Clean Mode Research Articles

Development of a mathematical model of vibratory non-lift movement of light seeds taking into account the aerodynamic forces and moments

The modern practice of using vibratory machines when working with fine-size light-weight seeds is faced with such an undesirable phenomenon as the impact of aerodynamic forces and moments on the kinematics of vibrational movement of particles of the seed mixture fractions. According to the results of scientific studies devoted to the solution of this problem, only mathematical models of vibrational movement are used, where the aerodynamic factor is taken into account as taking the seeds by airflow. This is typical only for cleaning modes with the rebound of seeds from the vibrating surface. Aerodynamic forces and moments are present in them only as a force of aerodynamic resistance. The action of lateral aerodynamic forces and their moments are not taken into account. Their consideration allows to extend the range of action of the aerodynamic factor on the modes of vibration cleaning (vibroseparation) without rebound (but with sliding and rolling) which are of greater interest in terms of improving the efficiency of processing fine-size seeds. A mathematical model of seed vibration movement taking into account the action of a complete set of aerodynamic forces (dynamic resistance forces and lateral aerodynamic forces) and moments was proposed. This makes it possible to simulate non-lifting modes of vibrational movement of seeds. A system of algebraic equations that are linear with respect to the kinematic parameters of seed movement which was obtained by translating differential equations of movement into a finite-difference form was presented. The possibility of numerical solution of equations of movement by the Euler method was shown. The results of the evaluation of the model adequacy for the processes of vibration separation of tobacco seeds and false flax were presented. As shown by the results of calculations and experiments, the developed model provides an increase in the adequacy of the simulation results by 30 % in comparison with the model where the aerodynamic factor is not taken into account

Radiation-Induced Graft Immobilization (RIGI): Covalent Binding of Non-Vinyl Compounds on Polymer Membranes.

Radiation-induced graft immobilization (RIGI) is a novel method for the covalent binding of substances on polymeric materials without the use of additional chemicals. In contrast to the well-known radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP), RIGI can use non-vinyl compounds such as small and large functional molecules, hydrophilic polymers, or even enzymes. In a one-step electron-beam-based process, immobilization can be performed in a clean, fast, and continuous operation mode, as required for industrial applications. This study proposes a reaction mechanism using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and two small model molecules, glycine and taurine, in aqueous solution. Covalent coupling of single molecules is achieved by radical recombination and alkene addition reactions, with water radiolysis playing a crucial role in the formation of reactive solute species. Hydroxyl radicals contribute mainly to the immobilization, while solvated electrons and hydrogen radicals play a minor role. Release of fluoride is mainly induced by direct ionization of the polymer and supported by water. Hydrophobic chains attached to cations appear to enhance the covalent attachment of solutes to the polymer surface. Computational work is complemented by experimental studies, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fluoride high-performance ion chromatography (HPIC).

Optimal clean heating mode of the integrated electricity and heat energy system considering the comprehensive energy-carbon price

Clean heating is a powerful solution for satisfying the building heat demand by synergizing energy efficiency and carbon emission. For satisfying the newly increased heat load, this paper constructs an alternative integrated electricity and heat energy system (IEHES) to consider different clean heating supply modes, namely electrical-heating mode (EH, electric boiler or electric heat pump), CHP unit with high back-pressure turbine heating mode (HBP–CHP), and auxiliary heat source heating mode (AHS, coal-fired boiler or gas-fired boiler). An optimal configuration planning and dispatch model is proposed for comparing the performance of the three heating modes. Wherein, a new comprehensive energy-carbon price is proposed as the optimization objective to minimize this system's total production costs and carbon emission costs. The results show that the HBP-CHP mode is the optimal solution when the heat load growth rate λ is lower than 14%, followed by the electric heat pump heating way under the EH mode. However, the HBP-CHP mode will limit the flexibility of the IEHES when λ is larger than 8%. Therefore, we propose a combined heating mode by introducing the electric heat pump into the HBP-CHP heating mode that facilitates the flexibility of the IEHES and brings the optimal system coal-saving effect.

