Climate Of Siberia Research Articles

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СОРТОВ КЛЕВЕРА ЛУГОВОГО РАЗЛИЧНОГО ТИПА СПЕЛОСТИ

For creating new cultivars of red clover it is necessary to use traditional and modern methods: heterosis and ecological breeding. These methods have been used in breeding for a long time, but it was necessary to modify them to the cultivation of red clover considering its biological features (perennity, length of ve-getation period, winter hardiness) in conditions of harsh continental climate in Siberia. The complex-hybrid population, late maturing, diploid based the cultivar SibNIIK 10 has been created based on best polycross offspring by polycross method in West Siberia. The winter hardy, early maturing, diploid based cultivar has been created as the result of combination together with FWRC FPA for the first time ever in Siberia. The research cites a comparative study of two cultivars of red clover (SibNIIK 10 and Prima) of different types of maturity and ploidy by main economically valuable traits. Early maturing tetraploid based cultivar Prima in herbage and dry matter yield exceeds late maturing cultivar SibNIIK 10 by 9–30 and 17–44% and in seed by 18% (in good years).

Heat losses in train movement in transportation tunnels in different operating conditions

The paper describes the results of numerical modeling of heat exchange between trains and air in transportation tunnels operated in the conditions of dry continental climate in Siberia and Russian Far East in cold seasons. The modeling uses a nonstationary 2D axially symmetrical formulation. The relationships have been obtained for the components of heat balance in transportation tunnels and the outside air temperature and the process conditions of operation of the tunnel entry equipment.

Insects under global warming. Review and retrospective analysis

We have tried to assess the morphological changes in insects under conditions of global warming using the example of three mass species. We analyzed collection funds for 140 years from the same territory in Western Siberia. We found out that the climate of Siberia is systematically drying up and the average temperatures are increasing, and as a result, the species composition of the fauna of Western Siberia changes, as well as the morphology of some insect species

THE FATE OF SIBERIA IN MODERN RUSSIAN ANTI-UTOPIAN BOOK

The article analyzes how the modern science fiction (the genres of anti-utopia and post-apocalypse) interprets the image of Siberia and predicts the fate of Siberia. In studied works of literature an attention is paid to such real features of this region as geographical distance from the center, low population, low development of the territory, the relativity of civilizational penetration into remote areas of Siberia, poor climate. The geographical proximity to China and the presence of a significant amount of Chinese immigrants in current Siberia are the basis of assumptions of writers about the Chinese expansion. Geographical remoteness from the center encourages to fantasize about the separation of Siberia into a special state. Positive predictions of Siberia development in the case of global cataclysms prevail: the writers suggest that the climate of Siberia will improve, that the geographical remoteness from Europe will save Siberia from negative technological and political exposures. Belief in the power of Siberia prevails in the fantastic assumptions of modern Russian writers.

2000 years of variability in hydroclimate and carbon accumulation in western Siberia and the relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation: A multi-proxy peat record

The climate of Siberia is primarily influenced by the Siberian High (SH), although other large-scale atmospheric circulation systems, in particular North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) storm tracks, play an important role. How variability in the relative strength and trajectory of these climatic systems has affected local to regional palaeoclimatic conditions remains little known. Here, we employ multi-proxy peat core analysis (δ13C, δ15N in Sphagnum, plant macrofossil, pollen, charcoal) from Plotnikovo Mire, part of the Great Vasyugan Mire in western Siberia (Tomsk province, Russia). We provide a high-resolution record of variations in climatic conditions and the biogeochemical fluxes of carbon and nitrogen over the past 2000 years and then discus the link between local climatic conditions and larger scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Our record shows that generally warm and dry conditions prevailed from BC 500 to 500 CE. Warm and wet episodes occurred during the early (800–950 CE) and later (1150–1300 CE) part of the Mediaeval Climate Anomaly (MCA), and were interrupted by a warm and dry mid-MCA phase (1000–1200 CE). Progressively cooler and wetter conditions established from 1400 CE, which became most marked between 1600 and 1850 CE, coincident with the Little Ice Age (LIA). Finally, drying of the mire surface reflects the warming trend of recent decades. We found that C accumulation was greater (90 g C m−2 yr−1) at times of wetter conditions and when Sphagnum was dominant, and lowest (35 g C m−2 yr−1) during periods of mixed vascular plant growth and Sphagnum under drier/unstable hydrological conditions. This peatland has been an active C sink over the past 1500 years, however, its ability to sequester carbon has decreased with recent warming and may continue to decrease with ongoing climatic warming and drying. We hypothesise that generally warm and moist conditions at the study site and over wider Siberia during the MCA could have been linked to a weakening of the Siberian High, which in turn enhanced the ingress of Atlantic moisture-carrying air masses across Siberia. Conversely, a strengthened SH overlapping negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) modes during the LIA, resulted in a longer cold season with a delayed snowmelt and diminished evapotranspiration. This study shows that the interplay of moisture bearing air masses from different origins led to complex local hydroclimate and biogeochemical patterns. However, to resolve the spatio-temporal coherency of such climate variability due to the interaction of different air masses, and therefore better predict future climate changes, a denser network of palaeo-records is needed.

