Cloisite 30B Research Articles

The Role of Nanoparticle Shapes and Structures in Material Characterisation of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Bionanocomposite Films.

Three different types of nanoparticles, 1D Cloisite 30B clay nanoplatelets, 2D halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and 3D nanobamboo charcoals (NBCs) were employed to investigate the impact of nanoparticle shapes and structures on the material performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bionanocomposite films in terms of their mechanical and thermal properties, morphological structures, and nanomechanical behaviour. The overall results revealed the superior reinforcement efficiency of NBCs to Cloisite 30B clays and HNTs, owing to their typical porous structures to actively interact with PVA matrices in the combined formation of strong mechanical and hydrogen bondings. Three-dimensional NBCs also achieved better nanoparticle dispersibility when compared with 1D Cloisite 30B clays and 2D HNTs along with higher thermal stability, which was attributed to their larger interfacial regions when characterised for the nanomechanical behaviour of corresponding bionanocomposite films. Our study offers an insightful guidance to the appropriate selection of nanoparticles as effective reinforcements and the further sophisticated design of bionanocomposite materials.

Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid) composites involving aromatic diboronic acid and organically modified montmorillonite

In this study, composites of polylactide, PLA, involving 1, 2 and 3 mass% 1,4-benzene diboronic acid, BDBA, in the absence and presence of 3 mass% organically modified montmorillonite, Cloisite 30B, C30B, were prepared and characterized. Homogenous dispersion for the composites involving only 1 mass% BDBA and agglomeration for the ones with higher BDBA content were observed. For the composites involving nanoclay, mainly intercalated dispersion was detected. Both TGA and DP-MS results indicated a decrease in thermal stability upon the addition of 1 mass% BDBA. However, as the amount of BDBA incorporated into PLA matrix was increased, thermal stability was also increased. Trans-esterification reactions between BDBA and PLA, although caused decomposition of PLA chains at low concentrations of BDBA to a certain extent, at high concentrations generated a cross-linked structure increasing thermal stability. In the presence of C30B, thermal stability of the composites was increased further. This behavior was associated with enhanced interactions of BDBA and PLA upon diffusion into clay layers.

Impact of organoclays on the phase morphology and the compatibilization efficiency of immiscible poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends

ABSTRACTAdding nanofillers Cloisite 30B (C30B) and Cloisite 15A (C15A) to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) (70/30, wt/wt) blends via melt blending can improve their phase morphology and change their interface properties. The effects of the different selective localization of clay on the structure and the morphologies are studied and evaluated by theoretical and experimental methods. It is found that C30B is selectively localized in PET and at the PET‐PCL interface, whereas C15A is mainly localized at the interface. Moreover, the changes in the rheological behavior of the blends are attributed to the formation of clay network‐like structures. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron micrograph observations also evidenced an exfoliated and/or intercalated structure of C30B, and intercalated structure of C15A in the blend, together with significant morphology changes of the initially immiscible blend. The relative permeability to PET/PCL of the nanocomposites decreased with the increasing of nanoclays content. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48812.

Transparent Polyimide/Organoclay Nanocomposite Films Containing Different Diamine Monomers.

Poly (amic acid) s (PAAs) were synthesized using 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropyl-idene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and two types of diamines—bis(3-aminophenyl) sulfone (BAS) and bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (BAS-OH). Two series of transparent polyimide (PI) hybrid films were synthesized by solution intercalation polymerization and thermal imidization using various concentrations (from 0 to 1 wt%) of organically modified clay Cloisite 30B in PAA solution. The thermo-mechanical properties, morphology, and optical transparency of the hybrid films were observed. The transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) results showed that some of the clays were agglomerated, but most of them showed dispersed nanoscale clay. The effects of -OH groups on the properties of the two PI hybrids synthesized using BAS and BAS-OH monomers were compared. The BAS PI hybrids were superior to the BAS-OH PI hybrids in terms of thermal stability and optical transparency, but the BAS-OH PI hybrids exhibited higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) and mechanical properties. Analysis of the thermal properties and tensile strength showed that the highest critical concentration of organoclay was 0.50 wt%.

