Fish Growth Changes over Time in a Midwestern U.S. Lake

The aim of the present study was to examine the survival and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in water with different pH values. Carp (17.8 ± 1.21 cm; 52.14 ± 7.13 g) were transferred to 21 tanks previously adjusted with 7 different pH values: 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0. Each value had 3 replicates, and all experiments lasted for 21 days. The survival and growth of carp were assessed at days 7, 14, and 21. At the end of the 21 days, greater weight, length, survival, and biomass were found for pH values of 7.5 and 8.0. The coefficient variations of weight were significantly different among the treatments. The results suggest that the best range for the survival and growth of carp is pH 7.5-8.0.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of commercial feed combination with water spinach leaves (Ipomoea aquatica) at different ratios on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This research was conducted for 35 days, located in Seteluk Atas Village, Seteluk District, West Sumbawa Regency. The common carp seeds used were 5-7 cm in size from one brood. The container used was 16 liter in size with a density of 10 fish / treatment. The method used in this study was an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications, namely, P1: 100% commercial feed (control), P2: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+1), P3: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+2), P4: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+3), P5: 100% water spinach leaves. The data obtained were then calculated and analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this study indicated that the use of commercial feed combination with water spinach leaves can affect growth, feed efficiency and feed conversion of common carp but did not affect the survival of common carp. Provision of 100% commercial feed (P1) and combination of commercial feed with water spinach leaves at a ratio of 1:2 (P3) had the same effect in increasing the growth of common carp, namely 1.17 g and 1.11 g, respectively.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three different organic manures and salinity levels on production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their interactive effects on growth and physiological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in peri-urban aquaculture tank system. The experiment had 3 × 3 factorial design with three types of organic manures, that is humic acid, FMGY (fermented boiled rice, molasses, groundnut oil cake and yeast) and cow dung tested in combination with three different salinity levels, that is 0.2, 2.5 and 5.0 g/L in triplicates. C. carpio fingerlings (average weight and length of 7 g and 7.15 cm respectively) were distributed to 27 number of 1000-litre FRP tanks (nine treatments with triplicates) containing 10 fish per tank. Fish were maintained for an experimental period of 180 days with a diet containing 30% crude protein. GHG estimation was done on 120th, 150th and 180th days at 30-day interval by collecting gaseous sample following floating chamber method. Lowest GHG emission (917.73) CO2 equivalent (mg m−2 h−1) was recorded in T3 treatment (humic acid + 5 g/L salinity). Highest fish growth was evident in T2 treatment (humic acid with 2.5 g/L salinity). GaSI and HSI were higher in treatment T2. Lowest stress parameters (plasma glucose and serum cortisol) were recorded in T4 treatment (FMGY with 0.2 g/L salinity). In terms of GHG emission, growth and bio-indices in C. carpio tank rearing, humic acid is the best organic manure at less than 5 g/L water salinity.

Feed is involved in supporting the success of cultivation activities. Thus, an intensive system study is needed to find the right formulation so then these objectives can be achieved optimally. This research was conducted to test the optimal percentage of Cake artificial feed on the survival rate and growth of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larva and its relationship to reducing the cost of feeding to a minimum. The Cake artificial feed was given twice a day; morning and afternoon. The results of the Cake artificial feeding on the larval Common carp showed there to be no significantly differencein comparison with the administration of natural feed (Artemia sp.). The effect produced by the Cake artificial feeding on the growth of the larval carp was that SGR was 0.22±0.005 gr/day, FCR was 1.7±0,00 and the survival rate (SR) was 45±0,00 percent. The water quality parameters were measured during the research, including dissolved oxygen (DO) at 5.01 to 6.38 mg/L, pH ranging from 6.7 - 7.5 and an average water temperature of 24.5°C. In conclusion, Cake is not recommended to be given to the larval Common carp as an alternative to natural feed.

