Clear Rules Research Articles

Tax Administration AI: The Holy Grail to Overcome Information Asymmetry in Tax Enforcement?

Liberal democracies are based on the concept of the free person who is a rational being capable of understanding their behaviour and taking responsibility for it. The state may only interfere with individual freedom when it has a legal basis, if it is necessary to safeguard the functioning of a democratic society. Therefore, in liberal democracies, citizens have duties to fulfil and responsibilities to bear. In return, they are not and must not be surveilled by the state. Tax enforcement is built upon this concept. Tax administration Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to change this concept. What is technically feasible is not necessarily appropriate for sustaining the fundamental values of a liberal society. If society wants to uphold these values, any deployment of tax administration AI must be legally framed with clear rules on the origin of the data, the method of data processing, the aim of the data processing, and the possibility of human intervention. Additional legal prerequisites may be necessary depending on the purpose of the use of tax administration AI. If it is deployed in a mindful way, it is likely to increase both the efficiency and the equality of tax enforcement. div/div

Decision Trees for the Recognition of Metal-Centered Chirality in Coordination Complexes.

While established guidelines exist for chirality in tetrahedral molecules, there is a notable absence of clear rules for recognizing metal-centered chirality in higher-coordination complexes. We develop decision trees to assess the likelihood of chirality-at-metal in coordination complexes with coordination numbers 4-9 with mono and bidentate ligands. Using binary decision rules based on shape, ligand type, and quantity, the trees classify complexes as chiral or achiral. The theoretical formalism employs stereoisomer enumeration via Pólya's theorem, assuming ideal geometries and cis coordination of bidentate ligands. Additionally, analysis of over 2700 crystallographic structures reveals a high prevalence of metal-centered chirality, especially in complexes with higher coordination numbers. These powerful yet easy-to-use decision trees provide chemists with deeper insights into the stereochemistry of metal coordination complexes and with effective tools to identify and understand this often-overlooked stereochemical property and its impact on molecular interactions and crystal packing.

Tailoring the Electron and Phonon Transport in Metavalently Bonded GeTe by Stepwise Doping

AbstractThe intertwining between thermal and electrical transport poses significant challenges to enhancing thermoelectric performance. Chemical doping with a single element often can optimize one of the parameters yet may deteriorate others, restricting the upper limit of ZT achievable. Multi‐element doping can address this interdependence, allowing for simultaneous optimization of electrical and thermal properties. However, a clear selection rule for multiple dopants remains unclear. Here, a stepwise strategy is shown to improve the thermoelectric performance of metavalently bonded GeTe by enhancing density‐of‐states effective mass, increasing carrier mobility, and reducing thermal conductivity. These effects are realized by continuously introducing band convergence, lattice plainification, and structural defects. Specifically, band convergence is achieved by Cd doping to reduce the energy offset between light and heavy bands. The lattice plainification is enabled by filling Ge vacancies with Cu, which improves carrier mobility. Lastly, the lattice thermal conductivity is reduced via increasing phonon scattering by point defects caused by Pb doping and nanoprecipitates associated with all these dopants. Consequently, a peak ZT of 2.2 at 773 K and an average ZTave of 1.27 within 300–773 K are realized in Ge0.86Pb0.1Cd0.04Te‐2%Cu2Te. This work provides a synergistic strategy to modulate electron and phonon transport in metavalently bonded materials.

Analyzing Mood Structures in the Quranic Stories of Nuh: A Comparative Study of Quranic Translations