Hybrid nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) – characterization, thermal and mechanical properties

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is a biopolymer used to production of implants in the human body. On the other hand, the physical and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) are compared to the properties of isotactic polypropylene what makes poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) possible substitute for polypropylene. Unfortunately, the melting point of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is almost equal to its degradation temperature what gives very narrow window of its processing conditions. Therefore, numerous attempts are being made to improve the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) properties. In the present work, hybrid nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) as a matrix with the use of organic nanoclay - Cloisite 30B and linear polyurethane as a second filler have been manufactured. The linear polyurethane was based on diphenylmethane 4,4'-diisocyanate and diol with imidazoquinazoline rings. The obtained nanobiocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and their selected mechanical properties were tested. The resulting hybrid nanobiocomposites have intercalated/exfoliated structure. The nanobiocomposites are characterized by a higher thermal stability and a wider range of processing temperatures compared to the unfilled matrix. The plasticizing influence of nanofillers was also observed. In addition, the mechanical properties of the discussed nanobiocomposites were examined and compared to those of the unfilled poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). The new-obtained nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) containing 1% Cloisite 30B and 5 wt. % of the linear of polyurethane characterized the highest improvement of processing conditions. They have the biggest difference between the temperature of degradation and the onset melting temperature, about 100 °C.

Experimental investigation and optimization of abrasive wear characteristics of polypropylene nanocomposites

The applications of the polymer nanocomposites are increasing to a greater extent in several sectors. In this investigation, the matrix selected was Polypropylene (PP) and reinforcing filler was Cloisite 30B (C3B) with Elvaloy-AC-3427 (EAC) as a compatibilizer. Twin screw extruder was used for manufacturing of PP/C3B/EAC nanocomposites. C3B was added at the range of 1, 2, 3, 5 wt% to PP matrix. The manufactured composites was analysed for mechanical and thermal characterization. The tribological characteristics of manufactured nanocomposites were studied using abrasive wear tests. The input parameters considered for the abrasive wear tests were (i) load, (ii) C3B and (iii) sliding distance. The output parameters for the abrasive wear tests were weight loss, Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Specific Wear Rate (SWR). Grey relational analysis and grey fuzzy were done for the optimisation of abrasive wear characteristics. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for analysing the effect of input parameters over the output factors. Finally, the abraded wear samples of PP/C3B/EAC nanocomposites samples were examined microscopically.

Mechanical, thermal and rheological characterization of polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites containing aliphatic elastomer modifiers

In this study, organoclay containing polystyrene (PS) based nanocomposites were prepared by extrusion in the presence of aliphatic elastomer modifiers. Three different types of aliphatic elastomeric materials and three different types of organoclays were used. Their effects on the morphology, and mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of PS were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile and impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and melt flow index measurements, respectively. Lotader AX8900, Lotader AX8840 and Lotader 2210 were chosen as the aliphatic elastomeric compatibilizers; and Cloisite 15 A, Cloisite 25 A and Cloisite 30B were chosen as the organoclays. The organoclay content was kept constant at 2 wt% and elastomer content was kept constant at 5 wt% throughout the study. Significant improvement is observed on the basal spacing for 30B containing samples according to XRD analysis. SEM studies indicate that the clay particles mostly reside between the PS matrix and the spherical elastomeric domains. Additions of elastomer and organoclay decrease the MFI value of PS. Mechanical test results show that, improvement is observed in elongation at break of unfilled PS with the addition of elastomers. Organoclay addition increases the tensile modulus of PS. According to thermal characterizations, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PS decreases with elastomer addition, whereas organoclay addition shifts Tg values to higher temperatures.

Enhanced magnetoelectric coupling and dielectric constant in flexible ternary composite electrospun fibers of PVDF-HFP loaded with nanoclay and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles

Magnetoelectric flexible composite fiber mats with superior room temperature magnetoelectric properties.

Fabrication of high thermal stable cured novolac/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites by chemical modification of resin structure

Cloisite 30B as a modified kind of nanoclay was utilized for the formation of 3D network based on novolac resin with high thermal stable properties. Two types of phenolic resins including neat novolac (NR) and modified novolac resin were used to create a compatible matrix with nanoclay. For this purpose, NR modified with (3‐chloropropyl)triethoxysilane (CPTES) to form SiNR. For improvement of thermal behaviors, Cloisite 30B was dispersed in matrix via ultrasonic waves and cured with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) to form 3D network. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to measure the d‐spacing in intercalated systems and results indicated the optimum amount of clay for appropriate thermal properties. Investigation of the thermal properties of the samples by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the presence of Cloisite 30B in matrix resulted in much higher thermal stability and char yield with respect to modification of novolac resin originated from formation of 3D Si–O–Si network. Also, cured modified resin and its nanocomposites showed much higher thermal stability than cured NR and its nanocomposites. Such nanocomposite materials with high thermal stability have potential applications in advanced fields such electronic, industrial molds, coatings, adhesives, and aerospace composites.

