Cleaning Methods Research Articles

Volumetric Analysis of Hand and Rotary Instrumentation, Root Canal Filling Techniques, and Obturation Materials in Primary Teeth Using Spiral CT.

To compare the root canal volume in primary teeth using hand and rotary instruments and to evaluate root canal filling techniques and flow of root canal obturation materials in the postinstrumented root canal volume using spiral computed tomography (SCT). Freshly extracted 16 primary molars were randomly divided into two groups and subjected to SCT analysis before and after instrumentation. For the manual technique (group I) with eight teeth were prepared using K files, and rotary (group II) eight teeth preparation was performed with ProTaper files. The filled volume in each canal was measured using SCT, and the percentage of obturated volume was calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. There was a statistically significant difference in both groups' volume of root canals enlarged. Even though both K files and the ProTaper system brought about enlarged canals after instrumentation, there was a statistically significant increase in volume after using K files in two canals. In three canals, there was a statistically significant increase in volume after using ProTaper. Irrespective of the obturation technique and materials used, there is no statistically significant difference in the volume after obturation. From the results of this study, the ProTaper file system shows suitable volumetric enlargement up to an optimum level, which is needed in primary root canal walls, and is better in canal shaping, as evidenced by good postobturation volume. The traditional method of cleaning and shaping the root canals in permanent teeth using manual stainless-steel files can lead to undesirable curvatures in root canal morphology, making correctly filling the root canals difficult. It is also time-consuming and sometimes leads to iatrogenic errors. Rotary nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) instrumentation techniques have been developed to overcome these problems. How to cite this article: Yadav DBUC, Varma RB, Kumar JS, et al. Volumetric Analysis of Hand and Rotary Instrumentation, Root Canal Filling Techniques, and Obturation Materials in Primary Teeth Using Spiral CT. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):250-259.

Oral Hygiene Awareness and Practice amongst Patients Visiting Locum Dentist at Private Clinic

Background: Oral hygiene is a fundamental aspect of general health, yet its importance is often overlooked. In regions like Pakistan, there is a notable deficiency in the awareness and practice of oral health maintenance, influenced by cultural norms and varying levels of education. Objective: The study aimed to assess the oral hygiene awareness and practices among patients visiting a private clinic, focusing on the usage of toothbrushes, secondary cleaning methods, the incidence of halitosis, and patterns in dental visits. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample size of 384 patients selected via convenient sampling. Data were gathered using a pre-validated questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 22. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics to report frequencies, percentages, and a comparison of oral hygiene practices based on educational level and gender. Results: The majority of participants (59%, n=236) possessed a Bachelor's degree, while 32% (n=128) held a Masters/PhD. Toothbrushing twice a day was reported by 48% (n=192) of the sample, with medium bristles being the most popular choice. Secondary cleaning methods were less frequently employed, with flossing being the most common (39%, n=150). About 27% (n=104) of patients experienced halitosis, and only 40.5% (n=162) practiced tongue cleaning. Dental visits were primarily need-based, with 46.3% (n=178) of participants visiting a dentist only when required. Conclusion: There is a pressing need for public health interventions to enhance the understanding and implementation of oral hygiene practices in Pakistan. The study indicates a critical link between educational initiatives and improved oral health behaviors.

Continuous flow membrane microextraction as a clean method for detecting codeine and papaverine in biological samples using HPLC-UV

In this study, continuous-flow membrane microextraction (CFMME) was connected online with a high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detector (HPLC-UV) for the pre-concentration and high clean-up of papaverine and codeine in biological samples. The extraction cell was designed with donor and acceptor chambers separated by a sheet membrane. By adjusting the pH of the donor phase (10 mL, pH 11), the analyte molecules were extracted into the supported liquid membrane (SLM) (15 μL of 1-octanol). The donor solution was circulated through the donor chamber using a peristaltic pump and magnetically agitated by a bar stirrer placed near the membrane, enhancing the diffusion and convection flow of the targeted drugs from the donor solution to the SLM. Subsequently, by adjusting the acceptor solution to an acidic pH of 2 (100 μL), the drugs in ionic form were reversely extracted into the acceptor phase. The procedure exhibited desirable relative standard deviation (RSD%) of less than 3.70%, linear ranges of 7-600 ng mL-1 for codeine and 2.0-600 ng mL-1 for papaverine, and limits of detection of 2.0 ng mL-1 for codeine and 0.6 ng mL-1 for papaverine. The design of the extraction cell significantly improved the performance for determining targeted drugs in complex matrices such as plasma and urine.