To properly translate rhetorical questions, the paper addresses how to preserve and analyze thematic structures in translations of religious texts. It mainly concentrates on how translators understand and communicate the interpersonal mood structures found in the Quranic Nuh stories in the Quranic translations by Abdullah Yusuf Ali and by Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan. Nuh's stories were chosen mainly because they provide a rich tapestry of divine pronouncements, pleas, and rhetorical inquiries and highlight how clear mood rules conversations, aiming at explaining the impact of translation choices on mood distribution and potential interpretive nuances. Employing the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework, the study analyzes the distribution of declarative, imperative, and interrogative moods within the Nuh stories across both translations. The analysis revealed a consistent dominance of the declarative mood across the two translations, reflecting the narrative's primary focus on conveying information and pronouncements. However, significant variations emerge in the usage of imperative and interrogative moods. The study identifies translator-specific tendencies, highlighting how confident choices amplify or subdue the urgency of commands or the intensity of rhetorical questions. Furthermore, the findings show that linguistic variations exist across languages regarding how declarative is constructed. Findings also articulated the diverse subtypes that help realize emerging declarations within different translation approaches. Moreover, Nuh's stories show high imperative usage by reflecting the guidance-oriented themes. Conversely, the blend of declarative, imperatives, and interrogatives at the particular stage of Nuh's spreading Allah’s message hints at a dynamic interplay of information, instruction, and rhetorical questioning.

Marriage contract in Ukraine: advantages and disadvantages

This article is devoted to the consideration of individual positions on the advantages and disadvantages of concluding a marriage contract in Ukraine. The relevance of the study of the marriage contract in Ukraine is considered, which is explained by the fact that with the development of the economy, social norms and institutions in modern society, more and more people are concluding marriage contracts. The article draws the author’s attention to the peculiarities of concluding a marriage contract in Ukraine, and also considers the difficulties that arise in judicial practice when a marriage is dissolved. At the same time, this article analyzes some aspects of judicial practice regarding the marriage contract, on the basis of which its key issues are identified, including such as: non-compliance of the contract with the requirements of the law; validity of the contract; distribution of property after the dissolution of marriage and the peculiarities of concluding a contract in the presence of children, where it is noted that in judicial practice there are also cases when a marriage contract is concluded with conditions relating to the property rights of children. Thus, in accordance with the legislation, such conditions should not violate the rights of children and can be challenged in court. The conclusions state that a marriage contract is an important regulator of family relations, which helps to protect the property and personal interests of spouses. In particular, the author includes the following advantages of a marriage contract: ensuring the rights of each party: in the event of divorce or other circumstances, the contract helps to avoid conflicts and disputes between the parties; protection of property: spouses can determine which property is joint and which is personal, which allows protecting the personal assets of each party; financial transparency: a marriage contract establishes clear rules, which reduces the possibility of financial misunderstandings and manipulations. In turn, the disadvantages of concluding a marriage contract include: emotional state: in some countries, including Ukraine, concluding a marriage contract may be perceived as distrust between partners, which can create an emotional barrier; complexity and costs: since a marriage contract requires notarization, this can be an additional financial expense for the couple, as well as affect the time spent. Therefore, based on the research conducted, it is noted that more advantages have been identified regarding the conclusion of a marriage contract than disadvantages, but the parties themselves must take into account all the features of this contract and reach mutual agreement.

Problematic aspects of legal regulation of credit agreements in Ukraine

The article discusses problematic aspects of the legal regulation of credit agreements in Ukraine, which are an important element of the stability of the financial system. The shortcomings of the legal framework are highlighted, including the insufficient protection of consumer rights in credit services, the lack of transparency in lending terms, and the absence of integration into international standards. Attention is drawn to gaps in the regulation of various types of credit: consumer, banking, commercial, state, tax, and international credit. The legal framework is analyzed, including the Law of Ukraine «On Consumer Lending», with its deficiencies identified, such as the lack of clarity regarding consumer lending conditions by non-banking institutions. The authors note that many consumers face hidden fees and fines that contradict national legislation. Particular attention is paid to international standards, such as the principles of the UN General Assembly Resolution on Consumer Protection, as well as the experience of foreign countries in implementing innovative forms of lending (P2P lending) and creditworthiness assessment systems (CIBIL). The need for creating conditions for integrating these practices into Ukraine is emphasized to improve the accessibility of credit services. Implementing such mechanisms would reduce the financial burden on consumers and promote the establishment of transparent and clear rules of interaction between creditors and borrowers. The article also proposes ways to integrate international experience into the national legal system to strengthen the protection of the rights of all participants in credit relationships. The authors propose improving Ukrainian legislation by developing a unified legal act that would regulate all types of credit, ensure the transparency of contract terms, and protect the rights of all parties involved in credit relationships. It is concluded that the integration of international standards and simplifying access to credit services will reduce financial risks, foster the development of the financial system, and improve the efficiency of the credit system in Ukraine.

