Konya and Anatolian Seljuk Period, serve daily from the 13th century and draw attention with its interior architecture. The Masjid is seated on a square plan and covered with a dome using triangular transitional elements. These artifacts are the most important proofs of the architectural perspectives and orientations of the past period. Demonstrating and documenting past architectural and engineering skills has become much easier with modern measurement and evaluation techniques at the present time. In this study, interior 3D modeling study of Tahir and Zühre Masjid was made by using close range photogrammetry. Also the triangular transitional elements between the square plan and the dome of the structure were picked out. As a result, it has b een observed that the method of close range photogrammetry for documentation and restoration works is not only successful in outdoor facade but also indoor modelling.

Three-Dimensional Visualization Solution to Building-Energy Diagnosis for Energy Feedback

Owing to the large ratio of consumption in the building sector, energy-saving strategies are required. Energy feedback is an energy-saving strategy that prompts consumers to change their energy-consumption behaviors. The strategy has been principally focused on providing energy-consumption information. However, the realization of energy savings using only consumption information remains limited. In this paper, a building-energy, three-dimensional (3D) visualization solution is thus proposed. The aim is to determine if the building manager will replace the facility after our recommendation to improve the building-energy efficiency derived from the energy information is given. This solution includes the process of diagnosing a building and providing a prediction of energy requirements if a building improvement effort is undertaken. Accurate diagnostic information is provided by real-time measurement data from sensors and building models using a close-range photogrammetry method, without depending on blueprints. The information is provided by employing visualization effects to increase the energy-feedback efficiency. The proposed strategy is implemented on two testbeds, and building diagnostics are performed accordingly. For the first testbed, the predicted energy improvement amount resulting from the facility upgrade is provided. The second testbed is provided with a 3D visualization of the energy information. The predicted value of energy improvement was derived from the improvement plan through energy diagnosis in each testbed as about 30% and as about 28%, respectively. Unlike existing systems, which provide only ambiguous data that lack quantitative information, this study is meaningful because it provides energy information with the aid of visualization effects before and after building improvements.

Experimental research on strata movement characteristics of backfill–strip mining using similar material modeling

In consideration of the high filling costs and backfill material shortage at present, backfill–strip mining, which combines the advantages of strip mining and backfill mining, has gradually been adopted to control surface subsidence. In this study, similar material modeling is established to simulate strata movement characteristics of backfill–strip mining. The displacement and deformation values of this similar material modeling are precisely acquired through close-range photogrammetry and optical image methods, respectively. On this basis, structural and movement characteristics of the overlying strata are investigated in different stages to reveal the strata subsidence control mechanism of backfill–strip mining. The dynamic deformation characteristics of the overlying strata in mining are also explored. This study provides a scientific technical reference for safe mining engineering design and surface disaster protection for backfill–strip mining.

An Improved Method for Spatial Measurement in Surveillance Video

Video detection technology plays an increasingly significant role in forensics and criminology. Measurement of real distance from single image frames is a key technology for many applications. There are several methods for the measurement, including proportion measurement, investigative experiment, perspective and projection transformation. Although these methods are applicable to the special scenarios, there are still shortcomings of their own. Therefore, we propose an approach called two perspective transformations to achieve the real size of objects in 3-D world measurement. Firstly, we use close-range photogrammetry method to obtain 3-D structure of the multiple feature points at the crime scene. Then the 3-D structure will be corresponded to 2D feature points in the measured single image frames, and the collinear equations are used to establish the perspective transformation between 2D features in the measured image frame and 3-D structure in 3-D real world. Finally, we use the perspective transformation matrix to reconstruct the 3-D structure of any feature point in the measured image frame. The method we proposed is successfully applied in a corpse-dismantling case for measuring a box’s height.

Low-Cost 3D Imaging and Measurement Techniques for Documentation of Meram Masonry Arch Bridge in Turkey

A lot of historical masonry arch bridges that have different architect and ages had been built in Turkey. Some of them have still been used, the others have been broken down due to natural or human effects. These bridges have complex shapes and difficult conditions to measuring. The close-range photogrammetry and photogrammetric dense point cloud methods enable to creating 3D model of a great number of historical bridges with fast, low-cost and high accuracy. The Meram Bridge is inside the Konya Metropolitan Municipality. It has still serve to public usage, today. It’s dimensions are 29.5m long and 4.5m width, and has five arches. It has been restored many times so far. Though it has not been known when it was built, but it is probably belong to period of Seljuk Empire and Karamannid state during 13-14 century (BC). In this study, historical Meram bridges have been measured and 3D model was created. After given some literature review about the masonry arch bridges in Turkey, the 3D model of Meram Bridge was created. Its dimensions were given on the orthophoto images.

