Cleaning-in-place Research Articles

Sewage concentration via a graphene oxide modified thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membrane: Enhanced performance and mitigated fouling

• The GO modified TFN-FO membrane shows improved filtration performance. • The GO modified TFN-FO membrane shows an enhanced antifouling property. • The GO modified FO membrane has high and stable sewage concentration performance. • High water flux recovery rates can be achieved by simple membrane cleaning. Upstream intensification of wastewater pre-treatment could improve the efficiency of the biological wastewater treatment process by separating and concentrating the organic matter. Forward osmosis (FO) technology is a potential upstream intensification strategy for sewage concentration. Herein, a high-performance graphene oxide (GO) modified TFN-FO membrane was fabricated and evaluated. The GO modified TFN-FO membrane showed 41% enhancement in water flux without weakening the selectivity property, due to the improved membrane hydrophilicity, thinner polyamide layer and facilitated water transportation by GO. The enhanced filtration performance and antifouling property of the TFN-FO membrane were confirmed by using simulative foulant solution and raw sewage as feed solutions. Moreover, a 41 h semi-continuous filtration experiment was conducted for sewage concentration using real raw sewage as the feed solution. Results indicated that the TFN-FO membrane achieved 4.6 times sewage concentration with high rejection of ammonia, nitrogen and organics. In addition, with a simple in-line water cleaning-in-place (CIP) process, most of the pollutants could be washed off from the surface of the TFN-FO membrane in 15 min and ~ 90% water flux could be recovered after each cleaning cycle. This work demonstrates the potential application of TFN-FO membranes for sewage wastewater concentration.

Pulsed flow in clean‐in‐place sanitization to improve hygiene and energy savings in dairy industry

AbstractDemand for dairy products has increased and sanitization is key to food security of this products. Thus, this work investigated the cleaning‐in‐place (CIP) with pulsed flow in the sanitization stage on stainless steel surfaces contaminated with raw milk compared to CIP with stationary flow for hygiene and energy saving purposes. In addition, fluid dynamic behavior in geometries typically found in dairy pipelines was investigated and energy consumption estimated. For this, a CIP prototype was used, where a straight cylindrical section and an elbow were subjected to natural contamination with raw milk and later sanitized, evaluating the waviness and period effects on the pulsed flow through the central composite design. The dynamic fluid behaviors of the stationary and pulsed regimes were studied using computer simulation. The results showed that both variables were significant for cell removal. However, the reduction in colonies was more significant in the straight cylinders compared to the elbow. Larger waviness and shorter periods promoted higher cell removals due to the occurrence of annular effect and its frequency. Pulsed flow associated with computational fluid dynamics showed improved sanitization efficiency in difficult reach places and reduced energy consumption.Practical applicationsStrategies to reduce losses and to guarantee food safety are essential. Pulsed flow sanitization can be used in dairy industries to improve cell removal in difficult‐to‐access geometries during sanitization, to reduce energy consumption and time spent compared to the stationary flow process, commonly employed in dairy. In addition, this change is attractive, as it can be made with only adjustments to the control system, not necessarily requiring new equipment.

Design and manufacturing a washing unit for teat cups in the bucket milking system and it's effect on the produced milk quality

The study aims to show the importance of the washing process for the bucket milking system and its effect on the produced milk. Using a new design and manufacturing washing unit for teat cups in bucket milking system and study the relationship between the efficiency and quality of the washing process in the milking system ,and bacterial count found in milk tank and teat cup surface. The new washing system cleaning in place (CIP) system is an alternative effective solution for washing liners and cluster. Washing units consists of two washing set. Each washing set consists of four outlets designed to wash one cluster a five types of washing sets have been tested during this Study. Using the new system to cleaning the bucket milking system led to the provision of some environmental advantages, than traditional system such as; reducing the consumption of chemicals in cleaning of milking machine by about 35 %, also save 66 % of the amount of water consumed in cleaning, and saving 0.55 kW electric energy used to operate the pump; and 1.4 kW electric energy consumed in heating water. Time of cleaning operation was also saved by 50%. The cleaning efficiency in traditional cleaning method is 42.9 %. While it s increased to 93.1 % with using a Jetter rod at new cleaning system. For traditional cleaning system total bacterial count in milk sample was 81x104 cfu/ml it classified at grade II (> 2,00,000 – 1,000,000 cfu/ml). While for the new cleaning system with different types of washing set the total bacterial count was between 33x103 to 66x103 cfu/ml .which classified at grade I (< 2,00,000 cfu/ml).