Growth rates of fish may vary in response to changing environmental conditions and presence of aquatic nuisance species (ANS). Two ANS, common carp and zebra mussels, are present in Clear Lake, Iowa, and may affect growth rates of fish along with other environmental factors. We (1) documented annual growth rates of four fish species in their first year of life and at maturity in Clear Lake, (2) examined relationships of growth with environmental factors, and (3) compared contemporary growth to previous studies. Age-0 black bullhead, common carp, walleye and yellow bass showed a significant, positive relationship with common carp commercial harvest in the previous year and annual number of degree days where water was above 5 o C. Chlorophyll a concentration showed a positive relationship with age-0 growth of common carp and yellow bass. Age-0 black bullhead growth was positively related with zooplankton concentration and common carp and yellow bass were negatively related. We saw no significant relationships between environmental

Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth, biochemical, and immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), stressed by stocking density

Common carp is a fish consumption that is relatively easy to cultivate since it tends to be adaptive (easy to adapt to its environment and resistant to various types of diseases). One of the protein requirements for the growth of fish seeds can be obtained from mustard greens. Furthermore, the abundant availability of mustard greens in Kajoran Village can be an alternative feed if developed as carp feed. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of mustard greens powder on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio); besides, to determine the best concentration of mustard greens powder on the growth of common carp. This study was conducted in January-February 2022. The research method used an experimental method with treatment P1 (control), P2 (mustard green powder 25%), P3 (50%), P4 (75%), and P5 (100%). The results of giving the concentration of mustard green powder for the growth of common carp show a significant difference and it can increase the growth of carp. Furthermore, the best treatment is achieved in the P3 treatment (50% mustard green powder) with an average weight gain of 1.120 g. From the results of this study, it is expected that the people of Kajoran Village can use mustard greens well for carp cultivation with a concentration of 50% pellets and 50% mustard green powder. In addition, further research is needed on the manufacture of pellets from mustard green powder to make it easier for farmers to feed.

The study explores using the fermentation process to convert organic restaurant waste into fish feed, a promising solution for aquaculture. The aim is to determine the best type and dosage of probiotics for fermenting restaurant waste (FRWM) and evaluate their impact on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry growth. Three commercial probiotics (P1, P2, and P3) were used at an 8% concentration for fermenting the waste. The best result from the fermentation trial was tested as feed containing different FRWM proportions: 0% (TA), 10% (TB), 20% (TC), 30% (TD), and 40% (TE) with 30% protein content. The trial lasted 42 days, assessing waste chemical composition before and after fermentation, growth rate, amylase and protease activity, feed conversion, survival rate, and water quality. Results showed P1 was most effective, increasing FRWM protein content by 84.25% and reducing crude fiber and fat by 15.17% and 3.94%, respectively. TE (40% FRWM) yielded the best outcomes, with fry common carp achieving a 1.05% daily growth rate and a feed conversion ratio of 0.80, indicating efficient feed utilization. TC (20% FRWM) exhibited the highest survival rate at 88.33%. The inclusion of FRWM influenced amylase activity, increasing enzyme levels and improving feed efficiency and growth rate. In conclusion, using FRWM, fermented with P1 probiotics, showed significant improvements in its composition, leading to enhanced fish growth and feed utilization. The 40% FRWM diet demonstrated the best fish growth rate and feed conversion performance. These findings support using fermented restaurant waste as sustainable and nutritious fish feed in aquaculture.

Effects of dietary white-button mushroom powder on mucosal immunity, antioxidant defence, and growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the main commodities of aquaculture production in Indonesia, especially West Java. The processing of Lemna through the fermentation process is one of the efforts to improve quality alternative feed ingredients that function as prebiotics. The growth of common carp infected with the disease tends to be disturbed, so that the growth rate is inhibited. This study aims to determine the effect of the level of addition of Lemna minor flour from the enrichment of BIOMS probiotics in feed on the growth of common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The method used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The calculation of the measurement of test fish samples was carried out 4 times for 30 days. The data was analyzed using variety analysis (ANOVA). The conclusion of this study is that the addition of Lemna flour enriched with fermented BIOMS probiotics in feed provides an increase in SGR (Specific Growth Rate) value, a decrease in FCR (Feed Conversion Rate) value, and an increase in FE (Feed Efficiency) value of fish that is better than fish fed commercial feed (control +) and lemna without enrichment (control -). Feeding with the addition of fermented Lemna flour can increase the growth of common carp, such as SGR (0.34 ± 0.0599) and EP (68%), as well as reduce the FCR value (1.51 ± 0.3161).