Assessment of Structure with Analytical Digital Close Range Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is an approach that can determine the size and the shape of objects through analyzing images recorded by a photographic or video camera.This paper studies measuring and evaluating the structure by using analytical close range photogrammetry method since it is characterized by; high precision, low effort and cost, as well as the possibility of measuring and / or assessing inaccessible places.The objective of the present study is toassess the distortion that occur during projects execution in compare with charts and designs and detect the problem by using (DCRP) with high precision to make a decision to keep or stop working.Several methods can be applied in data processing to determine 3D coordinates of object points for two or more images. To evaluate data processing using four commercial software (LPS, PhotoModeler, Photogrammetric MATLAB and AutoCAD Civil 3D). Also to overcome the difficulty of obtaining Ground Control Points (GCPs) that covers the photogrammetric object, a Portable Control System (PCS) had been established.Using a single camera Canon EOS 500D with image size is (4752 x 3168) pixels to capturing images. Two approaches used for 3D assessment of structure (single model and all models). This study depended structure of directorate of engineering projects at the university of technology this structures represented the study area.The results of analysis processes (3D model) will help the researcher to detect the distortion and suggest the proper solution for dissolve and develop it. The precision obtained from this results show high precision. The results are very promising ranges between (0.18 – 1.77) mm.

A New Application of Photogrammetry in the Underground Pipe Network Survey

This paper mainly introduces a device that can be used for underground pipeline survey task. Through the cameras installed on the device, we can obtain stereo synchronous shooting images, and then use the method of close range photogrammetry to investigate and measure underground objects. During working process, the staff put the camera into the well and to control camera shooting from the ground. Greatly improve work efficiency, at the same time to avoid the underground toxis gas damage to people. The main content of this paper includes three parts: hardware design, software development and test production.

A New Application of Photogrammetry in the Underground Pipe Network Survey

Abstract. This paper mainly introduces a device that can be used for underground pipeline survey task. Through the cameras installed on the device, we can obtain stereo synchronous shooting images, and then use the method of close range photogrammetry to investigate and measure underground objects. During working process, the staff put the camera into the well and to control camera shooting from the ground. Greatly improve work efficiency, at the same time to avoid the underground toxis gas damage to people. The main content of this paper includes three parts: hardware design, software development and test production.

The Accuracy of an Optimized, Practical Close-Range Photogrammetry Method for Vehicular Modeling

The Accuracy of an Optimized, Practical Close-Range Photogrammetry Method for Vehicular Modeling

STRIP FOOTING SETTLEMENT ON SANDY SOIL DUE TO ECCENTRICTY LOAD

This study investigates the effect of eccentricity load on settlement of shallow foundation rested on sandy soil model. A series of small-scale 1g physical modeling tests was carried out by preparing a model of medium dry sand with 50% of relative density on a rigid testing chamber. A rigid plate was used to replicate a strip footing foundation. Three different locations of loading were created which located at the centre, 0.05 B and 0.1 B from the centre with respect to the width of the footing to investigate the eccentricity effect applied from the footing. Close range photogrammetry and particle image velocimetry (PIV) methods were used to examine the failure mechanisms under the eccentricity design load. In this study, the ultimate, allowable bearing capacity and bearing capacity factor (Nγ) under the eccentricity loading were investigated. It was found that with the increasing of footing eccentricity, the bearing capacity decreased with increasing settlement

Determination method for shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixtures using close-range photogrammetry and 3-D limit equilibrium theory

Using a combination of close-range photogrammetry and three-dimensional(3-D) limit equilibrium theory, a determination method for the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixture is presented. A close-range photogrammetry method is used for measurement of the 3-D terrain of the experimental target. Auto CAD Lisp and EXCEL VBA are used to perform 3-D limit equilibrium analysis of the stability of sliding mass and perform backanalysis of shear strength parameters. The presented method was used to determine the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixtures at the Liyuan Hydropower Station. The 3-D terrain of sliding surface could be measured notably well using of closerange photogrammetry. The computed results reveal that the cohesion and friction angle of rock-soil mixtures were 3.15 k Pa and 29.88o for test A, respectively, and 4.43 k Pa and 28.30o for test B, respectively, within the range of shear strength parameters, as determined by field and laboratory tests. The computation of shear strength parameters is influenced by the mesh grid number, especially the cohesion of the rock-soil mixture. The application of close-range photogrammetry can reduce the siteworks and improve the computational efficiency and accuracy.