Calamintha Sylvatica Research Articles

Wood calamint ameliorates ethanol-induced stomach injury in rats by augmentation of hsp/bax and inflammatory mechanisms.

Clinopodium menthifolium (wood calamint) is a folkloric medicinal plant ingested as a treatment for many human disorders including gastric disorders. Our study evaluates the anti-ulcer potentials of Clinopodium menthifolium ethanol extracts (CMEE) in induced gastric ulcers in rats. Thirty Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups: normal and ulcer controls, treated orally with Tween 20%; reference rats treated with Omeprazole 20mg/kg, and the remaining two groups received 250 and 500mg/kg CMEE for 2 weeks. After that, food was taken away for 24h, and then, rats received ethanol-induced gastric ulceration (except normal control), 80% (1ml/rat). After anesthetization and sacrificing, the ulcer index, mucus content, and other ulcer measurements were obtained from dissected rat stomachs. Stomach tissues were also analyzed by different histology procedures and homogenized stomach tissues were assessed for their antioxidant contents. The toxicity trial showed the absence of any toxic signs in rats supplemented with 2 and 5g/kg of CMEE. The gastroprotective results showed a significantly lower ulcer index and higher gastric mucin content in CMEE-ingested rats compared to ulcer controls. Furthermore, CMEE treatments significantly increased the intensity of periodic acid Schiff stained (PAS), HSP 70 protein, and down-regulation of Bax protein expression in the stomach epithelium. Rats supplemented with 500mg/kg revealed noticeable changes in their serum inflammatory cytokines along with positive regulations of antioxidant enzymes. The outcomes provide a scientific backup behind the gastroprotective potential effect of CMEE that could serve as a natural resource against peptic ulcers.

Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. menthifolium in the Central Balkan Peninsula - essential oil composition in relation to climatic conditions

The compositional dependency of the essential oil of Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. menthifolium (Lamiaceae) on ecological conditions has not yet been investigated. In pursuit of this objective, we assessed the quantity and quality of the essential oil in plants from 11 natural populations from the Central Balkans and one cultivated plant. In order to determine the correlations between essential oil variations and environmental conditions, each habitat was characterised by 36 climatic and 19 bioclimatic parameters. Despite inhabiting diverse climatic zones, altitudes, and biogeographical regions, no significant differences were observed in the yield and qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oils among the analysed plants. All the samples exhibited essential oil yield ? 0.5%, V/w, with piperitone epoxide as the major compound. Among the identified compounds, only limonene and (E)-caryophyllene demonstrated dependence on bioclimatic parameters. The bioclimatic parameters which influence the presence of a larger number of compounds are annual temperature range and the precipitation of the wettest quarter. The consistent quantity and quality of the essential oils of C. menthifolium subsp. menthifolium indicate their probable adaptive significance and could serve as chemotaxonomic features of this taxon.

Molecular networking unveils anti-SARS-CoV-2 constituents from traditionally used remedies

Ethnopharmacological relevancePlants and fungi have a long tradition in ethnopharmacology for the treatment of infectious diseases including viruses. Many of these natural products have also been used to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections or symptoms of the post- and long-COVID form, owing to the scarcity of clinically approved therapeutics. Aim of the studyThe ongoing threat posed by SARS-CoV-2, along with the rapidly evolving new variants, requires the development of new antiviral compounds. The aim of this study was to identify anti-SARS-CoV-2 herbal and fungal extracts used in traditional medicine against acute respiratory infection, inflammation, and related symptoms. Additionally, we sought to characterize their bioactive constituents. Materials and methodsThe antiviral activity and cell cytotoxicity of 179 herbal and fungal extracts were evaluated using two SARS-CoV-2 infection assays in Caco-2 cells. 19 plant extracts with and without anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity underwent detailed dereplication using molecular networking. ResultsExtracts from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels roots, Annona squamosa L. seeds, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. fruits, Buddleja officinalis Maxim. flowers, Burkea africana Hook. bark and Clinopodium menthifolium (Host) Stace aerial parts showed a potent anti SARS-CoV-2 activity (IC50 < 5 μg/ml) with only moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 > 60 μg/ml, Caco-2). By performing the dereplication with a bioactivity-featured molecular network (MN) on the extract library level, rather than on the level of individual extracts, we could pinpoint compounds characteristic for active extracts. Thus, a straight-forward identification of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 natural compounds was achieved prior to any fractionation or isolation efforts. ConclusionsA sophisticated hyphenation of empirical knowledge with MS-based bioinformatics and automated compound annotation was applied to decipher the chemical space of the investigated extracts. The correlation with experimentally assessed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities helped in predicting compound classes and structural elements relevant for the antiviral activities. Consequently, this accelerated the identification of constituents from the investigated mixtures with inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2.

Chemical diversity and biological activities of essential oils from native populations of Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. ascendens (Jord.) Govaerts.

