Clinical Pharmacy Activities Research Articles

Cost-efficiency of Clinical Pharmacy Services at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports,2019,5,3s,S20-S22.DOI:10.5530/PTB.2019.5.33Published:September 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, and Faiz A. Bahadig Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice. Former Head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Head, Ambulatory Care Pharmacy, Oncology and Hematology Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A. Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to estimate cost-efficiency of clinical pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia by using American model. Methods: This is a simulation study which includes data of all 5 months of providing clinical pharmacy services for adults organized by local drug information center at biggest public hospital in Riyadh city. Ten clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists provided clinical pharmacy services at the hospital including drug information services, poisoning control services, therapeutic drug monitoring services, orthopedic services, oncology services, Pharmacoeconomical services and pain management services. All pharmacists should document the clinical pharmacy activities on a monthly basis. The estimated cost avoidance was calculated by using two International Studies Models, expressed in US dollars (USDs). The cost considered were the expected results of drug-related inquiries, poisoning information calls if not resolved and pharmacist intervention for all other clinical pharmacy services. Results: The total average estimated monthly cost avoidance from all clinical services (17,554,931.46 USD) with cumulative cost avoidance was 65,830,992.97 USD during the study period. The estimated total cost avoidance annually was 210,659,177.52 USD. The highest cost avoidance came from poisoning services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 61.8% (9,110,026.40 USD) followed by drug information services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 26.8% (4,711,273.50 USD) and other clinical pharmacy services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 11.4% (2,006,444.63 USD). Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist estimated cost avoidance was an average of 28.76 USD. Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provides poisoning control services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 17.77 USD and each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provide drug information services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 7.7 USD. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services had a very high economic impact on the healthcare system in the local public hospital. In the future, we are targeting to expand the clinical pharmacy services to prevent drug-related cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Clinical pharmacy, Cost-efficiency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (135.33 KB) PDF PDF Images Cost-efficiency of Clinical Pharmacy Services at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Analysis of Pharmacy Practice Factors on Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia

Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports,2019,5,3,113-118.DOI:10.5530/PTB.2019.5.21Published:August 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Faiz A. Bahadig Rph, Budoor Emad Aloumi, Reem Saad Alsubaie, and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Former Head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A. Bahadig Rph, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Budoor Emad Aloumi, Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Services, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs. KAMC - Central Region, SAUDI ARABIA. Reem Saad Alsubaie, Pharmacy Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi, Pharmacy Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Purpose: To explore analysis of pharmacy practice factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of analysis of pharmacy services factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into twopart demographic information and the second part was the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispensing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed and ended questions were used. The survey was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 242. The gender distribution 169 (70.7%) was male and 70 (29.3%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.07), clinical pharmacy activities was (3.08). The average pharmacist satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.78) and patient counselling satisfaction was (3.83). The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61). Conclusion: The low level of pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected pharmacist job satisfaction. Those factors increase pharmacist workload and dissatisfactory in pharmacy job. Keywords:Career, Factors, Job, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (221.85 KB) PDF PDF Images The overall pharmacist job satisfaction.

The description and definition of Emergency Department Pharmacist Practitioners in the United Kingdom (the ENDPAPER study)

