Clear Lake Research Articles

A Survey on the Study Habits of the Taiwanese University Students: Comparison of the Four Years of Undergraduate Education

This study was conducted in order to examine the probable differences among the study habits of students on different academic levels: freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors in Taiwanese universities. Thus, 14 departments were randomly chosen in three universities in central Taiwan. In total, 964 respondents were considered in this study. The research instrument was a 24-item questionnaire adopted from the Study Skill Assessment Questionnaire, originally developed by University of Houston Clear Lake, Texas. The questionnaire items used in this study clustered three study habits/skills constructs (eight items each) which were: time management and procrastination, study aids and note-taking, and organizing and processing information. Applying a Pearson Chi-square test (a ≤.05) for each of the 24 items of the questionnaire, it was revealed that there is no significant difference among students of different years with respect to item 4 (preparing a “to do” list), item 18 (breaking assignments into manageable parts), and item 22 (using questions to better organize and understand studying material). As for the other 21 items of the questionnaire, the subjects’ responses varied with a low significance, showing a little difference in study habits among the students of four levels of undergraduate education. Furthermore, and using the rubrics suggested by the original questionnaire developer, it was measured that the lowest score for all of the surveyed constructs was 18.74 (low range) for sophomores on “study aids and note-taking”, while the highest score was 26.26 (medium-high range) for seniors on “organizing and processing information”.

Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation and photosynthetically active radiation in six Yunnan Plateau lakes of China based on seasonal field investigations

Solar radiation is a primary driver affecting several physical, chemical and biological processes in lake ecosystems. The attenuation of sunlight in water is directly controlled by optically active substances. Here, the seasonal and interlake heterogeneities of the diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd(λ)) of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were studied based on field investigations in six Yunnan Plateau lakes (i.e., Chenghai, Dianchi, Erhai, Fuxian, Lugu and Yangzong) of China, October 2014‒July 2016. The results revealed that Kd(λ) generally increased with decreasing wavelength and increasing trophic state and that Kd(UVR) presented higher interlake heterogeneity than Kd(PAR). The interlake heterogeneity surpassed the seasonal heterogeneity of Kd(λ), whereas the intralake seasonal heterogeneity, which is related to the lake trophic state and solar spectrum, was obvious. Although the main factors affecting Kd(λ) were chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and phytoplankton in general, the interlake heterogeneity was found. In eutrophic, turbid shallow Lake Dianchi, CDOM primarily affected UV-B, whereas total suspended solids (TSS) and/or phytoplankton had important effects on Kd(UV-B), Kd(UV-A) and Kd(PAR). CDOM, TSS and phytoplankton influenced the Kd(UV-B), Kd(UV-A) and Kd(PAR) in the deep mesotrophic Lake Chenghai and Lake Erhai, but the main particulate factors were different between these two lakes. In the deep, oligotrophic clear Lake Fuxian and Lake Lugu, only the significant effect of CDOM on Kd(UVR) in Lake Fuxian was detected. Additionally, the factors affecting Kd(λ) in Lake Yangzong were atypical, possibly due to the artificial addition of massive amounts of ferric chloride.

Ethylene hitting the market

US petrochemical makers are bringing a large slug of ethylene capacity online. Indorama Ventures has started up an ethylene cracker in Westlake, Louisiana, with capacity of 440,000 metric tons (t) per year. The facility had been closed since 2001, and Indorama revamped it to bring it back online. The output will back integrate Indorama’s ethylene oxide and glycol plant in Clear Lake, Texas, and the ethylene oxide–propylene oxide plant in Port Neches, Texas, that it recently acquired from Huntsman. Work on the cracker was completed last May, but Indorama didn’t start it immediately because of the availability of cheap ethylene. In another back integration, Shintech is starting up a 500,000 t ethylene cracker in Plaquemine, Louisiana. The plant will supply raw materials for its polyvinyl chloride business. Another vinyls producer, Formosa Plastics, is opening a cracker in Point Comfort, Texas, where it will bring a low-density polyethylene unit online in

Vegetation affects photoprotective pigments and copepod distribution in the Himalayan lakes: Implication for climate change adaptation