This study is focused on the analysis of regional variation of the chemical compositions of three Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. ascendens (Jord.) Govaerts Tunisian accession, as well as their inhibition toward fungi and insect pests. The diversity of the chemical constituents and biological activities in front of the aforementioned variations was found to be remarkable. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 41, 42, and 30 compounds were identified respectively from Clinopodium menthifolium essential oils harvested from three Tunisian regions, namely Ain-Draham (ADEO), Babouch (BEO), and Tabarka (TEO). All analyzed oils were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes with different major constituents. Piperitenone (34.5%), cis-piperitone oxide (26.1%), and pulegone (47.9%) were the dominant compounds in the three volatile oils, respectively. The antifungal activity was investigated in vitro using six targeted fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Candida albicans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes). The toxicity and repellency of essential oils were evaluated against the stored product pest Tribolium confusum. The tested samples were differently effective toward the target fungi and the pest depending on the variability of their chemical compositions. BEO exhibited the highest fungitoxic properties toward A. terreus mold, M. canis dermatophyte, and C. albicans yeast (the MIC values ranged from 40 to 400 μg mL-1). In addition, the data showed that TEO repelled T. confusum moderately (PR = 42.5% at 2 h after exposure). Concerning the contact treatment, both ADEO and BEO were proved to possess slightly toxic effects toward T. confusum pest (% of mortality 27.5-32.5% at 5% concentration). The results showed that the geographic origin greatly influenced the chemical composition and the associated bioactivities of Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. ascendens.

Phenolic Profiles, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of Both Micropropagated and Naturally Growing Plantlets of Calamintha sylvatica subsp. sylvatica Bromf.

A rapid micropropagation protocol was designed to produce Calamintha sylvatica plantlets by using nodal segments as explants for the shoot formation. 6-BA favored the highest shoot formation and biomass yield, whilst kinetin was found superior for the highest shoot length (38.97 ± 2.85 mm) and node numbers (2.89 ± 0.63). Rosmarinic acid was detected as major phenolic acid, ranging from 7.59 mg/100 g to 81.44 mg/100 g. Hexane extracts from natural and in vitro propagated plantlets showed activity only against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with MIC values at 6.25 and 3.33 m/mL, respectively while in the latter case, extracts from natural plantlets exerted higher cytotoxic activity than those of micropropagated ones (IC50 values were 83 µg/mL and 98 µg/mL on HeLa cells, respectively). C. sylvatica showed high micropropagation performance and produced remarkable amount of rosmarinic acid in vitro as well as antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect.&#x0D; &#x0D; *********&#x0D; In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue.&#x0D; *********

Ethnobotanical Knowledge in Sete Cidades, Azores Archipelago: First Ethnomedicinal Report.

Knowledge about folk medicines is limited to elder community members of remote communities, like Sete Cidades in the Azores. The Azores, 1300 km west of Portugal, are nine volcanic islands, totalling 2330 km2 of land dispersed by 173,200 km2 in the North Atlantic Ocean. The present study aims to scientifically document the uses of plant species for medicinal purposes, in the Sete Cidades. Twenty-eight community members from 40 to 84 years of age, of whom half were 55 to 64 years old, were interviewed. Twenty-nine taxa were reported as being used for medicinal purposes, ten of which have not been previously reported for ethnomedicinal use in Portugal, with a first record of the use of Morella faya. Leaves were the most used plant part (55%), and decoction the most common preparation mode. The five reported taxa with both the highest use value (0.71–0.25) and relative frequency of citation (0.14–0.11) were Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. ascendens, Aloysia citriodora, Mentha x piperita, Citrus limon and Rosmarinus officinalis. The traditional uses of some of the reported plants are supported by scientific studies, confirming their ethnomedicinal value and the need to preserve local knowledge of folk medicine practices.

Antioxidant potential of Clinopodium menthifolium, Satureja montana and Salvia sclarea (Lamiaceae) extracts

Plants which belong to Lamiaceae family are good potential sources of natural antioxidants useful for preventing oxidative stress-related diseases. The food industry is becoming increasingly interested in aromatic herbs, including plants from Lamiaceae family, because of their anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant activities, due to growing consumer demands for healthy foods of natural origin. In the present investigation, the comparative antioxidant potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of three Lamiaceae species are described: Clinopodium menthifolium (Host), Satureja montana L., and Salvia sclarea L., using three methods: 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS) scavenging, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and their correlations with total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant capacity showed a positive relationship comparing three above mentioned tests. Antioxidant capacity detected by antioxidant ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays was positively correlated with total phenolics content. Aqueous extract of C. menthifolium showed greater antioxidant potential.