Toward the eco-friendly cosmetic cleansing assisted by the micro-bubbly jet.

While numerous types of chemical cosmetic cleansers have been presented, those with sensitive skin may still experience some irritation while using them. Moreover, the environmental issue of chemical agents has been documented repeatedly. To address these, we suggest the potential application of a micro-sized bubble-laden water jet to cleanse the cosmetics without (or less) using chemical detergents. We devised a venturi-type nozzle with a mesh and air holes capable of generating massive fine bubbles. By testing with the foundation and lip tint (known to be highly adhesive) coated on the synthetic leather and artificial skin surfaces, we measured that the cleansing performance of the bubbly jet is much better (even without the chemical agent) than the single-phase liquid jet. As a mechanism for enhanced removal, it is understood that the greater kinetic energy of the jet due to the acceleration of the effective liquid-air mixture flow and the direct bubble-cosmetic collisions play essential roles. We believe that the present results will spur the development of environment-friendly cleaning methods.

Gamma radiation synthesis of hydroxyethyl cellulose/acrylic acid/CYANEX 471X hydrogel for silver ions capture from acidic nitrate medium

The current novelty in this study is to recover silver ion with selective extractant such as cyanex 471X (triisobutylphosphine sulfide) through a clean and green method with high efficiency. Herein, a sustainable hydrogel (HEC/AAc/CX3) was fabricated from triisobutylphosphine sulfide, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and acrylic acid (AAc) using gamma irradiation polymerization and implanted for the sorption of silver Ag (I) ions from a nitrate acidic medium. Different techniques were employed for characterization of HEC/AAc/CX3 hydrogel such as FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and EDX, before and after the sorption process of Ag(I) ions. Gel content and swelling kinetics ratio of hydrogels at different irradiation doses (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kGy) were studied. The Fickian diffusion model results indicate that HEC/AAc/CX3 hydrogel is non-Fickian diffusion, which confirmed that the diffusion and relaxation rates are compatible and were selected for further sorption of Ag(I). The irradiated HEC/AAc/CX3 hydrogels, which contain 0.1 g of cyanex 471X, were employed for batch sorption of 100 mg/L Ag(I) from an acidic solution, and the suggested conditions were pH = 1, time = 60, and v/m = 0.05 L/g, which gives a sorption percentage of 75%. The values of thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS were evaluated as—62.80 kJ/mol, 5 kJ/mol, and -227 J/mol, which indicate that the sorption system was exothermic and nonspontaneous in nature. The maximum adsorption capacity of irradiated HEC/AAc/CX3 for Ag(I) was found to be 12 mg. g−1 at 298 K. Furthermore, the maximum desorption percent of Ag ions from HEC/AAc/CX3 was found to be 70% and achieved with 0.5 M NH4SCN after one desorption cycle. The prepared hydrogel proved its selectivity towards silver ions with facile desorption steps and reusability cycles.Graphical

Mitigation of Soiling and Assessment of PV Module Performance under IEC 60891 by Based-Brush and Based-Water Cleaning Methods Using

Mitigation of Soiling and Assessment of PV Module Performance under IEC 60891 by Based-Brush and Based-Water Cleaning Methods Using

Solar Based Floor Cleaning Robot Using IOT

This project introduces a new type of robot, Solar-Powered Autonomous Floor Cleaning Robot in response to the increasing demand of sustainable and energy-efficient solutions in robotics. The robot is designed to move on its own indoors, outdoors and clean different types of floors while getting power from solar panels that are integrated into its body. By using this method, it tries to reduce the impact on the environment that comes with conventional cleaning methods as well as increase the efficiency of floor maintenance generally.The primary objective of the proposed robot is to address the challenge of maintaining optimal efficiency in solar energy harvesting by ensuring the cleanliness of solar panels in industrial environments. The robot incorporates autonomous navigation and cleaning capabilities, employing advanced sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms to detect and navigate around obstacles while efficiently cleaning the solar panel surfaces.The robot's design emphasizes modularity and scalability, allowing it to adapt to diverse industrial environments and solar panel configurations. Equipped with cleaning brushes and a water-efficient system, the robot ensures thorough cleaning without causing damage to the solar panels. Additionally, the integration of real-time monitoring capabilities enables remote tracking of cleaning operations and assessment of overall system performance.