Lakes in the Himalayas host unique biota and biological communities which are highly sensitive to climate change. High penetration of solar UV radiation in clear shallow lake affects the distribution and abundance of the zooplankton communities. Survival of copepods in such habitats often relies on available photoprotective compounds. We estimated species diversity and distribution patterns of copepods with detectable carotenoids in 7 lakes of the central Himalayas along the altitudinal gradients. To determine the factors influencing the accumulation of high-level photoprotective compounds, we analyzed the physicochemical parameters of water and the concentration of Lignin like Compounds (LLCs), Aromaticity (ARO), Humic Compounds (HCs), Degree of Humification (DoH) and percent Total Organic Matter (TOM) in littoral sediments. In the shallow lakes, copepod abundance and diversity correlate with water transparency. Humic compounds (HCs) derived from ligninaceous plants stimulate the accumulation of photoprotective compounds that allow for the domination of diaptomidae. Copepods receive photoprotective compounds from the humic-bounded sediment substrate. The amount of photoprotectants in the aquatic food chain of the central Himalayas is largely influenced by ligninaceous compounds derived from catchment vegetation. In copepods of shallow clear lakes, the remnant of dead trees in the littoral zones helps to minimize hazards caused by exposure effect and climatic stress. The reduction of vegetative covers in the shorelines may alter the community structure of zooplankton, particularly in the upland ecosystem.

Macrophyte performance in a low arctic lake: effects of temperature, light and nutrients on growth and depth distribution

Submerged macrophytes are important contributors to primary production in clear water arctic and low arctic lakes. However, their production and potential coverage are hampered by the harsh climate conditions. In this study, we investigated the potential for increased macrophyte production and coverage in arctic lakes in a future warmer climate. In situ growth experiments with Callitriche hamulata were performed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 m depth in combination with nutrient assay experiments at 2 m depth. In addition, growth experiments were performed in the laboratory at four temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20 °C) under saturated and light-limited conditions (150 and 25 µmol m−2 s−1). The results show that macrophyte growth in the low arctic lake, Badeso, is phosphorus limited, but they also indicate that nutrients are not the limiting factor for the macrophyte depth distribution. Rather the short growing season combined with low summer temperatures may limit the expansion of C. hamulata. Our study also shows that C. hamulata is a very temperature-sensitive plant, particularly around 10 °C. In a future warmer climate in the arctic, the thermocline in clear lakes is expected to expand deeper into the water column. Thus, at the present light conditions we can expect an expansion of both colonisation depth and coverage, which may affect the overall primary production in arctic lakes and the carbon flux and carbon cycling in the lake systems. Our findings strongly support recent predictions of increased growth and a more northerly distribution range of cold-temperature submerged macrophytes.

Cross-sector collaboration for vulnerable populations reduces utilization and strengthens community partnerships

Abstract Adventist Health Clear Lake is located in one of the poorest counties in California, with health rankings in the lowest decile of the state. Fire devastation, lack of affordable housing, modest employment opportunities, and widespread addiction have stretched the limited resources of the response system in this rural community. An innovative, cross-sector, interprofessional collaborative was formed to address the needs of community members who were high utilizers of the police, emergency, criminal justice, and healthcare systems. The collaborative approach was associated with a 44% reduction in hospital utilization, an 83% reduction in community response system usage, and a 71% reduction in costs for the population. Cross-sector, interprofessional collaboration between community agencies that share a select group of community members is an effective way to stabilize care, decrease healthcare and community system overutilization, improve care delivery, and reduce the costs of associated care.

Dissolved oxygen controls summer habitat of Clear Lake Hitch (Lavinia exilicauda chi), an imperilled potamodromous cyprinid

AbstractClear Lake Hitch is an imperilled minnow endemic to Clear Lake, Lake County, California, United States listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act (ESA) and a candidate for listing under the United States ESA. It exhibits a potamodromous life cycle whereby adults, which reach up to 6 + years in age and over 350 mm in length, migrate into Clear Lake's ephemeral tributaries briefly during spring to spawn. Conservation and management of Clear Lake Hitch is inhibited, in part, by a lack of information on the lacustrine habitat of nonbreeding individuals within Clear Lake. To address this problem, we sampled Clear Lake Hitch with gill nets in a stratified random sampling design to determine the distribution and habitat associations in early summer 2017 and 2018. We identified abundance‐habitat relationships for juveniles and adults using Bayesian zero‐inflated negative binomial generalised linear mixed modelling. Results indicated that dissolved oxygen concentration was the most important habitat feature measured; juveniles and adults were substantially more abundant in normoxic (≥2 mg/l) than in hypoxic (<2 mg/l) habitat. Both also exhibited weak positive relationships with chlorophyll fluorescence, suggesting relatively productive habitats may support higher numbers of Clear Lake Hitch. Spatially, juveniles were most abundant in nearshore habitats while adults were ubiquitous, indicating an ontogenetic habitat expansion that may be associated with a resource availability‐predation risk trade‐off. Management actions undertaken to improve hypoxia problems in Clear Lake would also improve Clear Lake Hitch habitat.