Chemical composition of Clinopodium menthifolium aqueous extract and its influence on antioxidant system in black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) seedlings and mortality rate of whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) adults

The use of allelochemicals as weed control agents is becoming widely investigated. However, the impact of these bioherbicides on cultivated plants is less known. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the aqueous extract of Clinopodium menthifolium on black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum ) antioxidant properties to explore the potential of this species in weed control and on pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) antioxidant properties so as to assess its possible side effects when applied as bioherbicide in organic production. Taking into account that plant extracts should be an alternative source for insect control, additional aim was also to evaluate contact effect of C. menthifolium aqueous extract against the greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ). Analysis by HPLC confirmed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid and 2-hidroxy-cinnamic acid as major components in the C. menthifolium aqueous extract. Both tested concentrations of C. menthifolium aqueous extract induced lipid peroxidation in black nightshade leaves and roots. It was observed that the aqueous extract with a concentration of 0.1% showed a toxic effect with 50% mortality of greenhouse whitefly adults. KEY WORDS : Allelochemicals, Antioxidants, Biopesticides, Capsicum annuum , Clinopodium menthifolium , Solanum nigrum , Trialeurodes vaporariorum Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2017 , 31(2), 211-222. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v31i2.3

Contribution to the flora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 3

The paper presents new records for 18 vascular plant species from six Eurasian countries. Three taxa (Lepidium densiflorum, Stipa czerepanovii, Xanthium albinum) are reported from Kazakhstan, one (Ranunculus schmakovii) from Mongolia, three (Dianthus campestris, Ranunculus kauffmannii, Viola suavis) from Poland, five (Eragrostis amurensis, Linum catharticum, Ludwigia peploides subsp. stipulacea, Pyrethrum mikeschinii, Solidago canadensis) from Tajikistan, five (Clinopodium menthifolium, Juncus effusus, Mollugo cerviana, Poa sphondylodes, Vulpia myuros) from Russia, and one (Orobanche alba subsp. xanthostigma) from Georgia. Ten of the taxa presented (Clinopodium menthifolium, Dianthus campestris, Eragrostis amurensis, Juncus effusus, Lepidium densiflorum, Mollugo cerviana, Solidago canadensis, Viola suavis, Vulpia myuros and Xanthium albinum) are regarded as alien to the studied areas, whereas the remaining eight are native elements to the flora of the countries. For each species, synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, taxonomy with remarks on recognition and differentiation of the species from the most similar occurring in a given country, as well as a list of localities recorded (often far from the previously known areas), are presented.

Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition of medicinal plants from Croatia

Owing to their richness in secondary metabolites exhibiting remarkable diversity of both chemical structures and biological activities, medicinal plants are being recognized as promising sources of lead compounds for new drugs targeting neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common age-related dementia with a steadily increasing prevalence, but its treatment still remains an area of significant unmet need, with therapies based largely on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate selected Croatian medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family as a potential source of natural inhibitors of this target enzyme. The ethanolic extracts of 27 plant species were screened for their antiacetylcholinesterase activity by in vitro Ellman method at concentration range of 0.25-1 mg/mL. Among them, remarkable inhibitory activity above 80% inhibition rate on AChE at 1 mg/mL showed the extracts of Mentha x piperita L., M. longifolia (L.) Huds. Salvia officinalis L., Teucrium chamaedrys L., T. montanum L., T. polium L. and Thymus longicaulis C. Presl. On the other hand, seven tested plant extracts (Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, Calamintha sylvatica Bromf., Clinopodium vulgare L., Marrubium incanum Desr., Mentha pulegium L., Micromeria juliana (L.) Benth. ex Rchb. and Origanum vulgare L.) did not reach the 50% inhibition of enzyme activity. The results of this study indicated that there is a great potential of Lamiaceae species growing in Croatia to provide novel drug leads for the treatment of Alzheimer's and other neurological disorders.

Composition of the Essential Oils of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica and Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball

The essential oils obtained by micro-distillation from aerial parts of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica (A) and and Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball (B) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Cis-piperitone oxide (45.7%), terpinen-4-ol (8.6%), piperitenone oxide (5.5%) and trans-piperitone oxide (5.2%) were detected as main constituents in sample A; cis-piperitone oxide (21.8%), limonene (15.7%), piperitenone oxide (10.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.0 %) were found as main constituents in sample B.

Essential Oil of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. and Calamintha vardarensis Šilic

The essential oil of three populations of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. native to the mountain region of southwestern Serbia and one population of Calamintha vardarensis Šilic from southern former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia were studied. The highest oil yields were found in C. vardarensis (1.54%), whereas in C. sylvatica oil yields varied from 0.11% up to 0.94%. In all samples, cis-piperitone oxide was a major compound. The highest percentage was found in the oil of C. vardarensis (65.6%). In C. sylvatica piperitone oxide varied from 48.9–59.2%. In the examined samples, oil composition appeared to vary more according to geographical rather than genetic factors.

Essential Oils in Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. ssp. ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball: Wild and Cultivated Productions and Antifungal Activity

Essential oil yield and composition of wild and cultivated Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. ssp. ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball (Lamiaceae) were studied using GC and GC/MS. Essential oil yields were very similar in both conditions, although plant growth was greater in the cultivated plants. Isomenthone (36.8–43.3%) proved to be the main component of oil in both cases. Antifungal properties were tested for wild oil over nine domestic molds. The highest inhibition was achieved against Penicillum verrucosum, Monilia sitojihila and Aspergillus proliferans.

The volatile constituents of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica

AbstractThe volatile constituents of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subs. sylvatica in the different development stages (pre‐blossom, full blossom and post‐blossom) have been analysed using GC and GC–MS. Thirty‐three constituents were identified. The most representative compound in all stages was cis‐piperitone oxide (66.6–74.6%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.