Су беттерін және кәсіпорындардың ағынды суларын биоремедиациялау мәселесі бойынша

The problem of environmental protection from pollution by oil, petroleum products and industrial wastewater, as well as their disposal, is becoming increasingly acute due to the limited possibilities, and sometimes environmental insecurity, of using mechanical, physical and chemical cleaning methods for these purposes. In this regard, the possibility of using microorganisms capable of growing and displaying active biochemical activity in an environment with a high content of oil, petroleum products and industrial waste capable of biodegradation of these substances for purification purposes is relevant. The article analyzes the existing modern technologies for cleaning water surfaces and wastewater of industrial enterprises from oil and petroleum products pollution. Indicates the urgent need for the introduction of modern cleaning technologies, as well as the improvement of existing technologies. The article proposes modern methods of biological purification of water surfaces, bioremediation is a set of measures for cleaning soils and waters using the metabolic potential of biological objects. The use of microorganisms, insects, plants, algae, fungi is considered one of the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies for cleaning at this stage

Investigation of Urban Transformation Process, Methods, and Techniques: Elazig Province Sample

This study aims to examine and present the general results of the urban transformation studies methods and techniques applied in the province of Elazig after the Sivrice earthquake. The study used a descriptive approach method within the scope of qualitative research. Urban transformation project data applied in risky areas were obtained from technical analysis and interviews. The research covers the results of urban transformation in risky areas of Elazig province. Cleaning, renewal, and post-disaster transformation methods were used in urban transformation works in risky areas. The general situation after the earthquake has revealed some weaknesses in selecting methods and techniques for urban transformation applications. As a result of urban transformation practices, bioharmological buildings that are more compatible with the current earthquake legislation, with a stronger carrier system, more comfortable, and in terms of user identity and purpose of use, are offered to the use of beneficiaries.

Ecotoxicological risks of heavy metals in floodplain sediments: Linking current conditions to future threats

Given increasing concerns about the environmental impact of heavy metal pollution, assessing the level of contamination in floodplain suspended sediments is an important task. Effective environmental management and the preservation of an ecosystem depend on understanding existing pollution levels and potential concerns in the future. For this reason, floodplain-suspended sediments from major industrialized cities in Southeast Nigeria were sampled and analyzed for heavy metal contents. The investigation was conducted to evaluate the immediate and long-term bioavailability and pollution status of heavy metals in receptor organisms. A five-step sequential extraction procedure was adopted to fractionate iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, cadmium, and chromium to determine the geochemical phases in which they were distributed. Generally, the heavy metals were partitioned in the following order: residual >> oxidizable > carbonate > reducible > exchangeable. This indicates that a significant portion of the metals were tightly bound to the soil matrix, rendering them not readily bioavailable to the biota, except over an extended period. The levels of heavy metals, except for lead and cadmium in specific areas, were below the saturation point in terms of their bioavailability. Furthermore, the pollution assessment indices, such as the geo-accumulation index, reflected high levels of cadmium, copper, and lead contamination. This suggests a potential ecotoxicological risk to organisms near the sampling sites. The sites were classified as moderate and high risk in terms of immediate and future risk assessment, respectively. This research has established connections between current conditions and future threats and contributed valuable insights for understanding and mitigating potential environmental hazards. Proper cleaning methods and potential site reclamation are imperative to minimize or contain these heavy metals in stable forms within urban areas to prevent bioaccumulation.

