Climatic Demands Research Articles

FOOD SECURITY AND RAJASTHAN

This research paper explores the nuanced understanding of "food security," tracing its evolution from a mere "availability at all times of adequate world food supply" in the 1970s to Amartya Sen's comprehensive perspective on entitlements in the 1980s. Sen's emphasis on entitlements, beyond mere food availability, distinguishes his approach from traditional notions of effective demand. While Keynes' effective demand related to monetary income in a capitalist economy, Sen's analysis extends to a "mixed economy" with multiple classes.
 In the context of Rajasthan, this study reveals the intricate dynamics of food security, considering diverse demographics, geographical variations, and vulnerability indicators. Urbanization trends, examined through three distinct phases, present potential implications for food distribution and accessibility across regions. Recognizing the heterogeneity of regions in Rajasthan, the paper stresses the importance of tailored policies that account for climatic variations, regional interests, and health demands.
 A thorough investigation into the nutritional status of the population highlights concerning trends, particularly the prevalence of anemia and malnutrition among women and children. Despite advancements in education and awareness, persistent nutritional challenges demand a holistic approach addressing both immediate and underlying causes.
 In conclusion, this research underscores the multi-faceted nature of food security challenges in Rajasthan. It advocates for targeted interventions incorporating sustainable agriculture, improved infrastructure, and inclusive policies. By addressing the root causes of food insecurity and malnutrition, the paper provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners striving to enhance food security in the region.Top of Form

The typology of courtyard space in Najdi Architecture, Saudi Arabia: a response to human needs, culture, and the environment

ABSTRACT This study seeks to identify the significant characteristics of the traditional Najdi courtyard in Saudi Arabia in order to comprehend the typology and applicability of courtyard patterns in Najdi dense urban neighborhoods. The study includes a literature review that investigates the socio-cultural influences on courtyard typology and the typological implications of courtyard residences at both the building and urban scales. The study also includes a case study of six Najdi courtyard residences in three settlements in the central region that analyzes the patterns, characteristics, and spatial qualities of these courtyards. The ethnographic approach is used to observe and document a culture, society, or other phenomenon related to the study objectives through participant observation and interviews, as well as making use of the Space Syntax “justified access graphs” method to understand and examine the organization and spatial order of the traditional dwelling. The study indicates that the courtyard acts as a holistic space and place within the home; however, the features of individual courtyards may vary based on geographical and environmental setting. The conclusion of the research is that courtyard typologies have the capacity to satisfy the enduring cultural, social, and climatic demands of residents and hence might be implemented in contemporary urban contexts. The findings of this research suggest that courtyard typology has the potential to create an environment of comfort, privacy, and special efficiency for modern urban households.

Assessing the exposure of UK habitats to 20th‐ and 21st‐century climate change, and its representation in ecological monitoring schemes

Abstract Climate change is a significant driver of contemporary biodiversity change. Ecological monitoring schemes can be crucial in highlighting its consequences, but connecting and interpreting observed climatic and ecological changes demands an understanding of monitored locations' exposure to climate change. Generalising from trends in monitored sites to habitats also requires an assessment of how closely sampled locations' climate change trajectories mirror those of wider ecosystems. Such assessments are rare but vital for drawing robust ecological conclusions. Focusing on the UK, we generated a metric of climate change exposure by quantifying the change in observed historical (1901–2019) and predicted future (2021–2080, pessimistic emissions scenario) conditions. We then assessed habitat‐specific climate change exposure by overlaying the resulting data with maps of contemporary (2019) land cover. Finally, we compared patterns of climate change exposure in locations sampled by ecological monitoring schemes to random samples from wider habitats. The UK's climate changed significantly between the early 20th century and the last decade, and is predicted to undergo even greater changes (including the development of Iberian/Mediterranean climate types in places) into the 21st century. Climate change exposure is unevenly distributed: regionally, it falls more in southern, central and eastern England; locally, it is greater at higher‐elevation locations than nearby areas at lower elevations. Areas with contemporary arable and horticulture, urban, calcareous grassland and suburban land cover are predicted to experience the greatest overall climatic change, though other habitats experienced relatively greater change than these in the first half of the 20th century. The extent to which locations sampled by ecological monitoring schemes represent broader habitat‐level gradients of climate change exposure varies. Monitored sites' coverage of wider trends is heterogeneous across habitats, time periods and schemes. Policy implications. UK ecological monitoring schemes can effectively, though variably, capture the effects of climate change on habitats. To improve their performance, climate change could be explicitly included in the design of such programmes. Additionally, our findings on how effectively different datasets represent wider patterns of climate change are crucial for informing syntheses of ecological change connected to shifting atmospheric conditions.

