Form Of Clean Energy Research Articles

Long-Term Maximum and Minimum Temperature Projections Over Metro Vancouver, Canada

Evident climate change has been observed and projected in observation records and General Circulation Models (GCMs), respectively. This change is expected to reshape current seasonal variability; the degree varies between regions. High-resolution climate projections are thereby necessary to support further regional impact assessment. In this study, a gated recurrent unit-based recurrent neural network statistical downscaling model is developed to project future temperature change (both daily maximum temperature and minimum temperature) over Metro Vancouver, Canada. Three indexes (i.e., coefficient of determinant, root mean square error, and correlation coefficient) are estimated for model validation, indicating the developed model’s competitive ability to simulate the regional climatology of Metro Vancouver. Monthly comparisons between simulation and observation also highlight the effectiveness of the proposed downscaling method. The projected results (under one model set-up, WRF-MPI-ESM-LR, RCP 8.5) show that both maximum and minimum temperature will consistently increase between 2,035 and 2,100 over the 12 selected meteorological stations. By the end of this century, the daily maximum temperature and minimum temperature are expected to increase by an average of 2.91°C and 2.98°C. Nevertheless, with trivial increases in summer and significant rises in winter and spring, the seasonal variability will be reduced substantially, which indicates less energy requirement over Metro Vancouver. This is quite favorable for Metro Vancouver to switch from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable and clean forms of energy. Further, the cold extremes’ frequency of minimum temperature will be reduced as expected; however, despite evident warming trend, the hot extremes of maximum temperature will become less frequent.

Clean Production of Biofuel from Waste Cooking Oil to Reduce Emissions, Fuel Cost, and Respiratory Disease Hospitalizations

Renewable energies are cleaner forms of energy, and their use, has intensified in recent decades. Thus, this work presents a proposal for reducing the emissions, fuel cost, and respiratory disease hospitalizations using environmental cost accounting principles to produce biodiesel production from waste frying oil. In our methodology, we conducted surveys, and collected waste cooking oil samples from local households and restaurants in São Paulo city, Brazil. Then, we produced biodiesel using these samples. Data on air pollutants were collected and correlated with the number of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases and their costs. Our results indicate that 330,000 respiratory disease hospitalizations were recorded in São Paulo city between 2009 and 2018, and the total cost for the Brazilian government reached US $117 million. Improving the city air quality by switching from fossil fuels to biodiesel could reduce the annual number of hospitalizations to 9880 and cost US $3.518 million, because the amount of pollutants emitted from burning fossil fuels was positively correlated with the number of respiratory disease hospitalizations and their costs. Moreover, the emission rates of particulate matter with particles less than 10 and 2.5 µm in diameter exceeded the World Health Organization limits throughout the study period. Using the survey data, we estimated that the average monthly quantity of waste cooking oil was 9794.6 m3, which could generate 9191.2 m3 of biodiesel and produce 239,713 t CO2 of carbon credits. Environmental cost accounting revealed that it would be possible to achieve an annual profit of approximately US $300 million from the sale of excess biodiesel, carbon credits, and glycerine, and fuel acquisition savings which could improve the image of São Paulo city and quality of life of its residents. Thus, we present this as a way to reduce cost and hospitalizations, and increase the number of available hospital beds for other diseases, such as COVID-19.

Could Tokamaks Be the Vaccine for the Climate Change Pandemic?

The replacement of the burning of fossil fuels in power plants with other forms of clean energy, for example, that of a tokamak fusion reactor employing the deuterium-tritium cycle, like ITER, would contribute enormously to the mitigation of climate change. Unfortunately, for such a type of fusion reactor, we expect the neutrons, which carry 80% of the fusion power with energies seven times larger than those of neutrons of fission reactors, to cause serious radiation damage with possible fracture of the blanket modules and the reactor wall. Hence, before contemplating the use of tokamaks for replacing fossil fuels of conventional power plants, we need a thorough investigation of the damage caused by neutrons in high-power tokamak reactors. Unfortunately, ITER will not provide any exhaustive information since it is neither a high power density tokamak nor a reactor. However, a rise in toroidal magnetic field by a factor of 2 would bring the fusion power of ITER to 8 GW and allow an investigation of the damage caused by neutrons to internal components and the reactor wall.