Different Disinfection Protocols for Pulp Revitalization: An In Vitro Study

Objectives Pulp revitalization is a procedure indicated for immature teeth with pulp necrosis. This study aimed to investigate the microbial load reduction of four cleaning protocols for pulp revitalization: Prophylactic Brush for canal (MK Life), microbrush Aplik Extrafine (Angelus), n. 50 K file (Dentsply) and XP Endo Finisher (FKG). Materials and Methods Fifty single-rooted mandibular premolars were standardized in canal size and diameter. Contamination by E. faecalis was induced for 21 days in 50 specimens, where 48 were used for the experimental groups (n=12) and 2 were used as a negative control to validate the sterilization process before contamination. Irrigation with saline solution at 36.5°C was performed, where the mechanical resource for cleaning was varied (n=12). Colony counting (CFU) was performed before (S1) and after (S2) the cleaning procedure. Kruskal Wallis accounted for and analyzed the differences between S2 and S1. Results & Discussion Prophylactic Brush for the canal reduced 99.27% of the microbial load, followed by XP Endo Finisher (99.13%), Aplik microbrush (98.71%) and K file (98.66%). (p=0.3616). There was no statistical difference in the reduction of microbial load between the groups tested. Conclusion The mechanical cleaning methods tested alone were effective in substantially reducing the microbial load of E. faecalis on lower premolars by simulating open apex teeth and showed that bristle instruments such as Prophylactic Brush for Canal and microbrush Aplik Extrafine could be used to accomplish mechanical debridement of large canals.

Electroformation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles from Damp Lipid Films with a Focus on Vesicles with High Cholesterol Content.

Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are membrane models used to study membrane properties. Electroformation is one of the methods used to produce GUVs. During electroformation protocol, dry lipid film is formed. The drying of the lipid film induces the cholesterol (Chol) demixing artifact, in which Chol forms anhydrous crystals which do not participate in the formation of vesicles. This leads to a lower Chol concentration in the vesicle bilayers compared to the Chol concentration in the initial lipid solution. To address this problem, we propose a novel electroformation protocol that includes rapid solvent exchange (RSE), plasma cleaning, and spin-coating methods to produce GUVs. We tested the protocol, focusing on vesicles with a high Chol content using different spin-coating durations and vesicle type deposition. Additionally, we compared the novel protocol using completely dry lipid film. The optimal spin-coating duration for vesicles created from the phosphatidylcholine/Chol mixture was 30 s. Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) obtained by the extrusion of MLVs through 100 nm membrane pores and LUVs obtained by extrusion of previously obtained LUVs through 50 nm membrane pores, were deposited on an electrode for 1.5/1 Chol/phosphatidylcholine (POPC) lipid mixture, and the results were compared. Electroformation using all three deposited vesicle types resulted in a high GUV yield, but the deposition of LUVs obtained by the extrusion of MLVs through 100 nm membrane pores provided the most reproducible results. Using the deposition of these LUVs, we produced high yield GUVs for six different Chol concentrations (from 0% to 71.4%). Using a protocol that included dry lipid film GUVs resulted in lower yields and induced the Chol demixing artifact, proving that the lipid film should never be subjected to drying when the Chol content is high.

Current views on treatment of halitosis: foreign practice

Traditional halitosis treatment involves reducing microbial contamination through chemical and/or mechanical action; however, these methods are ineffective in the long-term.
 According to recent systematic reviews, there is no scientific evidence of the effectiveness of halitosis treatments, and even when reports indicate a positive effect, it is temporary. To increase the number of studies being compared, analysis of the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should be performed considering already published data. Therefore, a review of recent RCTs is required for conducting and planning further scientific research on halitosis treatment.
 Purpose of the investigation — to study the effectiveness of oral halitosis treatment based on materials from foreign publications from 2019 to 2023.
 This article provides a descriptive review of foreign scientific publications on modern methods of treating oral halitosis. A search for full-text articles was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar for 2019–2023. The most relevant articles that met the selection criteria were selected and included in this review: 31 publications on oral halitosis treatment: 3 Cochrane reviews of RCTs; 14 literature reviews, including meta-analyses; 12 RCTs and clinical studies; and 2 experimental studies.
 In foreign studies, the use of probiotics and photodynamic therapy and their combination with standard treatment methods are most widely presented; RCTs have established their effectiveness, especially when used together with traditional methods of mechanical tongue cleaning. To prevent halitosis, it appears relevant to use materials with antibacterial properties in prosthetics, particularly the modification of polymethyl methacrylate with silver and graphene nanoparticles.
 However, against the backdrop of positive results obtained in individual reviews, the conclusions of systematic reviews are contradictory. There is no evidence of the long-term effectiveness of the proposed treatment methods, and there is a weak evidence base for studies, which makes it challenging to use them in the practical work of dentists. In this regard, new RCTs with a longer observation period and considering published data are required.