Изучение сортов клевера лугового различного типа спелости и плоидности

For creating new cultivars of red clover it is necessary to use traditional and modern methods: polyploidy, mutagenesis, heterosis and ecological breeding. These methods have been used in breeding for a long time, but it was necessary to modify them to the cultivation of red clover considering its biological fea-tures (perennity, length of vegetation period, winter hardiness) in conditions of harsh continental climate in Siberia. The complex-hybrid population, late maturing, diploid based – the cultivar SibNIIK 10 has been created based on best polycross offspring by polycross method in West Siberia. The winter hardy, early maturing, tetraploid based cultivar Meteor has been created as the result of combination of mutage-nesis, polyploidy, hybridization and selection methods together with FWRC FPA for the first time ever in Siberia. The research cites a comparative study of two cultivars of red clover (SibNIIK 10 and Meteor) of different types of maturity and ploidy by main economically valuable traits. Early maturing tetraploid based cultivar Meteor in herbage and dry matter yield exceeds late maturing cultivar SibNIIK 10 by 9–39 and 7–41% and in seed yield SibNIIK 10 exceeds Meteor by 30%.

Meiosis during Microsporogenesis in Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in the South of Central Siberia

The results of meiosis studies during microsporogenesis in Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in the forest ecosystems of the south of Central Siberia are presented. Meiosis features and different types of irregularities were detected. The features of male organ development show a high level of the Siberian spruce’s adaptation to the extreme climate of Siberia.

Types of Winter Clothing Worn by Descendants of the Russian Pioneers in Siberia (Late 19th to Early 20th Centuries)

Warm clothing was an important cultural adaptation, enabling the Russian pioneers to survive in the harsh climate of Siberia. The sources for the study are archival documents, including V.K. Multinov’s manuscript “Clothing of the Angara People” (1926), results of fi eld studies in the 1970s and 1980s by the present author, museum artifacts, and collection inventories compiled by A.N. Beloslyudov, S.P. Shvetsov, I.I. Baranova, and I.I. Shangina, as well as data collected by climatologists, technologists, and designers. Types of winter clothing, including outfi ts for hunting and fi shing, worn by the Russians living on the Angara, in the Altai, and Trans-Baikal, are described. These include cloth-covered and non-covered fur coats, short fur coats, those with the fur on the inside, robes, as well as warm pants, fur hats, boots, and mittens. Protection from the cold was ensured by the use of high-volume insulating materials, several layers, and by habits such as tucking one piece of clothing into another (the so-called “Siberian one-piece garment”). Specific features in Siberia are observed, including the use in winter hunting outfi ts of certain elements of native Siberian clothing (specifi cally that of the Tungus clothing on the Angara), and the women’s habit of wearing men’s garments with belts.