Dirty to clean energy: Exploring ‘oil and gas majors transitioning'

This paper provides a conceptual context for exploring how oil and gas majors can shift from dirty fuels to clean energy forms. This energy evolution has become critical as climate change concerns challenge oil and gas corporations' future existence. In these socio-technical milieus, the Danish Oil and Natural Gas Company (DONG Energy) has evolved from a fossil-dominated undertaking to a green energy company, Ørsted. Thus, the paper introduces the concept of 'oil and gas majors transitioning' (OGMT), situates it within the 'energy transition' and 'energy transition governance' normative frameworks, applies it to the evolutionary journey of Ørsted as a case study, and provides insights on how other fossil fuel undertakings can also govern a possible transition to a green energy economy. The study suggests that mainstream oil and gas companies have great potential to transition to clean energy portfolios by optimising organizational steering, technical leverage, and intra- and inter-industry synergies. However, policy support from petroleum-producing host states remains pivotal to the success of OGMT.

How States Can Drive the Next Era of Climate Management in India: Perspectives in Mainstreaming Climate Actions from Gujarat

At the September 2019 UN climate action summit, India vowed to upscale its climate action by focusing on a low carbon pathway through renewables and other forms of clean energy, adopting sustainable mobility, preserving water, and securing finances for this transition. Implementing and up scaling these actions form an influential agenda under India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement. The emphasis on national determination and its success strongly hinges on the ambition of the states and the seriousness it has for driving climate actions. The initial step is to streamline such activities at sub-national levels to achieve climate change goals. Indian states, like countries, are too at different starting points with dissimilarities in their economic and developmental interests. Climate priorities took center stage for a few states, while many others have not been too aspirational due to misplaced prerogatives and differing capabilities. Thus, a pertinent question which arises is, could cross-pollination of ideas and innovations push states for concrete climate actions? This paper discusses a few prominent initiatives from the progressive state of Gujarat that could facilitate the exchange of climate measures in other states.

Comparative Analysis of AC and DC Distribution System with Respect to Harmonic Distortion Considering Daily Load Profile

Electrical energy is the most efficient and the cleanest form of energy at the moment that is being transmitted and distributed amongst end-users. From its earlier days, the AC system was preferred as an economical solution for transmission and distribution. However, the development in the power electronics technology and the evolution of highly efficient power electronic converters have established the resurgence of DC power system. Furthermore, the trend is shifting towards DC loads as various energy efficient appliances, such as DC inverter air conditioners, operate on DC nowadays. This further advocates the shift towards the DC power system. This research works is an effort to perform the comparative analysis of AC Distribution System (ACDS) and DC Distribution System (DCDS), with regards to power quality and harmonic distortion in particular. The comparison is performed considering load profile and load variation on daily basis. Simulations are performed in MATLAB. It has been concluded at the end that ACDS is better than DCDS in terms of power quality as total harmonic distortion of the DCDS under the same loading and same load variation during the whole day was significantly higher than that of ACDS.

Selecting optimal site for solar photovoltaic plant in Ikwerre L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria

Erratic power supply is a serious problem to most part of Rivers State, Nigeria in general and Ikwerre Local Government Area in particular. This situation does not only halt social and economic development of the area but has also given birth to other social vices such as arm robbery, kidnapping, and other criminal activities. Renewable energy is an alternative form of energy aim at alleviating the problems of erratic power supply. It is generally considered as the cleanest form of energy. Solar photovoltaic is a type of renewable energy which derived its energy from the sun. The construction of solar plant requires the selection of suitable location for the generation of optimal energy. The purpose of the study is to determine suitable locations in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State to site solar photovoltaic plant using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) in ESRI’s ArcGIS. The dataset used for the determination of the optimal sites include; solar radiation and slope map produced from digital terrain model (DTM), pipeline, road network, land use/ cover map, soil map, and settlement. The datasets were converted to raster and reclassed into six classes for the purpose of data integration. The datasets were weighted according to their relative importance in the weighted overlay tool. Solar radiation has the highest percentage influence 40, followed by proximity to pipeline and road network which are 15 each. The model produced four suitability classes ranging from poorly suitable to highly suitable class. Highly suitable class has an area of 10139.87ha with 548 polygons, representing 15.78% of the study area. Further analysis was carried out using highly suitable class and settlement layer, it was found that three (3) optimal sites were obtained as most suitable for sitting solar plant. The three polygons were located in the region with very high solar radiation, accessible to road and away from built-up areas. The above results suggest the usefulness of GIS in site selection, particularly in sitting solar photovoltaic plant. It is recommended that further study should include transmission line which was completely omitted in this analysis due to inability to get the shapefile from the ministry of power.