Amino Acids as Kinetic Promoters for Gas Hydrate Applications: A Mini Review

Gas hydrates are viewed as a potential process enabler for several critical technological applications such as methane storage, hydrogen storage, gas separation, desalination, carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, etc. Hydrate based technological applications almost always require rapid hydrate formation along with high gas uptake to be economically viable. One possible approach to achieve the same is the introduction of particular additives into the system. These additives which are known as kinetic hydrate promoters (KHPs) either reduce the time required for hydrate nucleation or enhance the rate of hydrate growth or both. In recent times, amino acids, which are essential components of the human diet and thus ecofriendly materials, have emerged as a highly effective class of KHPs and unlike surfactants (traditional KHP molecules) promise a clean mode of kinetic action, i.e., no foam formation. Here we review the application of amino acids as KHPs for gas hydrate formation thus far and present perspectives on the mechanism of action for the same.

A Survey to Assess Oral Hygiene Awareness, Difficulties Faced and Satisfaction Level During and after Orthodontic Treatment

Introduction: The foremost goal of orthodontic treatment is to improve dental occlusion and alignmentof teeth, which eventually results in a healthy functioning of dentition and facial aesthetics. The aim of thepresent study was to assess the oral hygiene awareness, difficulties faced and satisfaction level among agroup of students undergoing orthodontic therapy during and after treatment.Materials and Methods: A sample of 200 students from Melaka Manipal Medical College, who receivedorthodontic treatment were included in the study. A cross - sectional study in the form of self-administeredquestionnaire was carried out. The questions were based mainly to assess the difficulties faced, awarenesswith regard to oral hygiene and satisfaction level of the participants during and after orthodontic treatment.Results: The difficulties faced by orthodontics patients were in the range of 65 to 85%, which were troublesleeping, food lodgement and difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene. Study participants were not aware ofvarious cleaning modes though more than 50% used floss. In the post treatment phase, aesthetic appearancewas found to be better.Conclusion: The present study showed that the participants who were undergoing orthodontic treatment didnot have sufficient knowledge about oral hygiene practices. The participants were satisfied with the aestheticappearance post treatment.

Energy choice in rural household cooking and heating: influencing factors and transformation patterns

In China, the traditional biomass, coal, and other highly polluting energy sources used by rural households have had many negative effects on the environment and the health of residents. To explore the influencing factors of energy consumption choices in rural household cooking and heating in China and to promote more modern, efficient, and clean energy consumption modes for rural household cooking and heating, this article builds a multinomial logit model for theoretical analysis based on interview and survey data in rural areas of central and eastern China from January to February 2017. The results show that (1) biomass energy still occupies an important position in the life of Chinese rural households; (2) the driving factors for the cooking and heating energy choices of rural residents in central and eastern China include the number of appliances, family type, family members' leisure, heating demand, and natural endowment; and (3) because of the above main influencing factors, some policies that conform to the background of the times, such as household appliances upgrade policies and centralized housing policies, are worthy of government consideration.

Study of the Process of Wastewater Treatment with Activated Caron from Dimethylamine and Dimethylformamide in their Joint Presence

The regularities and mechanism of adsorption of dimethylformamide and dimethylamine by industrial activated carbon in their joint presence from aqueous solutions are considered. The characteristics of equilibrium adsorption, the limiting stage, and the mass transfer coefficient have been determined. The main parameters of the adsorption column process and the mode of continuous cleaning are calculated by the method of mathematical modeling.