Preparation of cross-linked PVC-g-(St-MA) copolymer/organoclay nanocomposites and investigation of chemical characteristics, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties

The goal of this work is to investigate the effect of incorporating organoclays on the cross-link structure, morphology, and thermomechanical properties of cross-linked organoclay/polyvinyl chloride grafted with styrene and maleic anhydride (PVC- g-(St-MA)) copolymer nanocomposites (CPN). Cloisite30B (C30B) and Cloisite15A (C15A) organoclays were used for the preparation of cross-linked PVC- g-(St-MA) nanocomposites by the solution mixing route. The nanoclay content in nanocomposites varied from 0.2 wt% to 1 wt%. The chemical structure and interaction between PVC- g-(St-MA) cross-linked segments and nanoclays were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) peaks deconvolution method. FTIR spectroscopy suggested the lowest extent of hydrogen bonding interaction for C30B containing sample, which decreased with clay content increment. The morphology of nanocomposites was studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods. Morphological observation revealed a near to the exfoliation state for organoclays in PVC- g-(St-MA) nanocomposite containing 1 wt% C30B. However, C15A/PVC- g-(St-MA) nanocomposite (C15A-CPN) exhibited partially intercalated and agglomerated morphology. Differential scanning calorimetry examination was conducted to measure the glass transition temperature ( Tg) of the segments. At the same clay content, the Tg of the C30B containing nanocomposites were higher than that of C15A samples. The mechanical properties of these nanocomposites were also investigated. As a consequence, C30B-CPN showed improved mechanical properties compared to C15A-CPN and cross-linked PVC- g-(St-MA) samples.

Kinetic and biocompatibility investigation on the catalytic ring opening polymerization of l-lactide in bulk using cyclic Bu2Sn initiators derived from ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol and cloisite 30B

In the present work, considering a green approach, PLLA was synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of l-LA using various cyclic initiators (2,2-dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dioxacyclo ethane (1), spirocyclic tin (3) and cloisite modified tin (5)). PLLA was characterized by size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, 1H and 13C NMR, XRD and MALDI-TOF. The molecular weight distribution was narrow (<1.5) for both low and high molecular weights (>85,000 g/mol). An X-ray study showed the crystalline nature of PLLA, irrespective of the different types of initiators and polymerization conditions. A kinetic investigation showed that all polymerizations were first order with respect to the monomer and no termination reactions occurred during the polymerization. MALDI-TOF spectra of PLLA chains doped with Na+ and K+ cations show that the PLLA prepared using initiators 1 and 3 have hydroxyl and carboxyl end groups without incorporation of tin. The MALDI-TOF spectrum of PLLA prepared using initiator 5 also enabled the simultaneous detection of the linear and cyclic structure of PLLA without tin. Biocompatible and biodegradable PLLA was obtained, which could be used for biomedical applications.

Transport Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Clay Nanocomposites

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most promising sustainable alternatives to petroleum‐based polymers. One of the main applications is in the packaging industry. Therefore, this article deals with the evaluation of gas transport properties polylactic acid 2003D nanocomposite. Montmorillonite‐based fillers, Cloisite® 10A, 20A, 30B and natural Cloisite® Na+, intended to enhance the transport properties, were incorporated into a series of PLA films. The influence of the additive on the transport properties was studied under the conditions of melt processing. Further material morphology was assessed using X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The best results achieved compositions with PLA/Cloisite10A and Cloisite 30B with improvement more than 50%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2498–2501, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene Octene Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposite Films: Different Processing Conditions and Their Effect on Properties