Phylogeography of a west-Beringian endemic plant: An ancient seed of Stellaria jacutica Schischk. detected in permafrost deposits of the last interglacial

Beringia, the landmass connecting Eurasia and North America during Pleistocene sea level low stands, played a crucial part in the phylogeographic history of northern plants, animals and humans. Beringia was not only route for migration between both continents but, as the only unglaciated sector of the Arctic, it was also an important refugial area for northern biota during the Pleistocene. The finding of a fossil seed of Stellaria jacutica Schischk., endemic in Yakutia and the Russian Far Eastern Magadan Oblast, in permafrost deposits near Batagay demonstrates the existence of that species in the Yakutian Yana Highlands already during the last Pleistocene interglacial, about 125 ka ago. The biogeographical, ecological and seed morphological characters of S. jacutica allow for conclusions on its phylogenetic relationships. Stellaria jacutica is the only large seeded Stellaria species occurring in northeast Siberia today. According to carpological characters, S. jacutica is closely related to south Siberian large-seeded Stellaria species, which have a centre of diversity in the Altai-Sayan mountain range. This kinship is also suggested by corresponding ecological preferences and occurrence in mountain steppes and rock steppe communities mainly in the alpine belt of mountains. The spread of S. jacutica's ancestor north-eastwards assumedly happened during a Pleistocene cold stage, when the climate in Siberia was cooler, drier and more continental than during warm stages. Spread and following allopatric speciation hence occurred prior to the last interglacial, i.e. during or prior to the middle Pleistocene.

Colder Siberian winters in a warming world

Climatology Winters have been more severe in Siberia over the past decade, even while loss of sea ice indicates dramatic warming of the Arctic. One hypothesis proposed to explain this apparent paradox is that Arctic sea ice loss forces a change in atmospheric circulation patterns that leads to colder Siberian winters. Using comprehensive atmospheric circulation models, Zhang et al. demonstrate that late autumn sea ice loss in the Barents-Kara Seas should result in a colder climate in Siberia the following winter. Their experiments also suggest that changes in the stratosphere, particularly shifts in and weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex owing to a reduction in sea ice, contribute substantially to the severity of winters in Siberia. Sci. Adv. 10.1126/sciadv.aat6025 (2018).

Linear trends in average seasonal surface air temperature and modern changes in the regional climate of Siberia

Linear trends in average seasonal surface air temperature and modern changes in the regional climate of Siberia

Temperature fields in surrounding ground of shallow tube stations

The analysis keeps on temperature fields in ground surrounding shallow tube stations in the conditions of sharp continental climate in Siberia. The dependence between the surrounding ground temperatures at the interface of the ground and the upper covering of the shallow tube station and the station depth has been found.

Spatial distribution and its seasonality of satellite‐derived vegetation index (NDVI) and climate in Siberia

AbstractThe Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) distribution and its seasonal cycle were investigated in relation to temperature and precipitation over Siberia and its surrounding regions. The analyses used 5‐year (1987–1991) monthly means. The monthly mean NDVI was calculated from the third‐generation monthly Global Vegetation Index (GVI) product; monthly temperature and precipitation at 611 stations were calculated from Global Daily Summary (GDS) data.The 611 stations were classified by cluster analysis into 10 classes based on the NDVI seasonal cycle (March–October). The geographical distribution characteristics of the NDVI cycle were described using temperature, precipitation and Olson's land‐cover type. In northern regions, where tundra vegetation prevails and temperatures and precipitation are low, the amplitude of the NDVI seasonal cycle is small. In southern regions, where temperatures are high and there is little precipitation, the seasonal amplitude of the NDVI is small because of the arid land type. Forested regions were split into six classes, each characterized by large amplitudes in the NDVI seasonal cycle. The phenological characteristics of the forest classes were noted. For example, a forest‐class localized near Lake Baikal shows higher NDVI values, even with the presence of snow cover in March, compared with other regions. This high NDVI value suggests that the exposed green canopy of the coniferous forest can be observed even when snow is present. In addition, the NDVI peaks at stations near 60°N, where the maximum monthly temperature is around 18°C. This result suggests that the optimum temperature‐precipitation environment coincides to the area in Siberia where the maximum monthly temperature is 18°C. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society

Climate and vegetation dynamics in the tundra and forest zone during the late glacial and holocene

Analysis of palynological successions has enabled reconstruction of climate variations throughout the Late Glacial and Holocene in the tundra and forest zones of northern Eurasia. Statistical analysis allows estimation of mean annual precipitation, and mean annual and July temperatures, based on palynological assemblages. Thus, the dynamic relationships between climate and vegetation changes can be established. Throughout the Late Glacial and Holocene, climate fluctuations were more dramatic in eastern Europe than in Siberia, primarily as a result of the influence of westerly air masses. In contrast, the “autochthonous” climate of Siberia, dominated by local air masses, was less prone to influence from climate changes elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, and shows only an attenuated Younger Dryas signal. Mid-Holocene warming characterizes all of northern Eurasia, although the regions of Siberia most influenced by continental climates show less pronounced cooling during the later Holocene. Sharp changes between summer monsoonal and winter anti-cyclonic regimes characterize the Pacific Maritime region.