Sustainable Management of Thickened Tailings in Chile and Peru: A Review of Practical Experience and Socio-Environmental Acceptance

The “Thickened Tailings Disposal” (TTD) technology produces a high density mine waste that allows for the storage of this material without the need to manage large slurry tailings storage facilities (TSFs) and large dams. TTD has been applied considering site specific conditions of Chile and Peru, such as extreme climatic conditions, seismic risks, water scarcity, community demands, and environmental constraints. This review highlights the contribution of several experiences in Chile and Peru, which have chosen TTD technology for reduction of negative environmental impacts, mainly focusing on the following issues: (i) increase of tailings water recovery, (ii) reduction of TSFs footprint (impacted areas), (iii) decrease the risk of physical instability, avoiding the construction of high dams, and (iv) decrease of TSFs seepages. Finally, the article describes the advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (aspects to improve) of TTD, where nowadays a high degree of dewatering of tailings is seen as a safe option, considering the occurrence of some TSF dam failures recently worldwide, which has resulted in severe environmental pollution. A better environmental perception about TTD of authorities and communities, considering that this technology allows to satisfy the needs of stable and safe TSFs, make the TTD be more acceptable, popular and one of the best available technologies (BATs) for operations with mine tailings.

Recognising bias in Common Era temperature reconstructions

A steep decline in the quality and quantity of available climate proxy records before medieval times challenges any comparison of reconstructed temperature and hydroclimate trends and extremes between the first and second half of the Common Era. Understanding of the physical causes, ecological responses and societal consequences of past climatic changes, however, demands highly-resolved, spatially-explicit, seasonally-defined and absolutely-dated archives over the entire period in question. Continuous efforts to improve existing proxy records and reconstruction methods and to develop new ones, as well as clear communication of all uncertainties (within and beyond academia) must be central tasks for the paleoclimate community.

THINKING CATASTROPHIC THOUGHTS: A TRAUMATIZED SENSIBILITY ON A HOTTER PLANET.

While catastrophizing has traditionally been pathologized within psychoanalytic traditions, in this paper I suggest that cataclysmic realities of climate change call upon all of us to cultivate catastrophic thinking. Our new climatic normal demands of us not only new concepts and language, but also a new sort of thinking, building on Wilfred Bion’s ideas that to think is to use our mind’s capacity to be in touch with internal and external realities. I suggest that sometimes people are able to learn from their experiences of trauma in ways that disrupt the culturally dominant anenvironmental orientation, that is, an orientation that brackets out the more-than-human environment. Instead, they develop a capacity to think catastrophically about and to be permeable to the more-than-human environment. What I call their “traumatized sensibility” can offer guidance as we come to co-exist with and respond more consciously to our hotter planet.

Boosting Widespread Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture – New Metrics and the Role of Science

Adapting to new climatic, social, and environmental realities demands deep and massive transformative changes in how humans manage, perceive, and relate with terrestrial and aquatic productive systems. In India, agriculture production is challenged by degraded soils, scarce and contested water, fragmented and degraded seminatural habitats, social conflict, and more frequent extreme events. Existing political will is enabling the adoption of sustainable agriculture. However, the pace and the extent of the adoption of promising strategies, practices, and approaches for achieving sustainable and resilient agriculture remains sparse. Accelerating a socially just transformation to sustainability in India requires a new systems-oriented, multidisciplinary, human well-being-centered research agenda. Specifically, the new agenda can expand, contest and reevaluate agriculture performance’ in terms of how is evaluated and measured at the farm and landscape level. The new evidence will be critical for learning, innovating and re-designing sustainable, multifunctional and resilient agricultural landscapes.

Estimation of Yield Potential, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Safflower in Different Ecological Zones

Unfavorable temperatures threaten global crop productivity and sustainability to a significant extent under changing climate scenarios. Drastic impact of climatic variability demands suitable solutions including adaption through climate-proof cropping system. Similar intervention was focused through the subject study conducted during winter 2019 to assess cultivation of exotic USDA safflower accessions under various environments of Punjab, Pakistan. Four locations i.e. Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Kasur and Rawalpindi were selected for cultivation of previously screened six safflower candidate lines in a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements. Seed yield, oil quality and contents was calculated. Results revealed that the performance of safflower accessions of exotic origin perofmred variably under variety of climates. Safflower accession PI-198990 exhibited the highest seed yield at Kasur whereas, PI-199907reflected the least yield at Bahawalpur. High oil contents were estimated at Faisalabad when compared withother locations under study. However, the maximum accumulation of oleic acid was recorded in safflower planted at Bahawalpur. On the other hand, Rawalpindi sown safflower exhibited the maximum content of linoleic acid. As far the morpho-physiological attributes are concerned, positive and significant relationship of seed yield with number of branches, number of heads and thousand seed weight were recorded whereas, linoleic acid showed strongly negative correlation with oleic acid content. Therefore, it is concluded that environmental variation had significantly influenced safflower yield, oil and fatty acids contents.