A method for cleaning tanks from oil product residues based on biotechnology

The known methods of cleaning tanks from the remnants of petroleum products using existing means are quite time-consuming, energy-intensive, and insufficiently advanced. In addition, waste cleaning solutions are poorly regenerated and slowly oxidized in the biosphere, and their removal to landfills (or discharge into reservoirs) causes great harm to the environment. Therefore, the search for new methods of cleaning is a very urgent task. This work aims to develop a method for cleaning tanks from the residues of petroleum products based on biotechnology. This article proposes a technological scheme of an experimental installation that simulates a tank for storing petroleum products in agricultural conditions. Studies on the oxidation of petroleum product residues by selected active cultures of microbial strains have been carried out. The modes of biological cleaning of the internal surfaces of tanks for the storage of petroleum products, from their residues, are determined. Strains of oil-oxidizing microorganisms were used as biologics). The biomass of the studied microorganisms was obtained under laboratory conditions by deep cultivation in flasks on a mineral medium. The proposed method of tank cleaning is an environmentally friendly process, during which microorganisms decompose oil pollution at relatively low temperatures (20-40°C) and use hydrocarbons as a source for their growth. As a result of this process, many tons of oil deposits are converted into microbial cells, which in turn become a source of food for other organisms and the plant world.

Technological provision for vibration cleaning of products in preparing them for disposal

The article discusses one of the main stages of products’ preparation for disposal, providing for their cleaning from contamination; it is shown that the most promising methods of cleaning treatment are the mechanochemical cleaning methods based on the use of a different vibration spectrum of the processing substance. Depending on the nature of contamination, the material and shape of the processed parts, the conditions of vibration cleaning (mode, working environment, washing and dissolving liquids) can be varied. Based on the studies carried out, it has been established that the vibration cleaning of the surface depends directly on the work of the influence force on contamination which, in turn, depends on the dynamic activity of the particles of the working environment and the gravitational activity of the process fluid. An energy condition and calculated dependencies are proposed that can be used in the development of vibration cleaning technology for specified contaminants and product materials when solving a specific applied problem, as well as developing and optimizing the vibration cleaning process for products, describing and justifying the influence of mechanochemical phenomena on the intensification of the cleaning process in order to identify technical and economic effect from the use of vibration processing method.

Evaluation method of clean power grid development mode

In response to the climate change, it has been becoming the consensus of most countries in the world to accelerate the development of a high proportion of clean energy. The power grid is the core to support the development of a high proportion of clean energy, and the key is to accelerate the construction of clean power grids. This paper focuses on the main characteristics of clean power grid construction, and proposes a set of clean power grid development evaluation indicators including 5 first-level indicators and 19 second-level indicators and an analysis method based on radar charts. Taking China Power Grid as an example, this paper analyzes in detail the characteristics of the medium and long-term development mode of clean power grids and the relative change trends of specific indicators, and discusses the key links and potential problems that need attention in the development of clean power grids.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГИДРОДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ОЧИСТКИ ГИДРОЦИЛИНДРОВ

This article discusses the use of pulsating fluid flows to improve the efficiency of cleaning processes of the inner surface of hydraulic cylinders. A characteristic and main feature of cleaning products with a pulsating single-phase flow is the presence of significant periodic components of the pressure and flow rate of the washing liquid, which largely determine the quality and duration of the technological process. The paper analyzes the schemes and design features of aircraft hydraulic cylinders, determines the percentages of their parameters to assess the applicability of hydrodynamic cleaning of cavities. When assessing the effect of changes in the internal volume of cavities during the movement of the cylinder piston, methods are proposed for implementing resonant hydrodynamic cleaning modes to increase the efficiency of separation and removal of dirt particles from the cleaned cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. This is cleaning with constant excitation of oscillations and actuation of the hydraulic cylinder with automatic adjustment of cleaning parameters or with constant parameters with limitation of the stroke of the cylinder rod and cleaning with a fixed output link in a position corresponding to the maximum volume of the cavity, followed by shifting the cylinder rod without pulsations by a stationary fluid flow, when the oscillation source is off.