Background Due to a shortage of emergency department doctors and nurses, hospitals have started to employ pharmacists who have additional clinical skills, known as Emergency Department Pharmacist Practitioners, to help deliver services. Objective To describe, compare and define the Emergency Department Pharmacist Practitioner role. Setting UK emergency departments. Method Using a purpose developed questionnaire hosted on a tablet computer, Emergency Department Pharmacist Practitioners were asked to report their contribution to patient care and the wider emergency department over 10 work days. Main outcome measure Emergency Department Pharmacist Practitioners’ work. Results Twenty Emergency Department Pharmacist Practitioners from 15 UK hospitals were recruited. Of 682 patients cared for, 4.8% (n=33) were of blue triage category (least urgent) and 4.1% (n=28) red (immediate need). Specific activities to inform patient diagnosis included clinical examinations (264/682 patients, 38.7%) and the review of investigation/test/procedure results (270, 39.6%). For treatment, EDPPs prescribed a total of 603 medicines (for administration in the ED) to 266 patients (39.0%) and performed procedures for 63 (9.2%). Eleven of the practitioners also took on the role of designated care provider (i.e. the healthcare professional with overall clinical responsibility) for at least some of their patients. From application of the care typology, all 20 practitioners carried out both ‘traditional’ and ‘practitioner’ activity and 9/20 of them sometimes provided more ‘practitioner’ than ‘traditional’ care to individual patients. Seven key role attributes were identified including how these pharmacists support patients with medical complaints and injuries of any severity and at any stage of their visit. Conclusion Emergency Department Pharmacist Practitioners combine traditional clinical pharmacy activities with more hands-on medical practise including being designated care provider. The role is versatile in that care and support provided to patients and the wider emergency department professional team is varied and therefore somewhat adaptable to situations which present.

Impact of medication therapy management on pharmacotherapy safety in an intensive care unit.

Background Drug-related problems are mostly preventable or predictable circumstances that may impact on health outcomes. Clinical pharmacy activities such as medication therapy management can identify and solve these problems, with potential to improve medication safety and effectiveness. Objective To evaluate ability of medication therapy management service to detect drug-related problems and prevent adverse drug events. This study also aimed to assess the risk factors for drugrelated problem occurrence. Setting Medical intensive care unit of a public tertiary hospital in Brazil. Methods Patients were evaluated by a clinical pharmacist, whoprovided medication therapy management service. Detected drug-related problems were categorized according to the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe methodology and analyzed in multinomial regression to identify risk factors. Main outcome measure Potential risk factors for drug-related problem occurrence. Results The proposed medication therapy management service allowed detection of 170 drug-related problems that had potential to reach patients causing harm and other 50 unavoidable adverse events. Drug-related problems identified were more often associated with antibacterial use, caused by improper combinations or inadequate drug dosage. These problems required interventions that wereaccepted by the multidisciplinary team, resulting in more than 85% adherence and total problem solving. Main risk factors identified were previous diagnosis of kidney injury (OR = 8.38), use of midazolam (OR = 7.96), furosemide (OR = 5.87) and vancomycin (OR = 4.82). Conclusion Medication therapy management proved to be an effective method not only for drug-related problem detection, but also for adverse drug event prevention, contributing to improve patient safety.

Correction to: Development of a tool for benchmarking of clinical pharmacy activities.

In the original publication of an article, the corresponding author name has been swapped. Now the correct name has been published in this correction.

Impact of pharmacist interventions on clinical outcome and cost avoidance in a university teaching hospital.

Background A significant number of clinical pharmacy services have shown to improve in-hospital medication safety and patient outcome. Prescription review and pharmacist interventions are a fundamental part of hospital clinical pharmacy activities. In a context of restricted financial resources, proving the economic and clinical impact of this activity seems necessary. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the clinical impact on patient outcomes and economic benefit of prescription review by pharmacists. Setting 1624-bed tertiary French university teaching hospital. Method Prospective single center study evaluating prescriptions for which a pharmacist intervention was issued over a 6-month period. The clinical impact of every pharmacist intervention was evaluated by a multidisciplinary experts committee. Economic benefit was evaluated from the public health care system spending standpoint. Main outcome measures Number of avoided hospitalization days and associated public health care system cost-avoidance. Results Prescription review and interventions by pharmacists prevented 73 intensive care unit hospitalization days, 74 continuous monitoring unit hospitalization days and 66days of conventional hospitalization. €252,294.00 in public health expenditure were thus prevented. For every Euro invested in the prescription review activity, €5.09 of public health spending were potentially saved. Conclusion Our study shows that prescription review and clinical pharmacists' interventions had an impact on clinical outcomes which translated into prevented hospitalization days. Prescription optimization through pharmacist interventions allows significant health care cost savings which makes this service highly efficient.