Extended shelf life milk processing: Effect of simulated cleaning in place on the germination and attachment of Bacillus cereus spores

The effect of simulated cleaning in place (CIP) was determined on the structure, attachment and growth of Bacillus cereus spores isolated from raw milk and biofilms in filler nozzles from extended shelf life (ESL) milk processing lines. Simulated CIP treatment structurally affected &gt;98% of B. cereus spores, while 0.1% remained intact. Following simulated CIP treatment, B. cereus spores were able to attach to stainless steel coupons and form biofilms. B. cereus spores were capable of germination and growth under refrigerated conditions for more than 28 days. Contamination with B. cereus spores may lead to a reduced shelf life and potentially be a safety risk in ESL milk with a prolonged shelf life.

The Application of Simulated Moving-Bed Chromatography for the Separation of Ginsenosides in Sanchi Ginseng and American Ginseng

In this study, the separation of ginsenosides from the crude extract of Sanchi ginseng and American ginseng, obtained by aqueous ethanol extraction, was conducted in a simulated moving bed (SMB) with cleaning in place (CIP) design. Concentrated products with 86.2%, w/w, and 91.5%, w/w, of ginsenosides were obtained by the utilization of CIP-SMB for Sanchi and American ginseng, respectively. This study reveals that CIP-SMB could enrich ginsenosides by removing the retained impurities, which were initially extracted by aqueous ethanol and not removed by either the antisolvent precipitation for Sanchi ginseng or the ethyl acetate extraction for American ginseng. Although the ginsenosides in both ginsengs are similar, the difficulty in applying chromatography to the crude extract differs. A natural crude extract normally contains compounds with significant difference in retention. A traditional SMB with 4 sections will be, consequently, unable to continuously separate the natural products. This study develops methods for pretreating the crude extract and demonstrates the feasibility of continuously separating ginsenosides by using SMB. SMB is an effective technology for large-scale chromatography and can generally resolve solvent and energy consumption problems. This is expected to promote the industrial use of SMB for the production of concentrated ginsenosides as active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Development of a NanoMIPs-SPR-Based Sensor for β-Lactoglobulin Detection

Food manufacturers are aiming to manage the levels of cross-contamination of allergens within food processing plants and ultimately move away from precautionary labelling. Hence, the need for rapid methods to detect allergens cross-contamination. A sensitive and selective label-free nanoMIPs based sensor was developed and tested for the detection of β-lactoglobulin (BLG). NanoMIPs were synthesized using solid-phase synthesis and appeared as spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 264–294 nm, using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The nanoMIPs were functionalized with amine groups and attached to the surface of the SPR gold chip via amine-coupling protocol. The SPR nanoMIPs-based sensor demonstrated a detection limit of 3 ng mL−1 (211 pM) over a linear range of 1–5000 ng mL−1, with binding affinity of 7.0 × 10−8 M and specificity towards BLG. With further testing and final optimization, the developed nanosensor can be integrated on-line or at-line cleaning-in-place (CIP) wash systems, allowing to effectively monitor milk protein allergens as a rapid, point-of-source methodology.