Increasing the self-sufficiency of a university campus by expanding the PV capacity while minimizing the energy cost

Microgrids, which promote the production and consumption of renewable energy on site, are a relevant solution to reduce carbon emissions and the price of energy for end users. However, converting an existing building stock into a microgrid powered mainly by renewable energy requires finding a technical and economic optimum while taking into account strong constraints. This work proposes a methodology to achieve this objective on an existing university campus located in La Reunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean. The campus already has three photovoltaic (PV) systems and high-quality measurement data of weather, loads and energy production. The goal of the work is to find an optimal rooftop PV capacity that maximizes campus self-sufficiency while keeping energy price affordable for users. The results do not highlight a unique combination of roofs as a solution to the optimization problem. However, the analysis of possible combinations gives clear rules for defining the total photovoltaic capacity to be installed and selecting the most suitable roofs.

Developing Children's Self-Control Based on Islamic Values to Prevent the Negative Impacts of Digital Device Usage

Self-control is a critical skill essential for children to navigate the challenges posed by digital devices effectively. This study explores the role of Islamic values in fostering children's self- control to mitigate the negative consequences of modern digital interactions. The research involves a comprehensive literature review encompassing child development theories, Islamic teachings, and the implications of digital technology on young minds. Children's use of digital devices is a certainty for interacting with the online world. The internet offers various benefits but also brings several challenges and risks, especially for children and adolescents who lack strong self-control. Islamic teachings contain commands to develop self-control, which involves restraining oneself from actions prohibited by Allah and striving to follow Allah's commands. This study seeks to answer the following questions: 1) How is the process of developing children's self- control? 2) How is self-control developed according to Islamic guidance? 3) What are the negative impacts of digital device usage on children? A qualitative approach with literature review methods is used in this study. The results show that: 1) Self-control can be fostered through modeling, reinforcement, cognitive-behavioral techniques, delaying gratification, setting clear and consistent expectations and rules, etc.; 2) Parents need to guard their children's sight, hearing, and heart early through digital parenting. Parents play a crucial role in developing their children's conscience and preventing exposure to films, stories, games, and information that could damage their children's faith and morals. In conclusion, integrating Islamic values into children's education regarding self-control offers a holistic approach to safeguarding their well-being amidst the pervasive influence of digital devices. This approach not only supports their moral development but also prepares them to navigate the digital world responsibly and ethically.

The Family Doctor in the "COVID-19 Era".

The SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, the most severe pandemic in recent human history, found healthcare systems around the world more or less unprepared. Adjusting to this challenge involved changes in the daily routines of healthcare systems, as well as the patients, once again highlighting the importance of primary care (family physician or general practitioner). In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the family doctor in Romania played a crucial role in patient management, rapidly adapting to the changes and challenges imposed by the state of emergency. Their involvement quickly evolved from in-person consultations to online assessments, as they took on responsibilities such as monitoring patients in isolation or quarantine and issuing necessary medical leaves. Moreover, family doctors were directly involved in the COVID-19 vaccination process, facing challenges related to access to scheduling platforms and limited resources of protective equipment. Although they were on the front line of the healthcare response, recognition through incentives or compensations came late and incompletely, and their efforts in combating the pandemic were often overlooked. Designating family doctors' offices as public utility medical units (regardless of their organisational form) and supporting their activities through increased equipment and medical devices provided by local or central authorities are the keys to fighting for human lives in critical situations. Implementing clear and universal rules regarding the competencies (skills) and duties of family doctors, both in normal life situations and in exceptional circumstances, is of utmost importance. Little is known about the dedicated work and dedication of family physicians to their patients. Few studies have been carried out on the activity of the family doctor and their professional difficulties during the pandemic period. Some studies, on a small number of subjects, tried to evaluate the psychological adaptation of the family doctor to the new epidemiological situation. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the difficulties to which family doctors had to adapt, comparing the data from the Romanian medical system with those discovered in the medical literature regarding family doctors from all over the world.