Process unit for engine fuel production from Urengoi gas condensate

An air-cooled distillation unit has been designed for operation in the severe climate of Siberia and the Tyumen Oblast for purposes of satisfying regional fuel requirements. The feed is a mixture of desalinated condensate and oil fringe from the Urengoi field. It is initially heated in exchangers using the heat of the circulating reflux and product cuts leaving the distillation tower and then is further heated in a furnace from which it passes into a vaporizer designed to remove most of the naphtha cut. The liquid phase is then separated in the tower into cuts of naphtha, kerosene, diesel fuel and boiler fuel. The naphtha cuts are redistilled to obtain a jet engine fuel base. Production yields are cited for these fuels as well as for gasoline. Process control is automated.

A Classification and Regionalization of the Harsh, Cold Climate of Siberia and the Far East in Relation to Problems of Cold Resistance of Machines

AbstractThe harsh cold climate type is broken down into four subtypes (low, medium, high, and very high harshness) on the basis of four harshness indicators: number of days with mean daily temperatures of less than—15°C; number of days with mean daily temperatures of less than—30°C; mean absolute annual temperature minimum; mean January temperature. Work is under way on further refinement of the classification, breaking down the subtypes into climate varieties based on secondary harshness factors such as wind speed, sudden temperature change, and relative humidity. The indicators in this classification were chosen because they are considered significant for the operation and cold resistance of machines in the northern regions of the Soviet Union.

III.—Was there an Arctic Ocean in the Mammoth Period?

The convergence of opinion is now so strong that the climate of Siberia in the Mammoth age was sufficiently temperate to enable trees to grow where only the bare tundra is at present found (if it does not necessitate our extending the forest zone at least as far north as the Liachof Islands), that it becomes at once interesting and important to consider under what conditions such a result would be forthcoming.

Mr. Howorth on the Variation of Colour in Birds

ALLOW me to assure Mr. Howorth that I have no theory to maintain. I simply called attention (supra, p. 318) to an overlooked hypothesis, propounded long ago, and, so far as I know, still unrefuted. Neither have I any wish to argue the question. Indeed, controversy about it is happily almost impossible, since he admits the chief fact of which I reminded him to be what he now terms (supra, p. 365) “an elementary postulate”—an expression far stronger than I should venture to use; but had he before shown any disposition to recognize it, my remarks had not been written. On the contrary, he implied (supra, p. 294) that it was a recent discovery, as it certainly appears to have been to him. I trust he will excuse me for having pointed out its want of novelty, just as he seems to excuse Prof. Geikie for pointing out the antiquity of his views as to the former climate of Siberia; and at the same time I have to ask Mr. Howorth's pardon for demurring to some of the assertions in his last communication, especially that as to the avifauna of Siberia having been “worked out from end to end.” I dare not hope to see the day when this shall be done; but then I am not of a sanguine temperament.

The Climate of Siberia in the Mammoth Age

A SHORT time ago I was discussing with my friend Mr. Henry Seebohm the various problems connected with the distribution and migration of birds in Siberia, about which he has collected so many facts. One fact which he mentioned to me seemed to have a much wider interest than a merely ornithological one, and to illustrate from an unexpected quarter a conclusion which you have allowed me to urge in your columns, and which forms a notable postulate in my recent work on “The Mammoth and the Flood.” I mean in reference to the climate of Siberia during the Mammoth age. The views I have advanced on this subject are not my own. I have merely followed in the footsteps of almost every recent Continental authority, especially the authorities with the greatest claims to attention—namely, the Russian naturalists who have visited Northern Siberia. They maintain—and I think the position is unassailable—that during the Mammoth period that district which is now a bare tundra, on which neither in summer nor winter could herds of pachyderms find food or shelter, was marked by a temperate climate, and was probably occupied by forests to the very borders of the Arctic Ocean.

The Climate of Siberia in the Mammoth Age

The Climate of Siberia in the Mammoth Age