Automated blink artefact removal from EEG using variational mode decomposition and singular spectrum analysis

Blink artefacts are the major source of noise while acquiring electroencephalogram (EEG) data for analysis. To design an efficient method for blink artefact removal is essential for conducting any sort of analysis using EEG. In this paper, a novel automated eye blink artefact removal method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is presented. The noisy EEG signals are first separated into uncorrelated components using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and then variational mode decomposition is performed for multiresolution analysis. The decomposed components (modes) are assessed through their singular values for finding the distribution of noise using singular spectrum analysis. Phase space reconstruction (PSR) is also used to differentiate the clean modes and noisy modes. The applicability of the proposed approach is examined through statistical measures like signal to noise ratio (SNR), correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicate the efficacy of the approach in artefact removal without manual intervention as compared to the state-of-the-art technologies. The proposed method automatically identified and removed the noisy fraction of signal, yielding the requisite neural information without any manual intervention.

Technology of extending operational life of multifaceted disposable plates

The article presents the results of the development of MDP remanufacturing technique. The problem statement is related to the improvement of durability, strength and performance properties of MDP. Remanufacturing technique of plates provides the development of the process scheme for the resharpening of MDP along the front surface and application of TiN wear-resistant coatings. The optimal geometry of the restored tool, the sharpening scheme, the characteristics of grinding wheels and cutting modes are selected. The coating technology, scheme and surface cleaning modes are developed, and the coating quality parameters are determined. Technical and economic analysis of the efficiency is carried out.

Evaluation of different clean heat supply modes based on crop straws in the rural area of Northern China.

This study evaluated eight different types of heat supply modes based on crop residues utilization in the rural area of Northern China, including straw densified solid fuel combustion, pyrolysis char combustion, biogas combustion, and pyrolysis gas combustion for single household heating; straw densified solid fuel combustion, baling straw combustion, biogas combustion, and pyrolysis gas combustion for centralized heating; centralized gas supply and centralized pyrolysis gas supply modes. Comprehensively evaluation was the cost of these different eight heat supply modes. The results showed that the cost of straw densified solid fuel combustion, pyrolysis char combustion for single household heating were 2346 RMB/household and 2390 RMB/household. With the heating scale of 200-500 households, the pipe network distance was 8 m/household, and the total annual heating cost was predicted at 2201-2992 RMB/household. Among them, the cost of straw baling combustion for centralized heating was the lowest, the cost of densified solid fuel, biogas, and pyrolysis for centralized heating was the second, and the cost of biogas and pyrolysis gas for centralized gas supply was the highest. For the increase in every 1 m of the pipeline distance, the investment cost will increase by about 645 RMB for each household. This study provides a basis for the implementation of clean heat supply technologies in less-developed areas and guidance of village heat-supply subsidy policies. Keywords: crop straw, biomass, clean heating, rural area, villages and towns, model, cost DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201305.5600 Citation: Huo L L, Yao Z L, Jia J X, Zhao L X, Cong H B, Meng H B, et al. Evaluation of different clean heat supply modes based on crop straws in the rural area of Northern China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(5): 209–217.

Novel metal mesh filter using water-based regeneration for small-scale biomass boilers

Particulate matter emissions are a key issue of modern biomass boilers. A novel gas cleaning method using a metal mesh filter combined with water-based cleaning was developed and tested. The filter was tested batch-wise. Flue gas of a commercial 50-kW boiler was filtered until a pressure drop of 2000 Pa was reached. Afterwards, the filter was regenerated. The initial prototype used ultrasound in order to remove the filter cake from the filter candles. Regeneration was complete and, even after boiler malfunctions producing tar, the filter cake could still be removed. Given the good results, a second cleaning mode, flushing the filter candles with water, was tested. The results were as good as with ultrasonic cleaning. Peak mass collection efficiency was very high with 98 ± 2% (burning wood pellets). However, directly after cleaning, the first layer of filter cake has to be developed. In this initial phase, collection efficiency is low. Service time until maximum pressure drop was reached depended on the gas velocity. Using pellets as fuel, at a gas velocity of 66.6 m/h, 12-h service time was reached and 4.1 g dust was collected per square meter filter surface, while at 33.3 m/h, service time increased to 55 h and collected dust to 13.9 g/m2. Using low-quality wood chips, the raw gas dust loading was much higher but also the maximum loading of the filter was higher with 13.3 to 28.9 g dust separated per square meter. Still, the service time decreased to 3.4 respective 38 h. Peak collection efficiency increased to 99.5 ± 0.8%. The overall collection efficiency including the buildup of the filter cake depends on the gas velocity and fuel. It ranges from 74 ± 4 to 91 ± 1%. The feasibility of the filter concept could be proven, and further development towards a commercial application is in progress. Metal mesh filters with countercurrent cleaning showed a high potential given their simple and robust design, as well as high collection efficiency.