COMPULSORY SHARE IN INHERITANCE AS A GUARANTEE OF ENSURING THE RIGHTS OF SOCIALLY VULNERABLE CITIZENS

As the most important mechanism for protecting interests, a kind of guarantee for necessary heirs, the institution of a mandatory share in the inheritance is important due to factors such as setting goals to ensure minimum material security to meet the basic needs and living conditions of weak and vulnerable family members; ensuring fair distribution of inheritance, preservation of family relations; prevention of violations of the law; formulation of clear rules and standards that heirs and testators can follow. The study attempts a detailed comparative analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice on the implementation of the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance. The consolidation of the institution in question in the national legislations of the jurisdictions selected for analysis led to the development in the doctrine of civil law of modern states of the doctrine of the right to a mandatory share of inheritance, which expanded the boundaries of conceptualization of theoretical foundations and solving practical issues of realization of the right to a mandatory share of inheritance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and significance of the mandatory share in inheritance as a mechanism for ensuring the rights of socially vulnerable citizens. Through a detailed study of legislation, law enforcement practice and theoretical concepts, the main goal is to identify effective methods of implementing this institution to ensure justice and social protection in society. To achieve this goal, methods of comparative analysis, legal and dogmatic analysis of normative acts, as well as methods of systematic analysis are used to identify the relationships between various aspects of the mandatory share in the inheritance. In addition, the research can use the method of empirical analysis to study the practical implementation of this institution in various countries and assess its effectiveness in practice.

A literature review of corporate governance

Corporate governance is a set of rules, practices and laws that guide companies to operate in an ethical and responsible manner. In the process of corporate operations, shareholders and management make decisions and supervise through clear rules, procedures and structures. Modern corporate governance emphasizes separation of duties and effective supervision. The separation of duties within the company helps to prevent conflicts of interest and unethical behavior. Its core lies in the allocation of power and the coordination of interests, avoiding conflicts of interest between shareholders and management, thereby improving the financial performance and market competitiveness of the company. This article combs through a large number of corporate governance practice literature to find out the effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms in companies and institutions. This article also looks at reducing agency problems through effective corporate governance mechanisms.

The Paris Agreement and the importance of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ (WFR)

AbstractThe Warsaw Framework for REDD+ (WFR) is an international framework for the cooperation between developed and developing countries to reduce forest‐based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, adopted by COP 19 in 2013 and anchored in article 5.2 of the Paris Agreement. In this article, the authors identify six reasons for why REDD+, as defined in the WFR, enjoys unfaltering importance to Parties' climate action. Within international law and governance, the WFR provides a unique structure for forest protection through international cooperation within a multilaterally agreed framework with clear rules, robust methodologies, independent oversight and safeguards for recognising the environmental and social values of forests beyond carbon sinks. Its uniqueness becomes obvious when contrasted against the international community's long‐standing struggle to include forests in any other international legal outcome. The WFR has also built critical capacity of countries for the implementation of the Paris Agreement, in particular the reporting obligations under its Enhanced Transparency Framework. The experience gained under the WFR could be valuable for other sectors within the climate regime. However, the authors also argue that while REDD+ might be more relevant than ever on the course to global net‐zero CO2 emissions, the full potential of REDD+ at scale, as defined in the WFR, has yet to be explored. As it is to be expected that forests will play a role in the context of carbon markets and other cooperative approaches under article 6 of the Paris Agreement, the paper also explores latest developments in this matter.