Climato-Economic Context of Regional Crime and Corruption Across the Russian Federation

Cross-national research claims that the crime-and-corruption gap between relatively poor and relatively rich countries is larger in more demanding climates that require more cash and capital to cope with the climate. However, this claim is premature because countries differ in many confounding ways including histories and politics. We, therefore, re-tested the climato-economic context of violent crime and corruption within Russia, a country with considerable regional differences in climate and income. Across the eighty-five administrative units of Russia, the crime-and-corruption gap between relatively poor and relatively rich regions is smaller in more demanding climates. Harsher climates are so strongly associated with higher crime levels that the potential influence of differences in wealth becomes negligible. Furthermore, harsher climates are so strongly associated with higher corruption rates in poorer regions but lower corruption rates in richer regions that the potential influence of the climatic demands as such becomes negligible.

Performance analysis of regional AquaCrop (v6.1) biomass and surface soil moisture simulations using satellite and in situ observations

Abstract. The current intensive use of agricultural land is affecting the land quality and contributes to climate change. Feeding the world's growing population under changing climatic conditions demands a global transition to more sustainable agricultural systems. This requires efficient models and data to monitor land cultivation practices at the field to global scale. This study outlines a spatially distributed version of the field-scale crop model AquaCrop version 6.1 to simulate agricultural biomass production and soil moisture variability over Europe at a relatively fine resolution of 30 arcsec (∼1 km). A highly efficient parallel processing system is implemented to run the model regionally with global meteorological input data from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2), soil textural information from the Harmonized World Soil Database version 1.2 (HWSDv1.2), and generic crop information. The setup with a generic crop is chosen as a baseline for a future satellite-based data assimilation system. The relative temporal variability in daily crop biomass production is evaluated with the Copernicus Global Land Service dry matter productivity (CGLS-DMP) data. Surface soil moisture is compared against NASA Soil Moisture Active–Passive surface soil moisture (SMAP-SSM) retrievals, the Copernicus Global Land Service surface soil moisture (CGLS-SSM) product derived from Sentinel-1, and in situ data from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN). Over central Europe, the regional AquaCrop model is able to capture the temporal variability in both biomass production and soil moisture, with a spatial mean temporal correlation of 0.8 (CGLS-DMP), 0.74 (SMAP-SSM), and 0.52 (CGLS-SSM). The higher performance when evaluating with SMAP-SSM compared to Sentinel-1 CGLS-SSM is largely due to the lower quality of CGLS-SSM satellite retrievals under growing vegetation. The regional model further captures the short-term and inter-annual variability, with a mean anomaly correlation of 0.46 for daily biomass and mean anomaly correlations of 0.65 (SMAP-SSM) and 0.50 (CGLS-SSM) for soil moisture. It is shown that soil textural characteristics and irrigated areas influence the model performance. Overall, the regional AquaCrop model adequately simulates crop production and soil moisture and provides a suitable setup for subsequent satellite-based data assimilation.

Ontogenetic variation in human nasal morphology.

Internal nasal cavity morphology has long been thought to reflect respiratory pressures related to heating and humidifying inspired air. Yet, despite the widely recognized importance of ontogeny in understanding climatic and thermoregulatory adaptations, most research on nasal variation in modern and fossil humans focuses on static adult morphology. This study utilizes cross-sectional CT data of three morphologically distinct samples (African, European, Arctic) spanning from infancy to adulthood (total n=321). Eighteen landmarks capturing external and internal regions of the face and nose were subjected to generalized Procrustes and form-space principal component analyses (separately conducted on global and individual samples) to ascertain when adult-specific nasal morphology emerges during ontogeny. Across the global sample, PC1 (67.18% of the variation) tracks age-related size changes regardless of ancestry, while PC2 (6.86%) differentiates between the ancestral groups irrespective of age. Growth curves tracking morphological changes by age-in-years indicate comparable growth trajectories across all three samples, with the majority of nasal size and shape established early in ontogeny (<5 years of age). Sex-based trends are also evident, with females exhibiting a more truncated growth period than males, particularly for nasal height dimensions. Differences are also evident between the anterior and posterior nose, with the height and breadth dimensions of the anterior nasal aperture and nasal cavity showing differential ontogenetic patterns compared to the choanae. Cumulatively, these results suggest that multiple selective pressures influence human nasal morphology through ontogenetic processes, including metabolic demands for sufficient oxygen intake and climatic demands for adequate intranasal air conditioning.