The effect of varying dietary energy on growth and feeding behaviour of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, under experimental conditions

Effect of stocking density on ovarian maturation, offspring fitness and growth of common carp

Recruitment dynamics of fishes can determine their abundance and subsequent effects of adult populations on ecosystem properties. Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is a widespread invasive species that can exert negative density‐dependent effects on aquatic food webs. However, little is known concerning processes that regulate their recruitment. We used summer‐through‐fall electrofishing catch rates of age‐0 Common Carp to investigate the importance of biotic (stock size, prey availability, egg and juvenile predation, intraspecific competition) and abiotic (water level fluctuation, temperature, wind events) factors on recruitment and growth in 13 lakes across eastern South Dakota from 2008 to 2010. Mean relative abundance of age‐0 Common Carp was highly variable spatially and temporally, ranging from 0 to 152.2 fish per hour of electrofishing. Ricker stock–recruitment models indicated that peak production of age‐0 Common Carp occurred when adult Common Carp relative abundance was low. Recruitment also increased with spring–summer temperatures, decreased with wind events, and was affected by annual water level fluctuations. Age‐0 Common Carp growth, estimated by mean size in August, was highly variable (mean TL = 42–165 mm) and influenced by the abundance of conspecifics and wind events, indicating that density‐dependent interactions may have occurred during early life stages. Combined, our results suggest that the early life history of Common Carp is regulated by density‐dependent processes and abiotic environmental conditions, which provide new insights into mechanisms regulating recruitment of this widespread invasive species.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can be critically involved in skeletal muscle growth and body energy homeostasis. Skeletal muscle growth is a complex process; some muscle-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of muscle thickening and muscle mass. Additionally, the regulatory network between miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) in the modulation of the role of BCAAs on skeletal muscle growth in fish has not been studied. In this study, common carp was starved for 14 days, followed by a 14-day gavage therapy with BCAAs, to investigate some of the miRNAs and genes that contribute to the regulation of normal growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle in response to short-term BCAA starvation stress. Subsequently, the transcriptome and small RNAome sequencing of carp skeletal muscle were performed. A total of 43,414 known and 1,112 novel genes were identified, in addition to 142 known and 654 novel miRNAs targeting 22,008 and 33,824 targets, respectively. Based on their expression profiles, 2,146 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 84 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs) were evaluated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways, including the proteasome, phagosome, autophagy in animals, proteasome activator complex, and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, were enriched for these DEGs and DEMs. Our findings revealed the role of atg5, map1lc3c, ctsl, cdc53, psma6, psme2, myl9, and mylk in skeletal muscle growth, protein synthesis, and catabolic metabolism. Furthermore, miR-135c, miR-192, miR-194, and miR-203a may play key roles in maintaining the normal activities of the organism by regulating genes related to muscle growth, protein synthesis, and catabolism. This study on transcriptome and miRNA reveals the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of muscle protein deposition and provides new insights into genetic engineering techniques to improve common carp muscle development.

Local plant-based resources are widely used as ingredients in artificial feed formulations; the problem with these resources is that they contain anti-nutritional substances, namely phytate acid. An approach that can be used to overcome phytate acid is the addition of phytase to the artificial feed. The success of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish fingerling cultivation is supported by feed management in the form of feeding frequency that is both good and effective. The purpose of this study was to examine and find the frequency of feeding on feed utilisation and growth of common carp fingerling fed with phytase addition. This research design used an experimental method, complete randomised design (CRD), 4 treatments with 3 replications, namely treatment A (frequency of feeding once a day), treatment B (frequency of feeding twice a day), treatment C (frequency of feeding three times a day) and treatment D (frequency of feeding four times a day). The test fish used were common carp fingerling with an average weight of 1.30 ± 0.12 g/head and a stocking density of 25 fish/head size (50x50x60) cm3 which were cultured for 56 days. The variables taken include Total Feed Consumption (TFC), Efficiency of Feed Utilization (EFU), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Survival Rate (SR), and water quality. The results showed that different feeding frequencies had a significant effect on (P<0.05) TKP, FCR, EPP, and RGR, but no significant effect on SR. The conclusion of this study was that the highest values for EPP and RGR variables were found in the frequency of feeding twice and four times a day. Keywords: feed, phytase, growth, efficiency