Development of a tool for benchmarking of clinical pharmacy activities

Background Initiatives are needed to promote and evaluate clinical pharmacy. In this context, benchmarking could be useful. Objective To develop and validate a benchmarking tool for clinical pharmacy activities. Setting Six Belgian hospitals. Method A narrative literature review and two focus groups were performed to identify (1) clinical pharmacy benchmarking projects, (2) clinical pharmacy activities with a proven positive impact on the quality of care for patients, (3) quality indicators and (4) contextual factors to be included in the tool. Next, a Delphi survey and a test of the tool in practice led to content validation and usability of the benchmarking tool. Main Outcome Measure To identify quality indicators and contextual factors to be included in the tool. Results Three Delphi rounds were required (rounds 1-2: 9 participants, round 3: 8 participants). Ten quality indicators and 36 relevant contextual factors were selected. These 10 quality indicators represent 6 clinical pharmacy activities that demonstrated to improve patient outcomes: medication reconciliation at admission, patient monitoring, information provided to the health care team, patient education, discharge and transfer medication counselling, and adverse drug reaction monitoring. To collect the information needed to compose the quality indicators and to benchmark, the tool consists of three data collection instruments. An instruction manual accompanies the tool. Conclusion We have developed and validated a benchmarking tool, designed to identify and promote clinical pharmacy activities that demonstrated to improve patient outcomes. Future perspectives include the use of the tool on a national scale to identify the most efficient practices and their enablers and barriers.

Medication safety in Switzerland: Where are we today?

Empirical research shows that medication safety is an urgent area of concern in the Swiss healthcare system. Adverse drug events and medication errors are common and risks such as polypharmacy are widespread. No comprehensive national strategy explicitly dedicated to medication safety exists in Switzerland. The federalist system of government with relative autonomy of the cantons relating to healthcare laws influences the implementation of national healthcare reforms, also to the disadvantage of medication safety. Direct dispensing of drugs by the prescribing physician is permitted in almost all German-speaking cantons. This special feature of the Swiss system implies specific challenges for medication safety. Nonetheless, there is an increasing number of national activities dealing with various aspects of medication safety, such as the "progress!" programmes within the National Quality Strategy. Within the National Research Programme "Smarter Health Care" (NRP74) of the Swiss National Science Foundation, several research projects are currently focusing on medication safety. Clinical pharmacy activities in hospitals are relatively widespread. In the primary care sector, pharmaceutical care practice and the corresponding competencies for pharmacists are being further developed. However, acomprehensive strategy, priority-setting and effectiveness studies involving all stakeholders are required in order for the Swiss healthcare system, to meet the challenges facing medication safety in aforward-looking manner.

Development of clinical pharmacy in Belgian hospitals through pilot projects funded by the government

Objectives The goal is to develop clinical pharmacy in the Belgian hospitals to improve drug efficacy and to reduce drug-related problems.Methods From 2007 to 2014, financial support was provided by the Belgian federal government for the development of clinical pharmacy in Belgian hospitals. This project was guided by a national Advisory Working Group. Each funded hospital was obliged to describe yearly its clinical pharmacy activities.Results In 2007, 20 pharmacists were funded in 28 pilot hospitals; this number was doubled in 2009 to 40 pharmacists over 54 institutions, representing more than half of all acute Belgian hospitals. Most projects (72%) considered patient-related activities, whereas some projects (28%) had a hospital-wide approach. The projects targeted patients at admission (30%), during hospital stay (52%) or at discharge (18%). During hospital stay, actions were mainly focused on geriatric patients (20%), surgical patients (15%), and oncology patients (9%). Experiences, methods, and tools were shared during meetings and workshops. Structure, process, and outcome indicators were reported and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were described. The yearly reports revealed that the hospital board was engaged in the project in 87% of the cases, and developed a vision on clinical pharmacy in 75% of the hospitals. In 2014, the pilot phase was replaced by structural financing for clinical pharmacy in all acute Belgian hospitals.Conclusion The pilot projects in clinical pharmacy funded by the federal government provided a unique opportunity to launch clinical pharmacy activities on a broad scale in Belgium. The results of the pilot projects showed clear implementation through case reports, time registrations, and indicators. Tools for clinical pharmacy activities were developed to overcome identified barriers. The engagement of hospital boards and the results of clinical pharmacy activities persuaded the government to start structural financing of clinical pharmacy.