Effects of Hatchery Broodstock Collection on Adult Muskellunge Populations

AbstractStocking programs for Muskellunge Esox masquinongy throughout North America rely on the collection of wild adult Muskellunge to acquire gametes for hatchery propagation. The process of collecting, transporting, confining, handling, and spawning broodstock Muskellunge may cause mortality that could alter Muskellunge density, size structure, and population survival rates. We used long‐term Muskellunge capture–recapture data collected from the Iowa Great Lakes and Clear Lake in northern Iowa to estimate the number and proportion of Muskellunge captured annually and the initial mortality rates resulting from broodstock collection. We also evaluated whether Muskellunge apparent survival rates differed between individuals used as broodstock and those that were not captured annually. Finally, we evaluated whether the number of initial mortalities or the number of individuals captured were related to annual population survival estimates. Collectively, 7,010 adult Muskellunge (3,896 males and 3,114 females) captures occurred between 2001 and 2017, and population densities within a system ranged from 0.11 to 0.39 fish/ha. An average of 33% (range = 13–76%) of the population was captured during broodstock operations annually. Between 0 and 28 (0.0000 to 0.0191 fish/ha) Muskellunge died at each hatchery annually, and more males died than females (total of 150 males and 68 females; 3.9% and 2.2% of captured fish, respectively). However, annual mortalities were generally a low proportion of Muskellunge in the lake (<2%; <0.001 fish/ha). There was some evidence of size‐selective mortality, particularly for males, where larger individuals (875–975 mm) were more likely to die, but we found no evidence to suggest that broodstock collection affected annual population survival estimates. Muskellunge broodstock mortality appears to act in a compensatory manner with natural mortality, and other sources of population mortality are more likely to have a greater effect on the population.

Investigating Rangia cuneata Clams as Ecological Response Bioindicators to Three Decades of Variable Freshwater Inflows

Windham, R.; Nunnally, A.P., and Quigg, A., 2019. Investigating Rangia cuneata clams as ecological response bioindicators to three decades of variable freshwater inflows. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(6), 1260–1270. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Freshwater inflow management (quality and quantity) is critical for both environmental and human demands. Inflows needed to maintain ecosystem functionality can be assessed by observing how organisms sensitive to environmental change (bioindicators) respond to varying flow conditions. In Galveston Bay (Texas, U.S.A.), Rangia cuneata clams were proposed as bioindicators of ecological response to freshwater inflows. Rangia cuneata abundance has decreased and their distribution has retracted proximal to freshwater sources from 1983 to 2010. From 2010 to 2014, the highest mean shell lengths (Trinity River delta, 48.0 ± 0.4 mm) and meat indexes (Clear Lake, 13.3% ± 0.3%) of R. cuneata were observed in areas most influenced by freshwater inputs. In the Trinity River delta, clam biomass and density averaged 3.4 (± 0.3) kg m–3 and 25.6 (± 3.5) clams m–2, respectively. A general decreasing trend was observed in biomass and density between like seasons after the drought of 2011, which persisted throughout most of 2014. Sex ratios (62.8% ± 2.4% male) and juvenile abundance (highest in winters and summers after spawning) were consistent with life-history observations. Life-cycle observations were not available before 2010 and are important to consider in future studies. Without them, long-term decadal declines in R. cuneata clams are difficult to explain when limited to terms of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Rangia cuneata's utility as bioindicators of the ecological functionality of an estuary affected by changing freshwater inflows requires further investigation for resource management.