Provision of proper nutrition for prisoners of war

This article focuses on analyzing the issue of ensuring adequate nutrition for prisoners of war amid the armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine. Compliance with international humanitarian standards, particularly the 1949 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, is a critical aspect of humane treatment for individuals held in captivity. Providing prisoners of war with sufficient, high-quality, and diverse nutrition aims to support their health and prevent diseases associated with nutrient deficiencies. The article examines the regulatory and legal aspects of organizing nutrition for prisoners of war in Ukraine according to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 413, which establishes clear rules for the detention of prisoners of war, including their diet. Special attention is given to analyzing nutrition standards for different categories of prisoners of war based on their physical condition and workload, including those engaged in heavy labor and those undergoing medical treatment. The article also addresses standards for providing prisoners with drinking water and the organization of three hot meals per day. It explores the specifics of supplying special dietary meals to prisoners with medical needs. Additionally, the article analyzes practical aspects of involving prisoners of war in meal preparation as a means of supporting social connections and adapting to detention conditions. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the existing nutrition system for prisoners of war in Ukraine and its compliance with international humanitarian law standards. The authors emphasize the need to improve the regulatory framework and infrastructural conditions to ensure humane treatment of prisoners of war in accordance with the requirements of the Geneva Convention and recommendations of international organizations.

Administrative procedures in the context of combating corruption in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of administrative procedures in combating corruption, the study of their impact on reducing corruption risks and increasing the transparency of the activities of state authorities. It is pointed out that administrative procedures are an important tool in the system of public administration, as they determine the sequence of actions performed by authorities when making decisions. Clear and transparent regulation of these procedures allows minimizing the risks of corruption, preventing abuse of power and manipulation in the process of providing administrative services. Administrative procedure, on the one hand, ensures the protection of citizens’ rights, and on the other hand, it is a tool for monitoring the activities of state bodies. Attention is drawn to the fact that the presence of corruption risks in the process of implementing administrative procedures creates conditions for abuse of official powers and evasion of compliance with legislation. This, in turn, seriously undermines citizens’ trust in government institutions, reduces civic activity and lowers the level of legitimacy of state power. Corruption creates an environment in which impunity reigns, creating distrust in the legal system and creating obstacles to ensuring proper state control and law and order. The main anti-corruption mechanisms include ensuring transparency in decision-making; implementation of electronic systems for submitting documents and monitoring their consideration; reduction of discretionary powers; establishing the responsibility of officials for violating established rules; monitoring the implementation of administrative procedures; ensuring the possibility of appealing administrative decisions. It was concluded that administrative procedures are an effective tool in combating corruption, as they establish clear rules of the game for all participants in the administrative process. In addition, admi­nistrative procedures not only regulate the relationship between the state and citizens, but also serve as an important tool for ensuring transparency and integrity in public administration.

одаткові стимули інвестиційної активності для юридичних осіб: досвід країн ЄС та українські реалії

Introduction. European and global experience in stimulating investment indicates the interest of states in increasing investment in the economy. Problem Statement. The state of war in Ukraine significantly affected the starte's economic condition and investment activity. In the current conditions, it is important to review the approach to stimulating investment activity in order to attract financial resources in order to restore the economy and infrastructure of Ukrainian cities in the post-war recovery period. The purpose is to develop recommendations for improving investment incentives in Ukraine based on the analysis of foreign experience and domestic practice of supporting investment activity with tax policy instruments. Results. The article examines the state of attraction of foreign direct investment in Ukraine. The analysis proved that in the period 2017-2021 foreign direct investments in Ukraine grew. The dynamics of foreign direct investment in the EU was volatile, and the figures for 2022 were among the worst for the EU in recent years. The main tax benefits used by France, Poland and the Baltic countries to stimulate and attract investments are considered. It was determined that the main emphasis is on stimulating scientific research and development, supporting energy efficiency, developing investment and free economic zones, stimulating the increase of objects of intellectual property rights and accelerated depreciation. It was determined that there are clear rules and restrictions in place during the provision of tax benefits for attracting investments in EU countries. The main instruments of tax stimulation of investment activity in Ukraine are considered. It was determined that such instruments have their stimulating effect, but at the same time they set certain restrictive measures. It has also been proven that some tax benefits do not provide for a clear formulation of the procedure for their application, which creates certain barriers for their full application by investors. Conclusions. On the basis of foreign experience, the main areas of tax incentives to attract investments in Ukraine are substantiated. Measures to improve the current instruments of tax incentives for investments in Ukraine are singled out.