Simultaneous rainbow schlieren deflectometry and OH* chemiluminescence imaging of a diesel spray flame in constant pressure flow rig

The physical and chemical phenomena that take place during fuel injection, entrainment and fuel-air mixing, cool-flame and ignition reaction, and combustion in diesel sprays still require extensive study. Global parameters such as liquid and vapor jet penetration lengths and spreading rates render useful yet still limited information. Understanding of the temporal evolution of the spray as it progresses through various steps is needed to develop advanced clean combustion modes and high-fidelity predictive models with sufficient accuracy. In this study, high-speed rainbow schlieren deflectometry (RSD) and OH* chemiluminescence are used to simultaneously image fuel-air mixing, cool-flame reactions, ignition, flame propagation and stabilization, and combustion in a transient diesel-like flame. A constant pressure flow rig (CPFR) is used to conduct multiple injections in quick succession to obtain a statistically relevant dataset. n-heptane was injected at nominal supply pressure of 1000 bar from a single-hole diesel injector into ambient at pressure of 30 bar and temperature of 800 K. About 500 injections were performed and analyzed to reveal structural features of non-reacting and reacting regions of the spray, quantify jet penetration and spreading rates, and study cool-flame behavior, ignition, flame propagation and stabilization at lift-off length, and combustion at upstream and downstream locations.

Multiple roads ahead: How charging behavior can guide charging infrastructure roll-out policy

A key challenge for the roll-out of public charging infrastructure is that electric vehicles are needed to function both as a clean mode of transportation and as part of a sustainable electricity system, while being cost-effective. Translating these high-level policy goals to a coherent roll-out strategy is not trivial. We address this by analyzing local charging behavior and linking behavior indicators to specific policy measures through a decision tree. We analyze how policy measures for: (1) increasing the number of charge points, (2) reducing hogging, (3) vehicle-to-grid, (4) overnight charging, and (5) solar charging align with overall goals and characteristics of specific neighborhoods. More specifically, we analyze a dataset containing one million charging sessions in the Netherlands, and (1) link this data to neighborhood characteristics and (2) evaluate the coherency of policy mixes. Our analysis shows great spatial variation in charging behavior and consequently in the suitable policy mixes.

The results of the experimental nature of the vibrations of the grid cotton cleaner

The article provides a new effective scheme and principle of operation of a multifaceted grid of cotton cleaner from small trash. The results of comparative experimental studies of the grid oscillations and the nature of loading depending on the parameters and modes of cotton cleaning are presented. In the experiments performed, the nature of the vibrations was investigated by studying the component vibrations of two grids simultaneously to compare the results. An analysis of the obtained laws of grid vibrations showed that the amplitude of the recommended multifaceted mesh surface on the elastic supports exceeds the amplitude of vibrations of the existing grid 5–7 times and reaches up to (2 ÷ 2.5) × 10−3 m. In this case, the oscillograms are presented for steady-state modes of the work of the cotton cleaner. The results show that an increase in the coefficient of the number of faces of the grid leads to a decrease in the load of the grid to (0.3 ÷ 0.5) N. The parameters of a multifaceted grid of cotton cleaner from small trash are substantiated. Experimental studies have studied the workload and the law of vibrational motion of the grid surface.