Polymer nanocomposites based on a layered clay used as nanofiller and copolymers ethylene and vinyl acetate matrix (EVA, the content of vinyl acetate (VA) component 19 wt% and 5 wt%) and ethylene octene copolymer (EOC, 17% and 45% of octene) were prepared. KO Buss kneader and double screw extruder were used. The MMT Na+ and four types of commercial products such as Nanofil N5 and N3000, Cloisite 93A and 30B were used as nanofillers—5 wt% in relation to the content of montmorillonite. The aim was to evaluate the influence of copolymer composition and processing on prepared nanocomposite properties. The morphology of samples was examined by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy TEM. Furthermore, mechanical and especially barrier properties were observed. Despite the fact that the XRD and microscopy results have revealed that complete exfoliation did not take place in any case, mechanical properties as well as the permeability showed that used 5 wt% of clay was enough to achieve the improvement of properties. Cloisite 30B might be the most suitable for the polyethylene/EVA matrix. In case of EOC copolymer the nanofiller Nanofil N3000 and mainly Cloisite 93A seems to be more suitable. The better properties were achieved for the version of EVA with lower VA content and also for EOC 17, but not for each evaluated property. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2514–2521, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Impact of Nanoclay on the pH-Responsiveness and Biodegradable Behavior of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels.

This research work deployed free radical polymerization for the development of pH-responsive hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) with the formation of improved interpenetrating networks (IPN). The crosslinked biopolymeric system was composed of (chitosan (CH)/guar gum (GG)/polyol) and a nanofiller (Cloisite 30B). The study was aimed to investigate the role of Cloisite 30B as a nanofiller and linseed oil-derived polyol to induce stable interpenetrating networks in chitosan‒guar gum-based hydrogels. FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of crosslinked networks with the formation of hydrogen bonds in the synthesized NCHs. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry revealed high thermal stability of the NCHs. The hydrolytic and soil burial degradation tests confirmed the biodegradability of the synthesized NCHs. An extraordinarily high swelling capacity in a buffer solution of pH 4.0 and 7.4 demonstrated their pH-responsive behavior. It has been demonstrated that even the minimal addition of polyol to the guar gum-based hydrogels has influenced the stability and characteristic features such as high swelling capacity owing to the formation of interpenetrating networks and the biodegradability of the hydrogels.

Impact of nanoclay on mechanical and structural properties of treated Coccinia indica fibre reinforced epoxy composites

Natural fibre composite materials are one such capable material which replaces the conventional and synthetic materials for the practical applications where we require less weight and energy conservation. The present paper emphasizes the effect of Cloisite 30B on the newly identified Coccinia Indica fibre, which is extracted from a medicinal plant (i.e., Cucurbitaceae) by manual process. The chemically treated Coccinia Indica fibre reinforced composite is prepared by using the epoxy resin and the detailed preparation methodology is presented. In this paper, the mechanical properties and morphological characterizations of nanoclay filled chemically treated Coccinia Indica fibre reinforced epoxy composites were compared with the unfilled composite. The experimental evidence shows that the increase in weight percentage of nanoclay enhances the tensile, flexural, impact, compression properties of the treated Coccinia Indica fibre reinforced epoxy composites. These results were also confirmed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy observations of composites and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis of the chemical structure. Fibre pull-outs on the fractured specimen during physical testing of the composites were also investigated. As a results, the presence of 3wt.% nanoclay provides better interfacial adhesion between fibres and matrix, which gives the best results compare to others.

Enhancement in the mechanical property of NBR/PVC nanocomposite by using sulfur and electron beam curing in the presence of Cloisite 30B nanoclay

Blends of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) with polyvinylchloride (PVC) form thermoplastic elastomers that are miscible in all compositions. NBR-PVC elastomers are used in many industries such as cable sheathing, flexible films and food industry. Cross-linking of polymer fibers through electron bombardment is a safe and environment friendly way because it does not require the use of any chemical substance such as accelerator, activator and sulfur. In this study, the properties of NBR-PVC blend in the presence (3, 5 and 8 weight percent) and absence of Cloisite30B nanoclay with sulfur and electron beam (irradiation doses of 0, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kGy) curing are studied with clear rate 70/30 by melt blending in an internal mixer. The stress at 100, 200 and 300% elongation at break is studied for the evaluation of tensile strength and mechanical properties. The results showed that the nanocomposite containing 8% by weight of nanoclay cured with the electron beam with 100 kGy dose has the most desirable properties which demonstrate not only good distribution of nanoclay in the polymer matrix but also excellent polymer matrix with nanoclay plates, compared with samples cured with sulfur.