Past, present and future suitable areas for the relict tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae): Integrating fossil records, niche modeling, and phylogeography for conservation

Pterocarya fraxinifolia, native to the southern Caucasus and adjacent areas, has been widely introduced in Europe. In this study, we investigate the following: (1) How did its current distribution form? (2) What are the past, current, and future suitable habitats of P. fraxinifolia? (3) What is the best conservation approach? Ecological niche modeling was applied to determine its climatic demands and project the distribution of climatically suitable areas during three periods of past, current, and future (2070) time. Then, an integrated analysis of fossil data was performed. Massive expansion of Pterocarya species between the Miocene and Pliocene facilitated the arrival of P. fraxinifolia to the southern Caucasus. The Last Glacial Maximum played a vital role in its current fragmented spatial distribution in the Euxinian and Hyrcanian regions with lower elevations, and Caucasian and Irano-Turanian regions with higher elevations. Climatic limiting factors were very different across these four regions. Future climate change will create conditions for the expansion of this species in Europe. Human activities significantly decreased the suitable area for P. fraxinifolia, especially in the Euxinian, Hyrcanian, and Irano-Turanian regions. Considering genetic diversity, climate vulnerability, and land utilization, the Euxinian, Hyrcanian, and Irano-Turanian regions have been recognized as conservation priority areas for P. fraxinifolia.

Origins of Values Differences: A Two-Level Analysis of Economic, Climatic and Parasite Stress Explanations in the Value Domain

What variables are associated with cross-cultural differences in values at the individual level? In this study, the statistical effect of variables associated with ecological demands and available economic and cognitive resources on self-reported values are investigated in two independent samples to test the replicability of effects. Values are operationalized using a 10-item version inspired by Schwartz’ value theory. The effects of national wealth, climatic demands, availability of cool water, and parasite stress at the national level are used to predict value scores of individuals within nations using nationally representative data from all inhabited continents ( k = 49 and k = 58; Ns = 64,491 and 81,991). Using mixed-effect models, new insights into individual- and nation-level dynamics in value scores are provided. First, the paper extends previous cultural theories to the individual level by investigating the effects of education and personal income as individual-level resources. Both personal income and education have strong direct effects on value scores. Second, higher education acts as a cognitive resource which turns climatic demands into challenges, effectively unpackaging nation-level theorizing with individual level dynamics. Third, contrary to previous nation-level research, parasite stress was not a significant predictor of individual-level values. Forth, supporting recent theorizing, individuals located in cool water regions reported significantly higher self-transcendence values. Fifth, the effects of wealth on openness values were convergent and reinforcing across levels (higher wealth is associated with more openness values), but operated in opposing directions for self-transcendence values (national wealth is associated with self-transcendent values, individual wealth is associated with self-enhancing values). The current patterns suggest that cultural research needs to pay more attention to individual versus nation-level dynamics and increase replication efforts with independent samples.

Suitable environmental areas for commercial timber in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

In state of Rio de Janeiro, the Southeast Region of Brazil, 97.91% of the reforested areas contain exclusively species of Pinus and Eucalyptus. Due to the growing demand for raw forest materials, and low diversity of planted species, the market needs to explore new ones. Parica (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke), Brazilian firetree (Schizolobium parahyba), Cedar (Toona ciliate), and Teak (Tectona grandis) are species with high economic value and are already found in small reforestation areas in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The goal of this study was to find the suitable environmental areas to good productivity each of these four forest species in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Suitable environmental areas were determined by classifying climate maps (water deficit, rainfall, and air temperature) and digital elevation models (DEM) of the State of Rio de Janeiro, based on the climatic and altitude demands of each species. Maps of suitable areas were generated using spatial analysis as raster map algebra and raster map reclassification. The species under study showed great potential for growth throughout the State of Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian firetree (known as Guapuruvu in Brazil) presented the largest environmentally suitable area for planting in the state (47%), especially in regions of low maximum rainfall, associated with high temperatures and low altitudes in Rio de Janeiro (e.g., Baixadas Litorâneas with 36.9% of suitable area). Parica presented the smallest environmentally suitable area (19%), with suitable areas in regions of altitude less than 700 m (e.g., Medio Paraiba and Serrana, within 27.4% and 20.8% of the suitability area, respectively.). Future studies could refine the suitable areas by examining the soil conditions of each area and researching the economic and social factors that are unique to each region.

СТРЕССОУСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ СОРТОВ ЯРОВОГО ЯЧМЕНЯ ОМСКОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

Spring barley is a key grain-fodder and fodder crop, which forms an increased yield compared to other grain-fodder crops due to early maturity and drought resistance. Taking into account climatic factors and production demands, breeding for increased productivity and adaptability to local natural and climatic factors, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses is relevant today. The purpose of the research was to assess the fitness of spring barley varieties (Hordeum sativum L.) bred by the Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center for the conditions of climate transition from continental to sharply continental in Western Siberia. The object of the research: eleven varieties of spring barley, which belong to the multi-row hulled (standard ‘Omskiy 99’), two-row hulled (standard ‘Omskiy 95’), multi-row hulless or “naked” (standard ‘Omskiy golozerny 2’) and two-row hulless (standard ‘Omskiy golozerny 1’). The studies were carried out in the zone of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia from 2011 to 2019. The coefficient of linear regression and the stability of the reaction of the yield of varieties were calculated. Under the conditions of the continental and sharply continental climate of Western Siberia, the average yield of spring barley for the period of research was 4.03 t/ha (Lim. = 2.23–5.63 t/ha). The intensive group includes varieties ‘Omskiy golozerny 4’, ‘Sibirskiy Avangard’ and ‘Sasha’ (regression coefficient more than 1). Increased stability of the yield was noted in the varieties ‘Omskiy golozerny 2’, ‘Omskiy golozerny 1’, ‘Sasha’, ‘Omskiy 90’, ‘Omskiy 96’, ‘Omskiy 100’ (stability variance less than 0.29). Varieties ‘Omskiy 96’ and ‘Omskiy 100’ are characterized by full compliance of the formed yield with those agrotechnical conditions in which they are grown at a fairly stable level of productivity formation. The highest average yield over the years of the study was formed by the varieties ‘Sasha’ (4.70 t/ha) with values of plasticity (regression coefficient is equal 1.1) and stability (stability variance is equal 0.18), ‘Omskiy 100’ (4.89 t/ha; 1.02; 0.11, respectively). We recommend them for cultivation in the region.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF OIL CONTENT IN VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS IN SHARPLY CONTINENTAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Among spring grain crops, oats are one of the main crops in Siberia. Taking into account climatic factors and production demands, breeding for increased productivity and adaptability to local natural and climatic factors, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses appears to be currently relevant. This is a key factor for a permanent increase in both yield and quality of agricultural products. The aim of the study is to determine the group of adaptive oat varieties by the content of crude fat in grain for introduction into production and inclusion in breeding programs. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk Region during 2013-2018. The indicator of the range of crude fat content according to V.A. Zykin (d), index of ecological plasticity according to D.I. Baranskiy (O), homeostaticity according to V.V. Khangildin (Hоm), an indicator of intensity according to R.A. Udachin (I), the relative stability of the trait N.A. Sobolev (St²), an indicator of the level of stability of the variety according to E.D. Nettevich (PUSS) were calculated. The final assessment of adaptability was based on the sum of the ranks. The minimum range of crude fat content was observed in varieties Irtysh 23 and Fakel (d = 1.87 and 2.97%). Cultivars Irtysh 23, Tarsky 2, Fakel, Sibirskiy Hercules and Sibirskiy golozerny differed in plasticity (O = 6.4–13.6) and homeostaticity (Hom = 0.82). The variety Irtysh 13 (Hom = 0.23) was also homeostatic. The stability of the trait according to N.A. Sobolev characterized all varieties (St² = 0.94–0.99), according to E.D. Nettevich – Irtysh 13, Irtysh 23, Pamyati Bogachkova and Fakel (PUSS = 193.4-305.5%). Having an assortment of estimated indicators of adaptive parameters, it is advisable to apply the ranking and conduct the final assessment according to the sum of the ranks received by each variety. The varieties Irtysh 23 and Fakel (∑ ranks = 23 and 25) and Sibirskiy Holozerny (∑ ranks = 26) are the most adaptive in terms of the content of crude fat in grain for the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