Life cycle assessment of cleaning-in-place operations in egg yolk powder production

The manufacture of egg yolk powder by spray drying requires regular cleaning in order to remove fouling deposits and prevent microbiological growth on the pasteurisation heat exchanger and the spray dryer. A life cycle assessment (LCA) study on a typical powder manufacturing plant, using literature data, indicated that the egg breaking, storage and pasteurisation steps were the major contributors to the plant’s environmental impacts rather than the cleaning-in-place (CIP) operations owing to their high water and electricity consumption (for refrigerated storage). CIP impacts on thermal energy and wastewater emissions were nevertheless significant, and the benefits of using intermittent flows of aqueous NaOH solution in the dryer CIP stage, reported by Yang et al. (2019), were assessed. The latter gave a 21% improvement in terrestrial ecotoxicity impact. Optimising the NaOH/temperature conditions based on experimental data gave more efficient cleaning with lower water, chemicals and energy consumption. Over-cleaning had significant impacts on terrestrial and marine ecotoxicity as well as reducing productivity. Three changes in cleaning technology were considered briefly: electrical heating, solar heating and pumping, and membrane treatment of wastewater. These gave little overall global improvement, partly due to the polluting nature of the available electricity supply (coal-fired) and local benefits to the factory being offset by impacts associated with equipment manufacture.

Evaluation of Enzymatic Cleaning on Food Processing Installations and Food Products Bacterial Microflora.

Biofilms are a permanent source of contamination in food industries and could harbor various types of microorganisms, such as spoiling bacteria. New strategies, such as enzymatic cleaning, have been proposed to eradicate them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of enzymatic cleaning on the microbial flora of installations in a processing food industry and of the final food product throughout its shelf life. A total of 189 samples were analyzed by classical microbiology and 16S rDNA metagenetics, including surface samples, cleaning-in-place (CIP) systems, and food products (at D0, Dend of the shelf life, and Dend of the shelf life +7 days). Some surfaces were highly contaminated with spoiling bacteria during conventional cleaning while the concentration of the total flora decreased during enzymatic cleaning. Although the closed circuits were cleaned with conventional cleaning before enzymatic cleaning, there was a significant release of microorganisms from some parts of the installations during enzymatic treatment. A significant difference in the total flora in the food products at the beginning of the shelf life was observed during enzymatic cleaning compared to the conventional cleaning, with a reduction of up to 2 log CFU/g. Metagenetic analysis of the food samples at the end of their shelf life showed significant differences in bacterial flora between conventional and enzymatic cleaning, with a decrease of spoiling bacteria (Leuconostoc sp.). Enzymatic cleaning has improved the hygiene of the food processing instillations and the microbial quality of the food throughout the shelf life. Although enzymatic cleaning is not yet commonly used in the food industry, it should be considered in combination with conventional sanitizing methods to improve plant hygiene.

Inhibitory Effects of Combinations of Chemicals on Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms during the Clean-in-Place Process at an Experimental Dairy Plant

In dairy plants, clean-in-place (CIP) equipment cannot be disassembled, making it difficult to clean the inner surface of pipes. In this study, the inhibitory effects of chemical agents on biofilms formed by three foodborne pathogens, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, was evaluated in a dairy CIP system. The experiment was conducted on a laboratory scale. Each of the three bacteria (200 μL) was inoculated onto stainless steel (SS) chips (25 by 25 mm), and the effect of single cleaning agents was evaluated. Individual treatments with NaClO (30, 50, 100, and 200 ppm), NaOH (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%), citric acid (1, 3, 5, and 7%), and nisin (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm) were used to clean the SS chip for 10 min. The most effective concentration of each solution was selected for further testing in a commercial plant. Simultaneous cleaning with 200 ppm of NaClO (10 min) and 7% citric acid (10 min) reduced the biofilms of B. cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus by 6.9, 7.0, and 8.0 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Both 7% citric acid and 0.1% NaOH were optimal treatments for E. coli. NaClO and citric acid are approved for use as food additives in the Republic of Korea. Our results revealed that a combined treatment with NaClO and citric acid is the most effective approach for reducing biofilms formed by common foodborne pathogens on CIP equipment. These findings can contribute to the production of safe dairy products.

Validation of the Reveal® 3-D for Peanut Lateral Flow Test: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 111901.