Комплексність правової політики захисту бізнесу: окремі аспекти судової практики

Abstract. The author of the article carried out a comprehensive understanding of the legal policy in the field of business protection as a key task of the development of statehood in the conditions of war, crisis factors, economic shocks, environmental challenges, administrative barriers and corruption risks. Fragmentation of legal, social and economic approaches cause additional problems and gaps in the field of business protection. It was established that the interaction between the state and business largely depends on fiscal policy, in particular tax regulation, subsidies, grants and tax benefits. Clear, predictable and fair taxation rules are necessary to stimulate economic activity. An inconsistent or excessively burdensome tax system can slow down business development and contribute to its shadowing. It is reasoned that in democratic states market regulation is necessary to prevent monopolization, protect consumer rights and ensure environmental standards. At the same time, excessive regulation can create barriers to the development of entrepreneurship, so the balance between regulations and freedom of entrepreneurial activity is an important constant. It was emphasized that the investment sphere is of significant importance for business development, as it provides the necessary financial resources for expanding production, introducing innovations and modernizing infrastructure. A complex of factors that have the potential to form a paradigm of business protection is proposed: formation of a normative and legal framework for the regulation of entrepreneurial activity; balanced financial policy of the state; guarantees of ensuring legal regulation based on the autonomy of entrepreneurial activity, including the proper functioning of judicial institutions; creation of trusting relations between the state and business. The article summarizes that the problem of business development should be treated comprehensively, with a thorough analysis of foreseeable threats and possible positives. The requested change is an ideological approach to the complexity of legal policy, which takes into account normative, ideological, institutional, economic, law-enforcement criteria and should provide for a long-term vector of the development of statehood. Keywords: business protection; entrepreneurial freedom; tinization; legal policy; investment courts; commercial secrecy.

Evaluation of Tree-Based Voting Algorithms in Water Quality Classification Prediction

Accurately predicting the state of surface water quality is crucial for ensuring the sustainable use of water resources and environmental protection. This often requires a focus on the range of factors affecting water quality, such as physical and chemical parameters. Tree models, with their flexible tree-like structure and strong capability for partitioning and selecting influential water quality features, offer clear decision-making rules, making them suitable for this task. However, an individual decision tree model has limitations and cannot fully capture the complex relationships between all influencing parameters and water quality. Therefore, this study proposes a method combining ensemble tree models with voting algorithms to predict water quality classification. This study was conducted using five surface water monitoring sites in Qingdao, representing a portion of many municipal water environment monitoring stations in China, employing a single-factor determination method with stringent surface water standards. The soft voting algorithm achieved the highest accuracy of 99.91%, and the model addressed the imbalance in original water quality categories, reaching a Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 99.88%. In contrast, conventional machine learning algorithms, such as logistic regression and K-nearest neighbors, achieved lower accuracies of 75.90% and 91.33%, respectively. Additionally, the model’s supervision of misclassified data demonstrated its good learning of water quality determination rules. The trained model was also transferred directly to predict water quality at 13 monitoring stations in Beijing, where it performed robustly, achieving an ensemble hard voting accuracy of 97.73% and an MCC of 96.81%. In many countries’ water environment systems, different water qualities correspond to different uses, and the magnitude of influencing parameters is directly related to water quality categories; critical parameters can even directly determine the quality category. Tree models are highly capable of handling nonlinear relationships and selecting important water quality features, allowing them to identify and exploit interactions between water quality parameters, which is especially important when multiple parameters together determine the water quality category. Therefore, there is significant motivation to develop tree model-based water quality prediction models.