Uneven-aged silviculture of Scots pine in Bohemia and Central Spain: comparison study of stand reaction to transition and long-term selection management

The achievement of sustainable forest management requires the incorporation of ongoing environmental changes into long-term planning. Moreover, in time of climatic change and changing company demands, importance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is still increasing at the expense of other tree species due to its low ecological requirements. The aim of the study was to compare the structure and production of Scots pine stands managed under different silvicultural systems on four research plots, assess the structural and diversity indices, and analyse the increment structure using tree-ring dating in the Czech Republic and Spain. Area of study was Western Bohemian and Guadarrama Mountain range in Central Spain. The results indicate that stand volume on the investigated plots ranged from 231 to 441 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;∙ha&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; with tree density 276–996 trees∙ha&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;. Intensively managed (uneven-aged) permanent research plots showed increased growth on basal area. The difference was evident also for older trees. The transition to uneven-aged forest does not negatively influence stocking and wood production and provide higher benefits for diversity and structural complexity in comparison to regular stands.

Design, worst case study, and sensitivity analysis of a net-zero energy building for sustainable urban development

This paper presents a trigeneration facility based on a biogas driven gas turbine cycle for electricity production and an air to water heat pump for simultaneous extraction of cooling and potable water, and evaluates its robustness and effectiveness under different climatic conditions and variable demands. The air to water heat pump, which consists of an inside evaporator fan, expansion device, condenser, evaporator, and a compressor, is installed for supplying the cooling load of a hospital building in summer. In the refrigeration cycle, R134a absorbs heat from the inside warm air for space cooling and releases it to the saline water for driving a desalination process. Maximum values of cooling and electrical demands of a standard hospital building, where is located in south of Iran, over the hottest day of 2018 are considered for the worst case implementation. Engineering equation solver and general algebraic mathematical modeling system are employed to develop the non-linear optimization strategy, find the best operating point of the air to water heat pump based trigeneration plant, and minimize its energy cost under the greatest load level. Moreover, the sensitivity of the gained output ratio of desalination cycle to the relative humidity of the air entering and leaving the humidifier, the dehumidifier and humidifier effectiveness, and the top and bottom temperatures are comprehensively analyzed. The relative humidity of air entering the humidifier and the larger dehumidifier effectiveness have the significant effects on increasing the gained output ratio of the desalination cycle. Due to intense solar irradiation in summer, the seawater temperature naturally increases, which results in larger gained output ratio and higher mass flow rate of pure water.

Assessment of Varieties of Spring Barley of Selection of Omsk Agrarian Research Center for Adaptivity of Mass of 1000 Grains

Considering climatic factors and production demands, selection for increased productivity and adaptability to local climatic factors is currently relevant. To create new varieties of barley with the listed factors, a promising source material with improved adaptive qualities is required. One of the leading structural elements that determine the productivity of a variety is the mass of 1000 grains. Objective: to assess the adaptability of spring barley varieties from the selection of the Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center in terms of the mass of 1000 grains. The object of research was 11 varieties of spring barley breeding Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center. Based on this indicator, the following adaptability parameters were calculated: the indicator of the size of the grain size, the coefficient of variation, the coefficient and ecovalent of ecological plasticity, the relative stability of the trait and homeostaticity. The final assessment was carried out according to the sum of ranks obtained by each applied method, given that rank 1 is higher. The average weight of 1000 grains of barley varieties, breeding of the Omsk ANC, was 45.7 g in membranous and 40.9 g in huskless. According to the results of adaptability studies, stable varieties were identified that are poorly responsive to changes in cultivation conditions and better adapted to medium and low levels of agriculture: Omsky 95, Gift of Siberia and Omsk huskless 2 (the sum of ranks ranged from 22.0 to 29.0). Varieties Sibirsky Avant-garde, Sasha, Omsky 91, Omskyhuskless 1 and Omsky 90 (sum of ranks from 38.0 to 51.0) are classified as plastic ones – the change in grain size of these varieties is fully consistent with the change in growing conditions. Strong responsiveness to changing conditions was found in varieties Omsky 96, Omsky 100 and Omsky 99 (the sum of ranks varies from 59.0 to 63.0) – these varieties belong to the intensive group, which means less adaptability to adverse conditions.

Adaptability of raspberry primocane genotypes in a tropical environment and its implication in the raspberry production in Mexico

BACKGROUND: The worldwide tendency for growing raspberries in different climatic environments demands the need of development new cultivars with good adaptability. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to study the adaptability of red raspberry