Дослідження впливу параметрів машини очищення коренеплодів від забруднень сухим способом на інтенсивність її функціонування

The design of the cleaning machine of root crops from pollution by a dry way which can be applied to the various types and the sizes is developed. The machine uses the energy of vibration oscillations to ensure the cleaning process by rubbing the surfaces of the roots between themselves and the sieve of the working container. The cleaning process can be continuous or periodic. The design of the car provides performance of transportation function of root crops during their cleaning. A mathematical model of this machine of nonlinear form is developed, which describes its dynamics. The model is constructed using asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics and the Lagrange equation. All parameters of the machine (geometric, power and kinematic) are displayed in the model in symbolic format. Their numerical values in the real range of change can be substituted directly into the model, which will describe the oscillating motion of an arbitrary point of the machine, construct the trajectory of its motion and determine the amplitude of its oscillations. From the mathematical point of view, the model is reflected in the system of analytical dependences of the generalized coordinates of the description of the machine's working container movement (sieves with root crops). On the basis of the model the research of parameters influence of the clearing machine for root crops from pollution by a dry way on intensity of its functioning is carried out. Graphical dependences of the oscillating motion amplitude of the machine from the parameters that can be changed during operation of the machine are constructed. Conclusions are made to the significance of the influence of one or another parameter on the nature and amplitude of the machine's working container oscillations. The obtained results can be applied both at designing of cleaning machines of such kind, and at a choice of optimum cleaning modes of root crops.

Granulosa cells provide elimination of apoptotic oocytes through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis.

Do human granulosa cells (GCs) ingest and destroy apoptotic oocytes? Somatic GCs ingest and destroy apoptotic oocytes and other apoptotic substrates through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis. Most (99%) ovarian germ cells undergo apoptosis through follicular atresia. The mode of cleaning of atretic follicles from the ovary is unclear. Ovarian GCs share striking similarities with testicular Sertoli cells with respect to their origin and function. Somatic Sertoli cells are responsible for the elimination of apoptotic spermatogenic cells through unconventional autophagy-assisted phagocytosis. Human GCs were tested for the ability to ingest and destroy the apoptotic oocytes and other apoptotic substrates. A systemic study of the main phagocytosis steps has been performed at different time points after loading of apoptotic substrates into the GC. Primary cultures of GC retrieved following controlled ovarian stimulation of five women for IVF/ICSI and a human granulosa KGN cell line were incubated with different apoptotic substrates: oocytes which underwent spontaneous apoptosis during the cultivation of immature germ cells for IVF/ICSI; apoptotic KGN cells; and apoptotic membranes from rat retinas. Cultured GC were analyzed for the presence of specific molecular markers characteristic of different steps of phagocytic and autophagy machineries by immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting, before and after loading with apoptotic substrates. Incubation of human GC with apoptotic substrates resulted in their translocation in cell cytoplasm, concomitant with activation of the phagocytosis receptor c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase MERTK (P < 0.001), clumping of motor molecule myosin II, recruitment of autophagy proteins: autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related protein 6 (Beclin1) and the rise of a membrane form of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II) protein. Ingestion of apoptotic substrates was accompanied by increased expression of the lysosomal protease Cathepsin D (P < 0.001), and a rise of lysosomes in the GCs, as assessed by different techniques. The level of autophagy adaptor, sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) protein remained unchanged. N/A. The number of patients described here is limited. Also the dependence of phagocytosis on reproductive hormone status of patients should be analyzed. Removal of apoptotic oocytes by surrounding GC seems likely to be a physiological mechanism involved in follicular atresia. Proper functioning of this mechanism may be a new strategy for the treatment of ovarian dysfunctions associated with an imbalance in content of germ cells in the ovaries, such as premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. The study was funded by Rennes Metropole (AIS 2015) and Agence de BioMédecine. This work was supported by funding from Université de Rennes1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and CHU de Rennes. A.B. is funded in part by the program Actions Concertées Interpasteuriennes (ACIP) and a research grant from the European Society of Pediatric Endocrinology. This work is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche Grants ANR-17-CE14-0038 and ANR-10-LABX-73. The authors declare no competing interests.