Hospital clinical pharmacy services in Vietnam.

Background Clinical pharmacy is key to the quality use of medicines. While there are different approaches in different countries, international perspectives may inform health service development. The Vietnamese Ministry of Health introduced a legal regulation of clinical pharmacy services in December 2012. Objective To describe the services, and to explore reported barriers and facilitators in implementing clinical pharmacy activities in Vietnamese hospitals after the introduction of Vietnamese Ministry of Health legal regulation. Setting Thirty-nine hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam, including 22 provincial and 17 district hospitals. Method A mixed methods study was utilized. An online questionnaire was sent to the hospitals. In-depth interviews were conducted with pairs of nominated pharmacists at ten of these hospitals. The questionnaire focused on four areas: facilities, workforce, policies and clinical pharmacy activities. Main outcome measure Proportion of clinical pharmacy activities in hospitals. Themes in clinical pharmacy practice. Results 34/39 (87%) hospitals had established clinical pharmacy teams. Most activities were non-patient-specific (87%) while the preliminary patient-specific clinical pharmacy services were available in only 8/39 hospitals (21%). The most common non-patient-specific activities were providing medicines information (97%), reporting adverse drug reactions (97%), monitoring medication usage (97%). The patient specific activities varied widely between hospitals and were ad hoc. The main challenges reported were: lack of workforce and qualified clinical pharmacists. Conclusion While most hospitals had hospital-based pharmacy activities, the direct patient care was limited. Training, education and an expanded work forces are needed to improve clinical pharmacy services.

Evidence for the outcomes and impact of clinical pharmacy: context of UK hospital pharmacy practice

ObjectivesThe role of clinical pharmacists in hospitals has evolved and continues to expand. In the UK, outside of a few national policy drivers, there are no agreed priorities, measures or...

Clinical Pharmacy Services and Workforce Requirements at MOH Hospitals during Ten years Mass Gathering Hajj (2006-2015) in Makkah and Al-Madina Regions, Saudi Arabia

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Purpose:</strong> To explore the clinical pharmacy services and workforce requirements at Ministry of Health Hospitals during mass gathering Hajj over ten years (2006-2015) at Makkah and Al-Madina Regions in Saudi Arabia. <strong>Methods:</strong> It is a retrospective analysis of ten years (2006-2015) of MOH hospital pharmacies during mass gathering Hajj period (15-30 days). The clinical pharmacist should provide pharmaceutical to all patients either Pilgrim or not Pilgrim at Makkah region. It included Mona holy places hospitals; Arafat holy places hospitals, and Makkah city. The workforce requirements calculated based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals. The clinical activities drive from MOH critical care services, and emergency services, and mortality rate data. The nine clinical pharmacy services characterized by reduction mortality cost saving and mass gathering demand chosen. American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) model of clinical activities used. <strong>Results:</strong> The total number of Pilgrims was (1,952,817- 3,161,573) with average of (2,445,208.1). The mean number of clinical pharmacists needed was (22.31 FTE) per each hospital at Makkah. The average number of clinical pharmacists needed was (18.71 FTE) per hospital in Al-Madina. The central clinical pharmacy needs (4.31FTE) of clinical pharmacist per each hospital in Makkah region. In Al-Madina region demand was (2.71 FTE) of clinical pharmacists. The patient-centered clinical pharmacy services need (12 FTE) of clinical pharmacist per each hospital at Makkah and Al-Madina regions. The administrative, clinical pharmacy activities need (4 FTE) of clinical pharmacist per each hospital at Makkah region, while (2 FTE) at Al-Madina. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The clinical pharmacy services are essential during mass gathering Hajj period. The clinical pharmacy services prevent drug-related mortality and morbidity during Hajj period. Also, improve patient clinical outcome, patient quality of life, and avoid the unnecessary cost. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Key word:</strong> Clinical pharmacy, Workload, Workforces, Mass Gathering, Hajj, Makkah, Al-Madina, Ministry of Health