BackgroundReveal® 3-D for Peanut is an immunochromatographic, lateral flow test for qualitative detection of peanut residue in food manufacturing and food preparation settings. The test can detect low ppm levels of peanut in clean-in-place (CIP) rinses and in swabs from environmental surfaces and can serve as a tool in managing allergen risk.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to validate the lateral flow method for detection of peanut in CIP rinses, specifically water, peroxyacetic acid/hydrogen peroxide, and quaternary ammonium compound rinses, and in swabs taken from stainless steel and plastic surfaces.MethodsCIP rinses spiked with low levels of peanut were tested, as were surfaces inoculated with peanut. Specificity and assay interference were assessed in testing of food commodities with and without added peanut. Assay robustness and test kit stability and consistency testing were also performed.ResultsResults demonstrated that the lateral flow test can detect peanut in CIP rinses in the range of 2–4 ppm and in environmental surface swabs in the range of 3–4 µg/100 cm2. Results of specificity testing with 29 common food items showed lack of cross-reactivity, and potential assay interference only from walnut. Data from stability trials supports expiration dating for the kit of up to 23 months post-manufacture.Conclusions and HighlightsThe lateral flow test is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method for detection of low levels of peanut residue in CIP rinses and environmental samples and can be an important component in a comprehensive allergen risk management program.

Ultrasonic measurements and machine learning for monitoring the removal of surface fouling during clean-in-place processes

Cleaning is an essential operation in the food and drink manufacturing sector, although it comes with significant economic and environmental costs. Cleaning is generally performed using autonomous Clean-in-Place (CIP) processes, which often over-clean, as suitable technologies do not exist to determine when fouling has been removed from the internal surfaces of processing equipment. This research combines ultrasonic measurements and machine learning methods to determine when fouling has been removed from a test section of pipework for a range of different food materials. The results show that the proposed methodology is successful in predicting when fouling is present on the test section with accuracies up to 99% for the range of different machine learning algorithms studied. Various aspects relating to the training data set and input data selection were studied to determine their effect on the performance of the different machine learning methods studied. It was found that the classification models performed better when data points were extracted directly from the ultrasonic waves and when data sets were combined for different fouling materials.

Stress Tolerance of Yeasts Dominating Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Whey Water Treatment.

Filamentous yeast species belonging to the closely related Saprochaete clavata and Magnusiomyces spicifer were recently found to dominate biofilm communities on the retentate and permeate surface of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes used in a whey water treatment system after CIP (Cleaning-In-Place). Microscopy revealed that the two filamentous yeast species can cover extensive areas due to their large cell size and long hyphae formation. Representative strains from these species were here further characterized and displayed similar physiological and biochemical characteristics. Both strains tested were able to grow in twice RO-filtrated permeate water and metabolize the urea present. Little is known about the survival characteristics of these strains. Here, their tolerance toward heat (60, 70, and 80°C) and Ultraviolet light (UV-C) treatment at 255 nm using UV-LED was assessed as well as their ability to form biofilm and withstand cleaning associated stress. According to the heat tolerance experiments, the D60°C of S. clavata and M. spicifer is 16.37 min and 7.24 min, respectively, while a reduction of 3.5 to >4.5 log (CFU/mL) was ensured within 5 min at 70°C. UV-C light at a dose level 10 mJ/cm2 had little effect, while doses of 40 mJ/cm2 and upward ensured a ≥4log reduction in a static laboratory scale set-up. The biofilm forming potential of one filamentous yeast and one budding yeast, Sporopachydermia lactativora, both isolated from the same biofilm, was compared in assays employing flat-bottomed polystyrene microwells and peg lids, respectively. In these systems, employing both nutrient rich as well as nutrient poor media, only the filamentous yeast was able to create biofilm. However, on RO membrane coupons in static systems, both the budding yeast and a filamentous yeast were capable of forming single strain biofilms and when these coupons were exposed to different simulations of CIP treatments both the filamentous and budding yeast survived these. The dominance of these yeasts in some filter systems tested, their capacity to adhere and their tolerance toward relevant stresses as demonstrated here, suggest that these slow growing yeasts are well suited to initiate microbial biofouling on surfaces in low nutrient environments.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS ECOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE

In December 2018, Kuningan University launched the Green Campus. The eco - campus program is motivated by, among others, that the campus environment is expecting to be a comfortable, clean, shady (green), beautiful, and healthy place to gain knowledge. The campus environment as an inseparable part of the urban ecosystem is not insignificant in its role and contribution to increasing or reducing global warming. Besides that, what is also important is how the campus community can implement Environmental Science and Technology in a Real Field. Therefore the Eco-Campus program is aimed at increasing the awareness and concern of the campus community as a collection of scientific societies to participate and be responsible for reducing Global Warming. However, er, of all these issues, the most important thing is how we can apply the concept in our daily behavior better known as green behavior, then how this behavior can be transmitted and taught in the context of education. Sometimes we think too hard about behaviors like what can say green behavior

Exploitation of nitric oxide donors to control bacterial adhesion on ready-to-eat vegetables and dispersal of pathogenic biofilm from polypropylene.

Nitric oxide (NO) donors have been used to control biofilm formation. Nitric oxide can be delivered in situ using organic carriers and acts as a signaling molecule. Cells exposed to NO shift from biofilm to the planktonic state and are better exposed to the action of disinfectants. In this study, we investigate the capability of the NO donors molsidomine, MAHAMA NONOate, NO-aspirin and diethylamine NONOate to act as anti-adhesion agents on ready-to-eat vegetables, as well as dispersants for a number of pathogenic biofilms on plastic. Our results showed that 10 pM molsidomine reduced the attachment of Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium 14 028 to pea shoots and coriander leaves of about 0.5 Log(CFU/leaf) when compared with untreated control. The association of 10 pmol L-1 molsidomine with 0.006% H2 O2 showed a synergistic effect, leading to a significant reduction in cell collection on the surface of the vegetable of about 1 Log(CFU/leaf). Similar results were obtained for MAHMA NONOate. We also showed that the association of diethylamine NONOate at 10 mmol L-1 and 10 pmol L-1 with the quaternary ammonium compound diquat bromide improved the effectiveness of biofilm dispersal by 50% when compared with the donor alone. Our findings reveal a dual role of NO compounds in biofilm control. Molsidomine, MAHMA NONOate, and diethylamine NONOate are good candidates for either preventing biofilm formation or dispersing biofilm, especially when used in conjunction with disinfectants. Nitric oxide compounds have the potential to be developed into a toolkit for pro-active practices for good agricultural practices (GAPs), hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), and cleaning-in-place (CIP) protocols in industrial settings where washing is routinely applied. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anti-littering in developing countries: Motivating the people of Jordan.

Littering in developing countries remains a problem that has not been overcome, and past research based on a trial-and-error approach has not solved the problem. In this study, a questionnaire was constructed and distributed to the people of Jordan. People were asked to indicate what motivates them to use the litter bins. The motivators were divided into intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators. The responses to the questionnaire were statistically analysed according to the score for each motivator and the responders' attributes. The highest level intrinsic motivators were the 'sense of morals and ethics' and 'following the way they were raised'. The highest impact of extrinsic motivators was the presence of children followed by increasing number of receptacles, being in a clean place and the presence of recycling programmes. Studying the respondents' attributes showed there are differences in people's responses to intrinsic motivators according to socio-demographical factors, while for extrinsic motivators these factors tend to diminish and people react almost the same. The results of this study can explain some of the differences in reported results in the literature on littering behaviour according to socio-demographic factors. To have an effective anti-littering approach in Jordan, the authorities should consider using a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. In the intrinsic motivators, the authorities should praise and remind people of their core values, morals and their children's behaviour and future. For the extrinsic motivators, the following descending order is suggested: convenient infrastructure, recycling programmes, anti-littering campaigns, rewards, penalties.