Future projections of temperature and mixing regime of European temperate lakes

Abstract. The physical response of lakes to climate warming is regionally variable and highly dependent on individual lake characteristics, making generalizations about their development difficult. To qualify the role of individual lake characteristics in their response to regionally homogeneous warming, we simulated temperature, ice cover, and mixing in four intensively studied German lakes of varying morphology and mixing regime with a one-dimensional lake model. We forced the model with an ensemble of 12 climate projections (RCP4.5) up to 2100. The lakes were projected to warm at 0.10–0.11 ∘C decade−1, which is 75 %–90 % of the projected air temperature trend. In simulations, surface temperatures increased strongly in winter and spring, but little or not at all in summer and autumn. Mean bottom temperatures were projected to increase in all lakes, with steeper trends in winter and in shallower lakes. Modelled ice thaw and summer stratification advanced by 1.5–2.2 and 1.4–1.8 days decade−1 respectively, whereas autumn turnover and winter freeze timing was less sensitive. The projected summer mixed-layer depth was unaffected by warming but sensitive to changes in water transparency. By mid-century, the frequency of ice and stratification-free winters was projected to increase by about 20 %, making ice cover rare and shifting the two deeper dimictic lakes to a predominantly monomictic regime. The polymictic lake was unlikely to become dimictic by the end of the century. A sensitivity analysis predicted that decreasing transparency would dampen the effect of warming on mean temperature but amplify its effect on stratification. However, this interaction was only predicted to occur in clear lakes, and not in the study lakes at their historical transparency. Not only lake morphology, but also mixing regime determines how heat is stored and ultimately how lakes respond to climate warming. Seasonal differences in climate warming rates are thus important and require more attention.

California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus) in the Eel River of northwestern California: native or introduced?

To explore the history of California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus) in the Eel River, we compiled mitochondrial DNA data for the putatively introduced Eel River population and comparative collections from throughout the native range. Consistent with an introduction scenario, we found that: 1) one haplotype occurred at high frequency in the Eel River, Russian River and Clear Lake populations, making the Russian River and Clear Lake likely source areas, and 2) the introduced population exhibited reduced haplotype diversity in comparison to populations from the native range. However, we also detected four private haplotypes in the putatively introduced population, despite examining 269 individuals from the likely source areas. Extrapolation of the haplotype richness of the likely source population suggested that even with the large sample size, many haplotypes in the source population remained uncollected. The most parsimonious conclusion of our results is a recent introduction of a small number of California roach to the Eel River of California from a nearby drainage. This result aligns with findings for two other California cyprinids introduced into the Eel River from adjacent drainages, Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) and speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus).

How light conditions influence theoretical pelagic to benthic primary production ratios in small lakes

AbstractTheoretical pelagic primary production of phytoplankton and benthic primary production of periphyton were modelled for two small lakes in Estonia (Northeast Europe). Although located only 500 m apart, the water colour and light attenuation of these two lakes differed markedly. The Secchi depth (SD) in the clear‐water lake was 4.5 m and only 0.47 m in the dark‐water lake. The total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were, respectively, 15 μg/l and 28 μg/l. An empirical model whose inputs were morphometric, light conditions and dissolved organic carbon parameters obtained from in situ measurements was employed for the present study. The model calculated primary production with a time‐step of 10 min, and a spatial resolution of 10 cm, from sunrise to sunset and from lake surface to lake bottom. The primary production of periphyton and phytoplankton was almost equal in the clear lake, whereas only phytoplankton contributed to whole‐lake primary production in the dark lake because of the stronger light attenuation in the water column. The results of the present study indicated the depth‐distribution profiles differed dramatically between the two lakes. The clear lake had a deep, U‐shaped curve, with the productive layer reaching considerable depth soon after sunrise and maintaining a similar profile throughout the light hours. In contrast, the dark lake production declined rapidly with increasing depth, whereas the profile changed over the day reaching the greatest depth at noon.

Using the Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Concept to Protect Fishes with Low Levels of Genomic Differentiation: Conservation of an Endemic Minnow (Hitch)

AbstractIn the United States, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 was enacted to conserve species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a portion of their range. The definition of “species” includes subspecies and distinct population segments (DPSs). Among freshwater fishes, the use of DPS designations has largely been restricted to salmonids, although the DPS concept is increasingly applied to other fishes as well. As more taxa approach threatened status, the difficult question becomes what to do when genetic evidence does not strongly support formal taxonomic designations (full species or subspecies). We examine the potential application of the DPS concept to protect fishes by using the example of the Hitch Lavinia exilicauda, a cyprinid fish that is endemic to California. The Hitch is divided into three formally described, geographically separate subspecies (the Sacramento, Monterey, and Clear Lake Hitches). However, genomic studies (i.e., restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing), presented here with three independent analyses using a large data set, only weakly supported subspecies designations. Results suggested population structure but not subspecies structure. Nevertheless, conventional taxonomic methods, strong contemporary isolation, the importance of protecting genetic diversity, and high cultural value still qualify all three designated subspecies for DPS status and demonstrate how taxa such as the Clear Lake Hitch can warrant protection under the ESA.