Pharmacy Workload and Workforce Requirements at MOH Hospitals during Ten years Mass Gathering Hajj (2006-2015) in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To explore the pharmaceutical care services workload analysis and human resources requirements at Ministry of Health Hospitals during mass gathering Hajj ten years (2006-2015), Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective of ten years (2006-2015) of hospital pharmacies workload during mass gathering Hajj period. The duration of workload collection was 15 days. The pharmacists provide pharmaceutical to all patients either Pilgrim or not Pilgrim at Makkah region. It included Mona holy places hospitals; Arafa holy places hospitals, and Makkah city. The workforce requirements calculated based on MOH workforce standards per bed and the workload drives as central pharmacy services, patient specific pharmacy activities, and general administration specific pharmacy activities. Results: The total number of Pilgrims (1,952,817- 3,161,573) with average of (2,445,208). The total number of prescriptions (99,886-257,545) with average (180,120), it represented (5.11-12.07%) with average (7.86%) of all pilgrims. The average number of pharmacist needed (9.49 FTE) for inpatient services per hospital, (48.85 FTE) for Emergency services per hospital, and (21.85 FTE) for Ambulatory care services per hospital. The average number of pharmacist based on Ministry of Health standards calculation per hospital was (37.1 FTE), while the mean number pharmacist needed to base on workload for all services was (80.19 FTE) per hospital. It is (2.16 fold) more incremental than MOH pharmacist workforce standards per bed. There were not any central pharmacy activities, and clinical pharmacy services or administrative pharmacy activities. Conclusion: The Workload analysis of pharmaceutical care services as a part of TQM indicators during mass gathering Hajj. Clinical pharmacy activities missed with emphasis on patient-specific clinical pharmacy. There is a high demand for pharmacists’ workforce during mass gathering Hajj period in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia. Key word: Pharmacy, Workload, Workforces, Mass Gathering, Hajj, Makkah, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.

Pharmaceutical Care Workload and Human Resources Requirements at MOH Hospitals during Nine years Mass Gathering Hajj (2006-2014) in Al-Madina Region, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To explore the pharmaceutical care workload analysis and workforce requirements at Ministry of Health Hospitals during mass gathering Hajj nine years (2006-2014) in Al-Madina Region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective of nine years (2006-2014) of hospital pharmacies workload during mass gathering Hajj period. The duration of workload collection was 15-30 days each year. The pharmacists provide pharmaceutical to all patients either Pilgrim or not Pilgrim at Madina region. The workforce requirements calculated based on MOH workforce standards per bed and the workload drives as central pharmacy services, patient specific pharmacy activities, and general administration specific pharmacy activities. Results: The total number of Pilgrims (1,952,817-3,161,573) with average (2,445,208). The total number of prescriptions was (22,278-133,107) with an average of (78,955). It represented (1.07-5.02%) with an average (3.11%) of all pilgrims. The average number of pharmacist needed (6.41 FTE) for inpatient services per hospital, (22.96 FTE) for Emergency services per hospital, and (109.02 FTE) for Ambulatory care services per hospital. The average number of pharmacist calculated per hospital was (29.5 FTE), while the mean number pharmacist needed to base on workload for all services was (24.4 FTE) per hospital. There were not any central pharmacy activities, and clinical pharmacy services or administrative pharmacy activities. Conclusion: The pharmacy workload analysis reflects the real demand of pharmacist. Despite clinical pharmacy, activities missed with emphasis on inpatient clinical pharmacy programs; there is acceptable of number of pharmacists compared to MOH standards during mass gathering Hajj period in Al-Madina Region in Saudi Arabia. Key word: Pharmaceutical Care, Workload, Workforces, Mass Gathering, Hajj, Al-Madina, Ministry Of Health, Saudi Arabia.