Risk-based assessment and criteria specification of the microbial safety of wastewater reuse in food processing: Managing Listeria monocytogenes contamination in pasteurized fluid milk

Intense pressure on water resources has led to efforts to reuse reclaimed processing wastewater for cleaning purposes in food processing plants. The milk industry produces considerable amounts of wastewater, which can be used for cleaning of equipment after appropriate treatment. However, due to naturally occurring microbiological contamination in raw milk, the wastewater is often contaminated, and therefore the reuse of reclaimed wastewater is perceived as risky. This study aims to quantify the risks of Listeria monocytogenes infection and associated disease burden when wastewater reclaimed from milk processing operations is used in cleaning-in-place (CIP) systems for pasteurized fluid milk production following a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach. Furthermore, this study aims to inform risk-based tolerable limits for levels of contamination in CIP water based on a public health target of 10−6 DALY per person annually. The suggested model investigates the passage of L. monocytogenes throughout the fluid milk chain, from receipt of raw milk at the plant to the point of consumption and covering storage in receiving and storage tanks, pasteurization, and storage at retail and at home. Risk and disease burden estimates are simulated for general (younger than 65 years), elderly (65 years and older) and pregnant population subgroups. Additional scenarios covering the effect of using clean water, using water with different levels of contamination and using reclaimed wastewater modeled as recovered from cheese whey after membrane filtration (reclaimed water scenario) are considered to estimate a risk-based limit of contamination and simulate a real-life example. The tolerable limit of contamination in CIP water was estimated as −2 log10 CFU/mL to ensure the protection of the most vulnerable subgroup, pregnant women, while higher limits were estimated for the elderly and general subgroups. Under the reclaimed water scenario, the annual number of listeriosis cases was estimated as 3.36, 5.67, and 0.15 for the general, elderly and pregnant population subgroups, respectively, while in the clean water scenario, the estimates were 3.33, 5.56 and 0.15, respectively. In both scenarios, the DALY estimates were lower than the tolerable limit. The results indicate that reclaimed water can be an alternative to potable water for CIP applications.

WASTEWATER REUSE IN THE CLEAN IN PLACE PROCESS OF A BEVERAGE INDUSTRY

Clean in Place is a hygiene process widely used in the food industry, as it establishes operational safety, reduces costs of water consumption, chemicals and energy, as well as it ensures safety and quality in the final product for the consumer. The Clean in Place process follows a standard operation, however the application of the system and procedures are individually designed for each process, according to its needs. In general, Clean in Place consists of water and chemical tanks, feed and return pumps, heat exchangers, conductivity sensors and temperature gauges. The present work addresses an industrial scale study using data from a food industry located in southern Brazil. The objective of this work consisted of the minimization of water consumption and effluent disposal by reusing water in process stages. In addition, it was intended to reduce detergent consumption and total process time through adjustments in detergent concentration, and time reduction in some system steps. The proposed wastewater reuse reduced the consumption of water and effluents discharged by 32.75%, detergent consumption by 37.5% and process time by 34%.

Symbolic (image) capital of Perm region cities: semantic approach to assessment of quality of the urban environment

An important role in the development of the territory is the ability to identify its unique features and form a positive image of the place. Semantic analysis of urban space allows to solve the problem: to find attractive and unattractive features of the city and to give recommendations on creation of a unique brand of the territory. The study is based on the results of a survey of students of Perm universities: showing their attitude to a particular city and the idea of an ideal urban space. Opinions of respondents were distributed on a 3-point scale of diametrically opposite qualitative characteristics of the urban environment, for example, compact - extensive, bright - dim, etc. In addition, the population assessed the urbanized spaces of the Perm Territory on the basis of its cognitive perception by other senses (the categories “taste”, “color”, “sound”, “smell”). Semantic analysis allowed to form an idea about the cities of Perm Krai as relatively comfortable and positive, but not enough bright, clean, friendly and green places. Other parameters of the urban environment were identified, which made it possible to give recommendations on the formation of a favorable image (brand) of urban settlements in the Perm Territory. The attraction of the population to a much green, clean and quiet urban space demonstrates the trend of greening and ruralization of citizens. Semantic analysis allows to give a subjective assessment of the place and to indicate the prospects of increasing its symbolic capital, using diametrically opposed characteristics of the territory. A positive feature of the technique is the possibility of its application to each territory.