State-of-the-Art Drought Handling in Indonesia

Droughts tend to become more extreme, longer, and more frequent as an impact of climate change. Droughts now impact various development activities, especially those reliant on water resources, like agriculture for food security. Drought management issues in Indonesia stem from inadequate regulations and laws regarding drought response, due to intricate agency procedures and overlapping responsibilities. Nevertheless, there are currently established partial regulations and laws that govern the management of meteorological data and the accessibility of water resources. Without clear rules, policies, and frameworks, government policies on drought become less effective and overlapping. The research and novelty aim to design an integrated framework for handling drought by examining the present circumstances of relevant agencies using spatial nexus framework that is divided into three stages (construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction). During the first stage, the focus goes toward developing the construction framework will be proposed. The construction framework was conducted descriptively through a desk research method of drought management public policies, institutions, and operating systems for the agricultural sector in Indonesia. Moreover, a panel discussion was held to obtain the data and information about drought management by the government. Field observations were conducted to determine the handling of water resources practically for agriculture. Thus, drought management has been more concentrated on meteorological/climatological and hydrological elements. Moreover, it focuses on the statistical results of public and agricultural activities rather than on their socioeconomic consequences. A spatial approach will become the integration node of meteorological/hydrological elements, socioeconomic components, and agricultural activities.

THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP, TRAINING AND SURVEILANCE ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB PERFORMANCE

Strong and inspiring leadership significantly enhances the commitment of the employee of government (ASN) locally and globally; a leader who is able to give clear directions, motivate, and be an example can cultivate a sense of responsibility and loyalty to ASN. Moreover, effective leadership directly contributes to improved ASN performance. The objectives of the study are to identify the impacts of leadership styles, training, and organizational surveillance on employees’ job performance. This study included 211 employees from the financial department in the Luwu Timur regency and employed structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the research hypotheses. The Hayes bootstrapping approach examined employee commitment as a mediator variable. The empirical findings demonstrate that leadership and training have a positive and significant impact on organizational surveillance quality, both directly and indirectly, leading to an increase in employees’ job performance. The government should establish clear rules and laws to uphold the job standard, thereby enhancing public trust and increasing government credibility. Furthermore, training can help ASN work more efficiently and productively. High work controling is also closely linked to improved ASN performance; ASNs that adhere to established work schedules, procedures, and standards can complete tasks better and on time.

Shaping Administrative Activity (Legal Forms): A Legislative Approach

Purpose: The topic of legal forms in public administration is strongly influenced by the principles of good administration. In the Czech legal order, the Parliament acts as the rule-maker of statutory foundations for public administration, making it crucial to focus on the legislative approach to enacting legal forms. This paper examines the weaknesses in legislation related to the enactment of legal forms of public administration, specifically through the principles of legal certainty and predictability of law.Design/Methodology/Approach: The author analyses Czech legal norms, existing legal doctrine, and administrative court’s rulings in relation to the legislative enactment of legal forms of public administration. This analysis leads to categorisation of legislative techniques based on the clarity with which the legal form of public administration activity is enacted. The paper also includes a case study consisting of a qualitative analysis of the legislative process in a specific case, based on publicly available records of parliamentary debates during the legislative process.Findings: In the case under review, there was no proper discussion of the implications of removing the explicit designation of legal form during the legislative process. No case has been found in which the Constitutional Court, acting as a negative legislator, annulled a statute for failing to explicitly specify a legal form, either due to its removal or its absence from the outset.Academic contribution to the field: The article highlights that, for the public administration to function effectively as good administration, the rules governing its activities must be clearly defined. The findings encourage legislators to ensure that proper discussions regarding the legal form of administrative activity take place when enacting laws. Such expert debate during the legislative process is essential to ensuring the clarity of the laws under which public administration operates in a particular legal form. Circumventing the legislative process or failing to engage in proper debate disproportionately impacts legal certainty and the predictability of law.Originality/Value: This article presents arguments emphasising the irrefutable role of the legislature in creating clear rules for the exercise of public administration and, as a direct result, enabling public administration to function as good administration. It points out the importance of clearly referencing the legal form of public administration in the law. The categorisation of legal form designation aids in identifying patterns and trends, helping to isolate relevant issues and focusing research on specific legal questions.