Fish Growth Changes over Time in a Midwestern U.S. Lake

AbstractGrowth of Walleyes Sander vitreus, Yellow Bass Morone mississippiensis, Common Carp Cyprinus carpio, and Black Bullheads Ameiurus melas was assessed in Clear Lake, Iowa, over several decades and in relation to environmental variables. Growth of Common Carp was positively correlated with phytoplankton concentration. Recent Black Bullhead growth was faster than in the 1950s and 1990s, which may be a consequence of their recent decline in abundance. Growth of Common Carp and Yellow Bass was faster in the 1940s than in more recent time periods. Relative to their entire range, Common Carp first‐year growth was below average, whereas length at later ages was above average. Walleye relative growth showed a similar pattern. The large changes in growth over several decades suggest that as the Clear Lake ecosystem continues to change, growth rates of its important fish species are also likely to continue changing.

Celanese expanding acetic acid in Texas

Celanese plans to expand its acetic acid capacity in Clear Lake, Texas, from 1.3 million metric tons to 2 million t per year by 2021. The initiative follows an agreement that Celanese signed last month to buy a 365,000 t per year synthesis gas plant from Linde at the site. Acetic acid is made via the carbonylation of methanol with the synthesis gas constituent carbon monoxide. Celanese says the Clear Lake expansion improves its cost structure and will allow it to reduce capacity in Singapore and Nanjing, China, by 600,000 t per year. The company adds that the Clear Lake project will allow for $100 million worth of productivity and efficiency benefits. Celanese recently completed an expansion in Clear Lake for the acetic acid derivative vinyl acetate.

A reappraisal of the California Roach/Hitch (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Hesperoleucus/Lavinia) species complex.

The California Roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus) and Hitch (Lavinia exilicauda) form a species complex largely endemic to California (CA), USA. Using previous studies of this complex along with a recent comprehensive genomic analysis, we developed a highly supported taxonomic hierarchy of two genera, five species, four subspecies and multiple distinct population segments within two presently recognized species. The genera Lavinia and Hesperoleucus are supported as representing distinct lineages, despite occasional hybridization between them. While hybridization is one pathway to some speciation in this complex, hierarchical levels correlate nicely between genomic results and earlier morphological work. Hesperoleucus symmetricus is newly divided into four species (H. parvipinnis-Gualala Roach, H. mitrulus-Northern Roach, H. venustus-Coastal Roach, and H. symmetricus-California Roach) and two subspecies (H. s. serpentinus-Red Hills Roach, H. s. symmetricus-California Roach). Within H. venustus, two subspecies are identified (H. v. navarroensis-Northern Coastal Roach, and H. v. subditus-Southern Coastal Roach), which are supported by previous morphological studies but resolve discrepancies between those studies. Finally, six distinct population segments are identified within different species/subspecies: Kaweah, Russian River, Navarro River, Monterey, and Tomales Bay. Clear Lake Roach are introgressed between California and Coastal Roach, making them distinct but difficult to formally name. Results should greatly improve management and conservation of each taxonomic entity and help resolve past ambiguities. Additional studies are needed to improve range-wide boundaries and to investigate population structure within all species and subspecies identified in both Lavinia and Hesperoleucus lineages.

Strontium isotopes reveal ephemeral streams used for spawning and rearing by an imperilled potamodromous cyprinid Clear Lake hitch Lavinia exilicauda chi

Identification of habitats responsible for the successful production and recruitment of rare migratory species is a challenge in conservation biology. Here, a tool was developed to assess life stage linkages for the threatened potamodromous cyprinid Clear Lake hitch Lavinia exilicauda chi. Clear Lake hitch undertake migrations from Clear Lake (Lake County, CA, USA) into ephemeral tributary streams for spawning. An aqueous isoscape of strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr) was constructed for Clear Lake and its watershed to trace natal origins and migration histories of adult recruits. Aqueous 87Sr/86Sr differentiated Clear Lake from 8 of 10 key tributaries and clustered into 5 strontium isotope groups (SIGs) with 100% classification success. Otolith 87Sr/86Sr showed all five groups contributed variably to the population. The age at which juveniles migrated from natal streams to Clear Lake ranged from 11 to 152 days (mean±s.d., 43±34 days) and was positively associated with the permanency of natal habitat. This information can be used by resource managers to develop conservation actions for Clear Lake hitch. This study demonstrates the utility of strontium isotopes in otoliths as a tool to identify important freshwater habitats occupied over the lifespan of an individual that would otherwise be challenging or impossible to trace with other methods.A

Learning Conservation through Work: Michigan as a Pioneer of the School Camping Movement, 1940-1955