Structured-light modulation analysis technique for contamination and defect detection of specular surfaces and transparent objects.

With the rapid development of electronic industry, higher and higher requirements are placed on the surface quality of optical components in electronic devices. Structured-Light Modulation Analysis Technique (SMAT) was recently proposed to detect the contamination and defects on specular surfaces. In this paper, the proposed mechanisms and mathematical models of SMAT are analyzed and established based on the theory of photometry and the optical characteristics of contamination and defects for the first time. What's more, a novel transmission system adopting SMAT is especially designed for the defect detection of transparent objects. For both reflection and transmission system, simulations and experiments were conducted, and comparative studies with uniform planar illumination were also carried out. Simulations on the influence of incident light source region showed that SMAT can eliminate the interference of ambient light while uniform planar illumination technique cannot. Experiments on samples with specular surface and transparent material demonstrated that the modulation values at the contamination and defects are much less than that at clean and intact place, and defects and contaminations were clearly distinguished based on SMAT, while they were almost indiscernible with uniform planar illumination. Therefore, SMAT can be applied to the whole-field inspection of optical components in industrial environments.

Staphylococcus aureus and Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria Quantification in Hygienization Process of Milking Equipment

Background:Milk’s composition is an excellent substrate for microorganism’s multiplication. Presence of Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic bacteria are one of the most common problems in dairy farms. On dairy industry’s and milk farms Clean in Place (CIP) system higyenization are commonly used, then the cleaning occurs as a closed process, for better results sanitizans are applied, in order to obtain a safety food. This project aim to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic bacteria reduction after two milking higyenization process. Materials, Methods &amp; Results:This research was done on a Rio Grande do Sul North Milk farm, with mechanized milking and Clean in Place system for cleaning. For liners and CIP tubes higyenization commercial products as Sodium Hipoclorite 3% and phosphoric acid 11.3% are used for detergency, and peracetic acid 5% for sanitization. Milk bunk tank are higyenized with sodium hypoclorite 3.8% alcalin detergent. After higyenization steps liners, CIP’s water process, bulk milk tank and milk set were collected. At process 1, liners and CIP water were collected after milking, detergency and sanitization that occurred immediately at the detergency’s finish, while process 2 the sanitization was realized 8 h after detergency, before following milking. Cooling milk bulk tank was collected before and after detergency, and milk set after milkings Convencional microbiology were used to count and results in log10 UFC.cm-2. In CIP water’s after process 1 was 3.81 log10 reduction to aerobic mesophilic bacteria (P &gt; 0.05) and reducing 4.51 log10 (P = 0.03). Meanwhile there was no significant reduction for mesophilic aerobic bacteria and S. aureus on the others samples (liners, bulk milk tank and milk set).Discussion: This results show the maintenance of milking machine contamination, and that even bacterial load reduced among hygienization steps this was not significant, suggesting that deteriorate and pathogenic microorganisms can remain on milk produced. Highlights are teat taps of milking machine as the major cause of contamination among cows. The results are worrying because Staphylococcus aureus contamination, once this bacteria causes alimentar diseases, even after higyenization process, which can damage public health that can reflect milk chain economically. Since amount of this microorganism found in milk is already sufficient to synthesize enterotoxins. In addition, resistance to disinfectants is another concern, as it may result in resistance to antimicrobial agents. So reduction of bacteria level among cleaning steps there was no significance, once the products and equipments on dairy and farms act as a constant elimination point of deteriorate and pathogenic microorganisms for the final product, milk. With this studies aim to aprimorate hygienization process on milk chain, in order to obtain a hygienic sanitary good product.