Assessment of a Clinical Pharmacy Activity in a Pediatric Inpatient Department in Cote D'ivoire.

Background:Clinical pharmacy activities in a pediatric inpatient department help to improve the management of patients clinically and economically.Objective:To assess the relevance of pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) in a pediatric inpatient department in Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire).Materials and Methods:We carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive study from February to September 2014. The information collected was classified according to the classification of drug-related problems (DRPs) and PIs of the French Society of Clinical Pharmacy. The score assigned to each PI varied from PI0 (without direct clinical impact) to PI3 (vital clinical impact) as the importance of the potential clinical impact of the DRP was correlated to the severity of clinical consequences avoided by the PI. The relevance of PIs was assessed by their rate of acceptance by physicians and by the analysis of their clinical impact.Results:A total of 116 PIs were performed with 31% performed during medical rounds, 68.1% during patients’ records analysis, and 0.1% on patient's admission. The main DRPs were related to noncompliance with recommendations (24.1%), overdose (21.1%), and underdosing (13.8%). The most important PIs were dose adjustment (31.8%), accuracy of drugs administration modalities (29.3%), and proposals of therapeutic choice (27.6%). The acceptance rate of PIs was highly significant (94.8%). The majority of PIs (67.3%) was assessed as having a significant clinical impact (PI1) and 16.4% of PIs as very significant clinical impact (PI2). A single PI (0.9%) was found with vital clinical impact.Conclusion:PIs performed were relevant and contributed to the therapeutic optimization and the prevention of iatrogenic events in pediatric inpatients.

La pharmacie clinique en milieu hospitalier : une enquête de satisfaction auprès des prescripteurs

La pharmacie clinique en milieu hospitalier : une enquête de satisfaction auprès des prescripteurs

Publications presenting negative impacts of pharmacists.

Publications presenting negative impacts of pharmacists.

Cibler les médicaments à risque pour optimiser la validation pharmaceutique des prescriptions

Cibler les médicaments à risque pour optimiser la validation pharmaceutique des prescriptions

Clinical Pharmacy Activities: We Know What to Do, but for Whom Should We Do It?

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Evaluation of preceptors and skills achievement by clinical pharmacy clerkship students during their clinical rotations at University of Gondar, Ethiopia.

AimTo investigate the overall experiences of clinical pharmacy students during their clinical attachments and to understand the breadth and depth of clinical skills provided by their preceptors.MethodsA cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire containing 34 items to obtain feedback from the clerkship students from June to July 2015. Data analysis was performed to calculate mean, standard deviation, percentages, and multiple logistic regression using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software Version 22. Statistical significance was set at P<0.01.ResultsAll 58 clerkship students actively participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 100%. While students ranked their clerkship experience as moderate, >15% remarked that they did not receive enough opportunities to hone their pharmaceutical care documentation skills. A relatively high percentage of students (32.8%) strongly agreed that their preceptors had provided ample opportunity to discuss the patient problems at the bedside and encouraged them to express their opinions regarding patients’ drug therapeutic issues. This study also revealed that students’ continuity in developing their therapeutic and disease process knowledge was significantly associated with the preceptor’s ability to provide adequate training and orientation (P =0.01), engagement in clinical pharmacy activities (P =0.01), regular review of students’ work (P =0.01), and instruction to students before entering clinical sites (P =0.00).ConclusionThe findings of this study reveal that a majority of the students were moderately satisfied with the clinical training program and preceptors need to demonstrate effective pharmaceutical care processes in their clinical sites.