The Michigan Historical Review 45:1 (Spring 2019): 47-80©2019 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved Learning Conservation through Work: Michigan as a Pioneer of the School Camping Movement, 1940-1955 By Kristen Hengtgen “The single aim of [outdoor education] is—better living. America should keep her homes, her school houses, and the recreation halls, but enlarge them to include some of the outdoors. Some call it camping— some, outdoor education—some, recreation—and others, conservation—it is all these and more. It can well be the common mooring of our society.” Julian Smith, “On the Land” (1947)1 “There can be no doubt, and such are the views of the elementary writers upon the subject, that the Creator intended the earth should be reclaimed from a state of nature and cultivated.” Lewis Cass, North American Review (1830)2 It’s hard to miss Michigan on a map. Because of the state’s location and unique access to water, its mineral and agricultural wealth, and its location in the middle of coal, iron, and copper regions and the farming belt, Michigan’s natural gifts are a source of great beauty and pride. Yet today, less is known about the relationship between these natural gifts and Michigan’s public schools. School camps exploded in the 1940s and became popular across the nation, but their success, and their practice of taking students outdoors to learn from the land, can be traced to Michigan. State leadership saw school camps as a space to teach certain skills and dispositions: from health, to democracy, and, eventually, conservation, the dignity of work, and the “American” way of life. 1 Julian Smith, “On the Land: An Account of the First Year of the Camping and Outdoor Education Study of the Michigan Departments of Public Instruction and Conservation,” Michigan Conservation 16, no. 9 (October 1947): 12. 2 Lewis Cass, “Removal of the Indians,” North American Review, 30 January 1830, 77. 48 The Michigan Historical Review Camping as a form of leisure and recreation was already popular in Michigan for decades because of the state’s bountiful natural resources and large amount of public and private camps. Yet it was not until the 1930s that schools began to integrate camping into the school curriculum. By 1932, Tappan Junior High in Ann Arbor had acquired land in central Michigan for camping purposes, and several schools in Dearborn, Iron County, and Cadillac offered educational camping programming, often in the summer. In 1940, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (WKKF) opened the first year-round public school camp in the nation at Clear Lake Camp in Battle Creek.3 The WKKF found in camping an ideal educative experience for specific reasons: it promoted strong character development, a healthy lifestyle, and democratic citizenship skills, each of which, the foundation asserted, would help strengthen local communities. Public school personnel in Michigan were invited to visit the camp and integrate methods back into their own schools, and the WKKF camp became a catalyst for many schools in the state interested in camping. As State Superintendent Lee Thurston noted, Michigan’s popularity with school camps was no accident, because “a state with a unique combination of great industries and potential natural outdoor resources cannot afford to overlook the erosion of its youth.”4 As with other backto -nature movements of the early twentieth century, educators involved in the camps emphasized that the rough and pioneer-like outdoor experience could potentially solve the imagined “youth problem” of the 1940s by creating better, more disciplined citizens. Camping was just one of many back-to-nature movements in that era. Many of Michigan’s school camps extended typical camp programming that scouting, the YMCA, and other private, public, and religious groups had practiced internationally for decades. 5 School camping also carried 3 The WKKF, a large philanthropic organization, has donated millions to educational endeavors in Michigan, as well as nationally and internationally since its establishment in Battle Creek in 1930. The scope of this project does not dive into the W. K. Kellogg Foundation and its great influence in the school camping movement in Michigan and nationwide, which deserves more study. See W. K. Kellogg Foundation...

The Barkman Site (41BW693) in the Red River Valley in Northeast Texas

The Barkman site (41BW693) is an ancestral Caddo settlement on a natural alluvial rise in the Red River floodplain in Bowie County, Texas (Figure 1). The rise is on the north side of Clear Lake, an old river channel and now an oxbow lake, about 140 meters northwest of the large platform mound at the Hatchel site (41BW3, see Perttula 2014, 2015, 2018). The Hatchel site is a major ancestral Caddo village and mound center on a natural levee deposit in the floodplain of the Red River in Bowie County, Texas, just a few kilometers west of the Arkansas state line, and on the south side of Clear Lake. The platform mound and the main part of the associated village overlooks two channel lakes of the river; these likely were part of the channel of the river when the site was occupied by the Caddo. The Hatchel site was occupied by the Caddo from at least A.D. 1040 to the late 17th century, and the Barkman site appears to have been occupied contemporaneously much of the time with this ancestral Caddo village and mound center.

Observations of the spawning ecology of the imperiled Clear Lake Hitch

Observations of the spawning ecology of the imperiled Clear Lake Hitch