Parameter estimation of photovoltaic models using an improved marine predators algorithm

The abundance of solar energy as one of the clean energy forms offers a great advantage as an alternative to non-renewable energy sources. The photovoltaic system is a promising technology that directly converts sunlight into a direct current. Parameter estimation of photovoltaic systems is a challenging task that has a significant influence on the efficiency of these systems. Most of the existing methods employed for identifying parameters of photovoltaic systems suffer from high computing burdens, fall into local optima, or struggle with the intricate adjustment required of the algorithm parameters to provide the best performance. This paper, therefore, proposes an improved algorithm based on the new metaheuristic marine predators algorithm to extract the optimal values of photovoltaic parameters. The improved marine predators algorithm employs a population improvement strategy to enhance the quality of the solutions by utilizing two different ways to handle the solutions inside the population-based on the population mean fitness. The location of a high-quality solution is improved using an adaptive mutation operation, while the location of a low-quality solution is updated according to the location of the best-obtained solution and the location of a good solution selected from the population. A good solution is chosen from the first half of the population after sorting its solutions in ascending order. The results of several experiments show the superior performance of the proposed algorithm compared to existing algorithms on a range of photovoltaic models. The results show that the proposed algorithm is highly correlated with the measured current–voltage data so that it can offer a useful alternative for parameter estimation of photovoltaic models.

Evaluating the impact of the Clean Heat Program on air pollution levels in New York City

Background: Residual heating oil combustion has been consistently linked to adverse health effects. In 2012, New York City established a series of policies known as the Clean Heat Program to eliminate the use of residual heating oil and move towards cleaner forms of energy. We aim to evaluate the outcomes of these policies by assessing the association between fuel conversion and reduction in the concentrations of air pollutants from 2012 to 2016, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).Methods: We used linear regression models and Lagrange Multiplier (LM) tests to assess spatial autocorrelation and select the appropriate spatial autoregressive (SAR) model. Spatial lag models at the census tract level were used to investigate the association between fuel conversion and changes in the concentration of three air pollutants, adjusting for emissions from on-road vehicles, building age, and median household income. To address the potential equity concerns of the Clean Heat Program, we also evaluated whether household income in quartiles, as a surrogate for neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES), modified these relationships.Results: After controlling for spatial autocorrelation and potential confounders, on average, for every 10 buildings that converted from heating oil #6 to cleaner fuels, we observed statistically significant reductions of 0.28 ppb (95%CI: 0.22, 0.34) in SO2, 0.12 µg/m3 (95%CI: 0.09, 0.15) in PM2.5, and 0.29 ppb (95%CI: 0.17, 0.41) in NO2. Although we did not observe evidence of statistical modification by SES, pollutant decreases were largest for the lowest and highest SES quartiles.Conclusions: Converting heating oil #6 to cleaner fuels was effective in reducing SO2, PM2.5, and NO2. The Clean Heat Program appears to have been effective for individuals at both low- and high-income levels. Future work should continue to evaluate the impact of targeted policies on air pollution.