Effective decapsulation method for photovoltaic modules: Limonene-induced EVA controlled swelling under sonication and debonding mechanism analysis

Waste crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells are rich in metal resources. The detachment of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer is a critical step in the recycling of end-of-life (EoL) c-Si photovoltaic (PV) modules, but a clean and high-efficiency adhesive removal method is absent. In this study, we presented a green solvent-based approach using limonene with ultrasound assistance for the efficient delamination of EVA from c-Si PV modules. By adjusting the concentration of limonene solution, the degree of swelling of EVA was effectively controlled, reducing the risk of battery damage caused by uneven swelling. The application of an ultrasonic physical field to the swelling system expedited the diffusion and penetration of the swelling agent between the EVA layers, while simultaneously supplying energy for the fracture of cross-linking bonds. Under the optimized laboratory-scale condition (70 °C, 0.5 h and 0.1 M limonene), complete separation of the glass and backsheet from the EVA bonding layer was achieved. The intact c-Si solar cells thus have the potential to be fully recovered in subsequent processes. FT-IR tests and density functional theory (DFT) simulations confirmed that under ultrasound conditions, limonene molecules selectively attacked crosslinking bridges and side chains of ethyl vinyl acetate in the EVA molecular chain. This induced the breakdown of the EVA crosslinked network structure, resulting in a reduction in adhesive strength and ultimately achieving interlayer separation in 20min. The findings of this study provide theoretical support and technical insights for the clean and efficient recycling of PV modules.

Prediction and risk analysis of Cardio Vascular diseases in IoHT by enhanced CHIO-based Residual and dilated gated network with Attention Mechanism

Generally, computer networks automatically discover data based on the machine learning process. It is the execution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) without any specific program. Using both machine learning and AI, an effective optimization was done for Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD). CVD is associated with disorders that lead to hypertension and unexpected cardiac arrest. To promote good health and prevent risky situations, the Internet of Health Things (IoHT) helps to enhance the treatment's effectiveness. The most challenging task is to perform accurate heart disease prediction. Thus, a CVD prediction model is designed. At first, the needed information is collected from the benchmark dataset. After that, the pre-processing is done on the collected data using the data cleaning and scaling method. The pre-processed data are sent to the CVD prediction phase with the aid of Adaptive Residual and Dilated Long Short Term Memory with Attention Mechanism (ARDL-AM) and the parameters in this structure are optimized by the Enhanced Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer (ECHIO). The obtained results from the ARDL-AM are used for the CVD prediction process. The simulations were carried out with various measures to calculate the recommended method's efficiency.

A Space-Grained Cleaning Method to Reduce Long-Tail Latency of DM-SMR Disks

DM-SMR (device-managed shingled magnetic recording) disks allocate a portion of disk space as the persistent cache (PC) to address the issue of overlapping tracks during data updates. When the PC space becomes insufficient, a space cleaning is triggered to reclaim its invalid space. However, the space cleaning is time-consuming and contributes to the long-tail latency of DM-SMR disks. In the article, we will propose a space-grained cleaning method that leverages various idle periods to effectively reduce the long-tail latency of DM-SMR disks. The objective is to perform a proper space-grained cleaning for a suitable space region at an appropriate time period, thereby preventing delays in subsequent I/O requests and reducing the long-tail latency associated with DM-SMR disks. The experimental results demonstrate a substantial reduction in the long-tail latency of DM-SMR disks through the proposed method.

Clean and efficient recovery of silver from silver-tin alloys by vacuum evaporation-multistage condensation

The recycling of waste lead-free solder and the tin refining process generates large quantities of silver-tin alloys, which have a very high potential for recovery but for which there is no clean and efficient means of recovery. This study examined the saturation vapour pressure, separation coefficients, prediction of the T-x(y) phase diagram of the silver-tin alloys, and condensation rate to explore the feasibility of using vacuum evaporation-multistage condensation as a method for separating silver-tin alloys. The results suggest that in the process of vacuum evaporation, both silver and tin will evaporate, and the evaporability of silver is slightly greater than that of tin. In the process of multistage condensation, tin condenses before silver. Furthermore, the vacuum evaporation-multistage condensation method was experimentally validated. The results suggest that the TF consists of crude silver, with a silver content of 98.17 wt% and a silver distribution rate of 43.60%. The MP consists of a silver-tin alloy with 7.87 wt% silver content and exhibits a silver distribution rate of 53.06%. The RE is crude tin containing 0.27 wt% of silver content and a silver distribution rate of 5.14%. The separation rate of Ag is 96.64%. This study provides a clean and efficient method that is instructive for the recovery of Ag-Sn alloys.