Effects of montmorillonite, sepiolite, and halloysite clays on the morphology and properties of polycaprolactone bionanocomposites

The article reports some experimental data on the effects of three types of clay: organo-modified montmorillonite (cloisite 30B (C30B)), sepiolite (SP9), and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) on the morphology and physicomechanical properties of polycaprolactone (PCL)/clays bionanocomposites prepared by melt compounding. The clays were incorporated separately into the PCL matrix at a loading rate of 5.00 wt%, which corresponds to 2.91 ± 0.53, 2.42 ± 0.02, and 2.68 ± 0.13 vol% for C30B, SP9, and HNT, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed good dispersion of both C30B and SP9 in the polymer matrix, while the presence of a few HNT aggregates was observed on the fracture surface of the PCL bionanocomposite. Furthermore, the HNT aggregates were randomly dispersed. The results indicated an enhancement of the rheological and tensile properties of the PCL bionanocomposite samples filled with C30B and SP9 compared to those containing HNT. Indeed, it was shown an increase in Young’s modulus of PCL from 450 ± 16 MPa to 563 ± 42 MPa, 645 ± 68 MPa, and 502 ± 66 MPa for PCL bionanocomposites loaded with C30B, SP9, and HNT, respectively. On the other hand, the thermal stability of the whole PCL bionanocomposite samples was reduced being, however, more pronounced for those containing HNT. The decomposition temperature recorded at 5.00 wt% loss ( T 5%) indicated 384.7 ± 0.9 for neat PCL, while the PCL bionanocomposites filled with C30B, SP9, and HNT exhibited the values of 357.3 ± 0.5, 353.2 ± 0.9, and 368.4 ± 0.4, respectively.

Recycled HDPE/PET Clay Nanocomposites

Recycling waste plastics will support the preservation of natural resources and energy consumption. New challenges arise for the development of products that take advantage of solid waste. Upgrading recycled plastics using nanotechnology can tailor and consequently improve plastic properties for industrial applications. This research aims to process and relate the morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) clay nanocomposites. Blends of rHDPE (75 wt %) coming from packaging and rPET (25 wt %) from bottles were mixed with two organoclays (Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 30B) (3 wt %) and a compatibilizer agent based on ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA) (5 wt %). The recycled plastics nanocomposites were processed using a single-screw extruder incorporating a dispersive and distributive mixer and an injection molding machine. Several techniques were used to characterize the dispersion, morphology, mechanical properties and compatibilization of these composite blends. The reinforcing effect of rPET in the continuous rHDPE phase depended on the organoclay type and the compatibilizer additive. Both organoclays increased the stiffness and strength of rHDPE and rPET as evidenced by an increase in the corresponding Young modulus and ultimate tensile strength. EGMA increased the compatibility in the recycle plastics blend and in the clays nanocomposites as evidenced in elongation and energy at break results. On the other side, Cloisite 20A showed to be more compatible with EGMA than Cloisite 30B in these rHDPE/rPET blends based on the thermo-mechanical properties results.

Performances of PCL/PVC/Organoclay Nanobioblends Films for Packaging Applications

A series of antimicrobial PCL/PVC/OMMTs nanobioblends films are successfully prepared via melt blending process of the poly (ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL), poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), and three different clay types namely Cloisite 30B (C30B), trimethylhexadecyl ammonium (OMMT1), and cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate (OMMT2) modified montmorillonite. All the PCL/PVC/OMMTs nanocomposites display mixed intercalated/partially exfoliated structures as attested by X‐Ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Glass transition, fusion and cristallization of these nanomaterials are studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The organoclay effect on the mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties is investigated. The results confirm that the insertion of 3 wt% of OMMT (whatever its intercalant agent nature) into the PCL/PVC matrix leads to (1) a remarkable improvement in barrier properties, (2) an interesting enhancement in mechanical properties, and (3) a strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative).

Effect of Organoclay on the Properties of Vulcanized Siloxane Rubber of the Brand SKTFV-803

The effectiveness of the use of the organoclay of the Cloisite 30B brand of the Southern Clay Products company (USA), which is a Na+-montmorillonit, modified by methylalkyldi (2-hydroxyethyl) ammoniumchloride, and of the organoclay of the Katamin AB, produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise CNIIgeolnerud (Russia), modified by alkylbenzyldimethylammoniumchloride on the properties of vulcanized dimethylphenylvinylsiloxane rubber of the brand SKTFV-803 was studied. It was established that the adding of organoclay in the amount of 5 parts by weight in siloxane rubber increased heat resistance, slightly reduced the swelling index in toluene, and, most importantly, was not impair the frost resistance of obtained siloxane HYPERLINK "https://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?t=598817_1_2&amp;s1=%F0%E5%E7%E8%ED%E0" vulcanizates.