Fault Analysis and Reduction of Harmonics of Three-Level Three Wire and Four-Wire Neutral Point Clamped Inverter using PWM Switching Technique

Energy generation through wind and solar is increasing with the rising interest in the renewable and clean form of energy. Due to energy crises, the world is shifting from nonrenewable energy resources to renewable energy resources. Renewable energy resources are the green and eco-friendly sources and do not affect the climate like the other fossil fuels. Renewable fuels gain popularity due to their sustainability and low carbon emission. To get energy from renewable energy sources, well-defined mechanisms and control devices must be needed. Therefore, the reliability and stability of the system are required. The inverter is one of the tools which have a significant contribution to controlling the operation of the energy conversion system. The inverter is an accessory that changes a Direct Current (DC) source into an Alternative (AC) source. By using that AC source, we can easily derive AC appliances and drive the loads. To gain more power or to derive large power motors whose power ratings are up to several kilo/Megawatts, we need multi-level inverters. One of the types of multi-level inverters is the Neutral Point Clamped inverter (NPC). NPC inverters are used where considerable power is required, such as of several megawatts. The main contribution of this research paper is to design the three levels of neutral point clamped inverters by using the Pulse width Modulation (PWM) and Space Vector Modulation (SVM) Techniques.

Review on Unconventional Wind Energy

Fossil fuel is the major source of energy and is a fast depleting resource. The phenomenal increase in fossil fuel consumption has adversely affected carbon footprint impacting our environment. With strict environmental regulations in place, the focus towards renewable sources of energy is gaining momentum supported by recent advancement in technologies in wind, hydro and solar. Wind turbines were the first forms of clean energy has seen a major increase in power production. The site restrictions, have limited the wind turbine from being used to its maximum potential. In recent years, the concept of some unconventional methods is being proposed. In this review, the various types of wind turbines are emphasized with their recent advances and depicting the challenges faced in various aspects. The reviews contain details mainly about 4 types of wind turbines i.e. floating offshore wind turbine, airborne wind turbine, highway wind turbine systems and locomotive mounted wind turbine.

Observational Study on the Impact of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Development in Deserts on Local Air Temperature and Humidity

As an important form of clean energy, photovoltaic (PV) power generation is entering a rapid development phase. Qinghai, China is located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It has sufficient sunlight and rich heat and light resources, includes a large area of the Gobi Desert, and has become China’s largest base for PV power generation. However, large-scale PV development in deserts changes the local surface energy distribution and impacts local microclimates. This study considered the Gonghe PV Power Plant in Qinghai as an example. Three monitoring stations were set up in the PV power plant, transition, and reference areas, and the influence of large-scale PV developments on the local air temperature and humidity was studied based on long-term, multi-point field observation data. The results showed that the overall daytime air temperature in the PV power plant had changed slightly (increased and decreased), while the night-time temperature dropped significantly. Specifically, in spring and summer, the daytime temperature increased slightly, with a maximum increase of 0.34 °C; in autumn and winter, the daytime temperature decreased slightly, with a maximum decrease of 0.26 °C; in all seasons, the night-time temperature decreased, with a maximum decrease of 1.82 °C during the winter night. The relative humidity in the PV power plant generally increased; except for a slight decrease in summer, the daytime and night-time relative humidity in spring, autumn, and winter always increased. The humidification in winter was the most significant, with increases of 5.00% and 4.76% for the transition and reference areas, respectively. The diurnal air temperature and relative humidity ranges in the PV power plant were greater than those outside the PV power plant. The results obtained in this field observation study could serve as a basis for quantitative evaluation of the microclimate effects of large-scale PV development in deserts and provide technical support for guiding the future planning and development of the PV industry.

Cleaner extraction of alumina from coal fly ash: Baking-electrolysis method

Clean and efficient extraction of aluminum hydroxide from coal fly ash has environmental and economic benefits. The current study mainly aimed to develop an efficient and nonhazardous baking-electrolysis process to extract aluminum hydroxide from coal fly ash. During acid baking, the important parameters that affect aluminum, iron, and calcium leaching efficiency were studied. The maximum leaching efficiency of aluminum reached 86.8% (iron leaching efficiency was 61.0% and calcium leaching efficiency was 83.0%) under the optimal conditions of T = 200 °C, t (acid baking) = 90 min, and t (ball milling) = 5 min. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and laser granulometry were used to investigate the mineralogy phases, microstructures, particle size distributions, and the mechanism of the acid baking process. X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy results revealed that aluminum hydroxide with porous plate-like structures was the main electrolytic product. The electrolysis mechanism was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry. This method offers the advantages of reusing the effluent after electrolysis, and the hydrogen product is a clean form of energy. Thus, the proposed baking-electrolysis process provides a promising technique as an efficient and potential zero-waste integrated process for sustainable valorization of coal fly ash.