Comparative evaluation of effectiveness of chemical, mechanical and chemico-mechanical methods of denture cleaning for removal of stains from heat polymerised acrylic resin denture base - An in- vitro study

An essential quality of acrylic resin denture bases is colour stability. Over time, acrylic resin bases have a tendency to attract stains, which causes the denture base's colour to alter. These modifications sometimes make the denture less aesthetically pleasing for the wearer, which leads to patient unhappiness and higher replacement costs. The study's objective was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of cleaning dentures using chemical, mechanical, and chemico-mechanical methods for removing stains from the heat polymerized acrylic resin denture base.A total of 120 samples of heat polymerised acrylic resin were fabricated and stained using sambhar solution for 10 days under controlled conditions. The baseline optical density of the samples was determined. The samples were then subjected to stain removal procedure by either - chemical, mechanical or chemico-mechanical method. After which the optical density was again determined. The efficiency of the three methods used was determined by the difference in the optical density after staining and post cleaning and compared with the baseline optical density measured previously. The data was analysed using One-way ANOVA test. Post hoc comparison was made by Bonferroni t-test. p<0.0.5 was considered as statistically significant. Data analysis was done using the statistical software STATA version 13.0.The results suggested that the chemico-mechanical method was the best method for stain removal from the acrylic samples. However, the mechanical method of denture cleaning was found to be equally effective. The chemical method was least effective in removing stains from the surface of heat polymerised acrylic resin. The chemico-mechanical method was 95.16% effective and the mechanical method used was 92.12% effective, proving that the chemico-mechanical was the most effective method for removing stains from the acrylic resin amongst the 3 techniques compared.

Research Note: Analysis of microbial diversity on the shell surface of eggs collected from geographically distinct farms in China

Micro-organisms on the eggshell surface of affect the quality of the egg. Sometimes, these microbes even pose a serious threat to the health of the egg's consumer. Bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer region were sequenced to analyze the microbial diversity on the shell surface of the eggs collected from 4 distinct regions of China: Guyuan (GY; 1.5 million hens), Langfang (LF; 0.1 million hens), Beihai (BH; 1.2 million hens), and Dongguan (DG; 0.2 million hens). The results showed a higher bacterial and fungal abundance on the eggs collected from the northern and southern China farms, respectively. The dominant bacterial phylum detected across all egg samples was Firmicutes. In addition, the shell surfaces of the DG and LF samples harbored abundant levels of Proteobacteria. The dominant fungal phyla detected across all egg samples were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The bacterial compositions on eggshell surfaces differed significantly across all geographic regions, and the fungal composition differed significantly between samples collected from the southern and northern farms (P < 0.05). The abundance and composition of microbial colonies on the eggshell surface varied based on their geographical location (climate and environment) and farming scale (management). Our findings provide an important reference for optimizing the cleaning and disinfection methods for fresh eggs collected from different sources.

The effects of air plasma and argon cluster ion cleaning on quartz and calcite surfaces – Implications for rock-water-gas wettability

Wettability is a crucial factor controlling fluid transport and distribution in reservoir rocks. A significant discrepancy of reported contact angles for air plasma cleaned calcite-water-gas systems are evident from the literature. This work focuses on finding possible explanations for these discrepancies by studying the effect of two surface cleaning methods on the surface chemistry, which was utilized by employing XPS and TOF-SIMS analysis. Observed chemical changes were then discussed in relation to wettability. The two methods are i) air plasma cleaning, and ii) argon cluster ion cleaning. Air plasma cleaning exhibits a degree of reactivity towards the surface. The two surface cleaning methods are very similar in regard to efficiency. Air plasma cleaning of calcite surfaces resulted in an accumulation of low levels of metal oxides/hydroxyls. It was found that both quartz and calcite remain intact after surface cleaning, that is, neither of the cleaning processes degrade the material. It is suggested that the discrepancies in reported contact angle values is a combined effect of several factors, such as different degrees of i) surface roughness, ii) unavoidable adventitiously adsorbed hydrocarbons on the sample surfaces, and iii) non-native bulk components such as metal oxide/hydroxyls and biomarker material.