Effects of dust, soiling, aging, and weather conditions on photovoltaic system performances in a Saharan environment—Case study in Algeria

Solar photovoltaic (PV) power represents one of the most promising future sources of energy in the world. Considered the cleanest form of energy, extensive research is being undertaken to widen its use. Notably, mega projects are being considered for installation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region because of its high solar potential, with hopes of eventually feeding Europe from the PV electricity generated in this region and transported through high voltage direct current (DC) lines. However, current implementation of PV systems has shown that their reliability and efficiency depend upon surrounding environmental factors, such as the ambient temperature, wind, and rainfall, as well as soiling, pollution, and aging. The aim of this study was to investigate, through experimental tests, the effects of such factors on the power output of a grid connected PV station. The results showed that the output power and efficiency are deeply affected by various environmental factors, which are weather dependent. These findings may help us develop appropriate solutions to overcome these drawbacks.

Electrochemical oxidation of paraben compounds and the effects of byproducts on neuronal activity

Some organic recalcitrant compounds are not degraded by conventional water treatment systems, making necessary the use of advanced technologies to eliminate these substances. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been extensively proposed to remove emerging contaminants aiming potable water reuse, but literature barely addresses neurotoxic effects of AOPs residual byproducts. These processes involve high costs associated with the electricity, maintenance and oxidizing agent used. However, electrochemical AOPs are techniques based on electron transfer, thus being a clean form of energy and very efficient in the degradation of organic pollutants. Parabens are naturally found in plant sources but most are chemically synthesized, requiring careful treatment to not disturb the environment. In this study, a mixture of parabens (10 mg L−1 each) was degraded by an electrochemical oxidation (EO) system with a Ti/Pt anode. Some parameters, such as the current density (25, 75 and 125 A m−2) and the electrolyte type and concentration (1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 g NaCl L−1 and 3.0 g Na2SO4 L−1) were changed. The best results were obtained with 125 A m−2 and 3.0 g NaCl L−1, which led to the complete degradation of the parabens present in the mixture, after 10 min. In addition to these studies neurotoxicity tests were also performed using the solutions of interest, before and after the EO treatment. It was observed, using the reactive oxygen species (ROS) fluorescent indicator H2DCFDA, that the non-treated solution caused an increase in ROS formation with a signal amplitude of 0.84 ± 0.20 above the baseline. After the EO process the parabens mixture did not lead to a significant ROS change.The solution to bridge the problem of high electricity costs may be replacing it with solar energy, low cost catalysts and other treatment processes involving renewable and eco-friendly energy.

Modeling and simulation of pitch controlled FRP material based horizontal axis wind turbine system to extract maximum power

Wind energy is clean form of energy which is abundantly available. A great deal of study has been carried out lately in order to utilize the wind energy available on a large scale as it does not affect the environment and it is a sustainable source of energy. The modelling and simulation of wind turbine system supports mainly in improving the design and performance of the wind turbine. In the past few years, MATLAB©-Simulink© became one of the most common software, which is important for modelling, and simulation of dynamic systems. The use of MATLAB© in modelling and simulation of dynamic real-world systems is unprecedented. As the MATLAB© provides graphical interface, it gives clear picture about the performance of wind turbine in a real-world scenario and model accordingly. In this study, a horizontal axis wind turbine with variable pitch mechanism is considered and simulated it in MATLAB©-Simulink© by varying the wind speed and pitch angle. The active power output of the turbine varies with the wind speed and the angle of attack (β). Based on the results, it is found out, the optimum characteristics of wind turbine like pitch angle and turbine speed is obtained at various wind speed. Therefore, by simulating and analysing the results, it is found out that the maximum active power output of the turbine is achieved at the optimum pitch angle.

Efficient biohydrogen and advanced biofuel coproduction from municipal solid waste through a clean process

The cleanest form of energy, i.e., biohydrogen, and advanced biofuel, i.e., biobutanol, were produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Ethanol as a byproduct of this process was used for the pretreatment of this substrate, and this pretreatment was improved by other process byproducts, i.e., acetic acid and butyric acid. The pretreatment was conducted with 85% ethanol and 0–1% (w/w) acetic/butyric acid at 120 and 160 °C for 30 min. The pretreatment catalyzed by 1% (w/w) acetic acid at 120 °C resulted in a hydrolysate with 49.8 g/L total fermentable sugars, which was fermented to the highest overall yield of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) and hydrogen. Through this process, 114.1 g butanol, 43.8 g acetone, 15.1 g ethanol, 97.5 L hydrogen were obtained from each kg of OFMSW, producing 270 g ABE and 151 L H2 from each kg of substrate, corresponding to 6000 kJ energy production.

Highly flexible all-nonwoven piezoelectric generators based on electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Acoustic energy is a sustainable and clean form of energy that is always being generated and wasted in our environment. Acoustic energy harvesting technology is a very promising substitute for fossil fuels and can serve as a suitable power supply for small electronic devices, owing to the high efficiency of piezoelectric devices. Thus, many studies have investigated the conversion of sound energy into electricity for power generation. In this study, we successfully fabricated an all-nonwoven polymer-based piezoelectric generator with a high acoustic energy conversion efficiency and high flexibility. A dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was sprayed onto electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) webs to produce flexible and durable electrodes. The thickness and flexibility of the PVDF web used as the active piezoelectric layer were controlled by the spinning time. The effect of flexibility on frequency response, sound pressure response, output power, and energy harvesting characteristics was investigated by observing sound wave-induced vibration behavior and evaluating the output characteristics of the generators. The all-nonwoven polymer-based generator with the highest flexibility showed the highest output voltage overall due to its excellent vibration characteristics. Due to its effectiveness and durability suitable for acoustic energy harvesting, this all-nonwoven polymer-based generator can be useful for a wide range of applications, such as wearable electronics and large area flexible devices.

Optimization of Energy Recovery from Cellulosic Wastewater Using Mesophilic Single-Stage Bioreactor

The efficiency of single-stage biohythane production from synthetic cellulosic wastewater under mesophilic temperature was investigated. A lab-scale continuously stirred tank reactor was conducted at a hydraulic retention time of 10 days using mixed microflora without pretreatment. The experimental results show that a stable methane and hydrogen yields of 18.2 ± 0.16 and 5.6 ± 0.31 L/kg VS were maintained for 240 days, respectively with acetate/butyrate ratio of 0.39 as the main byproducts. Based on COD mass balance, more than 45% of the decomposed COD converted to bio-hythane, which means that the setting temperature 37 °C and pH improved the conditions of degradation efficiency. The energy recovery calculations indicated that the total net energy was 4.54 MJ/m3 of cellulosic wastewater. This work contributes to the limited knowledge on continuous cellulosic-hythane conversion into a safe and clean form of energy.

Students’ Applying STEM Knowledge in Learning on the STS-STEM Education Wave Learning Unit

This study aims to explore Grade 11 activity of student on Science Technology Engineering Mathematics (STEM) with the integration of learning about wave based on Science Technology Society (STS) approach [8]. The participants were 50 students in Demonstration Secondary School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. The methodology is in the respect of interpretive paradigm. The teaching and learning about wave through STS approach carried out over 5 weeks. The Wave unit through STS approach was developed based on framework that consists of five stages including (1) identification of social issues, (2) identification of potential solutions, (3) need for knowledge, (4) decision making, and (5) socialization stage. To start with, the question “How to change wave energy to electricity” was challenged in the class in order to improve students to find the problem of how to design wave energy to electricity from Clean Energy form force wave. Students were accepted to apply scientific and other knowledge to design of wave energy to electricity. Activity of students on STEM were collected during their learning by participant’ observation and students’ tasks. Them did on STEM were classified when they applied their knowledge for designing the wave energy to electricity. The findings indicated that students cooperatively work to solve the problem when applying knowledge about the content of Science and Mathematics and processing skill of Technology and Engineering. It showed activity that students held the integration of science, technology, engineering and mathematics to design their possible solutions in learning about wave energy to electricity. The paper also discusses implications for science teaching and learning through STS in Thailand.