Clean Cotton Research Articles

Effects of Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Fluoride Paste on White Spots Lesions during Orthodontic Treatment: One Year Follow Up- Tooth Mousse GC in White Spot during Orthodontic Treatment

The effects of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) paste on the remineralization of white spot lesions, evaluated clinically (Nyvad Index) and by standard photography's. The aim of the study was analyses clinically, the effect of Tooth Mouse in orthodontic patients with active white scores. During orthodontic treatment, 12 patients with 134 white spot lesions, using Nyvad criteria and clinical photos were taken in order to confirm the diagnostic criteria. The patients were oriented to apply tooth mouse before going to sleep, after brushing the teeth, with a clean dry finger or cotton tip and leaved for 3 minutes and expectorate but not washed. The Patients were reexamined at three and six months after the mouse use of tooth mosse. Nyvad Scores 1:112 faces (83,6%); 2=14 faces (10,4%); 3=6 faces (4,5%); 5=2 faces (1,5%). The active white spots, were more frequent in score 1, when compared to scores 2, 3 and 5, significant at 1%. Score 2, had significative differences towards score 5. The active white spots, were more frequent in score 1, when compared to scores 2, 3 and 5, significant at 1%. Score 2, had significative differences towards score 5. After three month, from the 118 white spot lesions, the majority of them inactivated 114 (96, 61%), became inactive, while 4 remain active. The scores achieved after three month remain stable till one year evaluation. Tooth mouse, used topically in Brazilian patients, during orthodontic treatment, was effective in remineralizing white spots over one year period.

Knowledge and practice of primary eye care among primary healthcare workers in northern Nigeria.

To assess knowledge and practice of primary eye care among primary healthcare workers known as community health extension workers in Funtua district of Nigeria. Cross-sectional mixed method study among health workers employed in government-owned primary healthcare facilities. Quantitative data were obtained using self-administered questionnaires and checklists, while qualitative data by modified Delphi technique, role plays and observation. A score of 1 was given for each correct answer, while a total score of ≥60% was considered 'good'. Eighty three of 88 health workers participated (94%) in the questionnaire survey; while 16 of them were selected for the qualitative survey. Good scores regarding the knowledge of common eye diseases were obtained by 68.7%, but only 26.4% of them could identify their most important features. Participants could undertake 3 of 5 steps in visual acuity testing. Skills in recognising common eye diseases and their management were weak; while practice was often not according to the guidelines. Community health extension workers displayed good knowledge of common eye diseases. Areas of weakness are recognition and interpretation of eye signs, and practice rarely follows the guidelines. Preventive medicine was neglected; community health extension workers require practical retraining and supervision to achieve integration of primary eye care into primary healthcare services.

Characterization of hazardous and odorous volatiles emitted from scented candles before lighting and when lit

Scented candles are known to release various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including both pleasant aromas and toxic components both before lighting (off) and when lit (on). In this study, we explored the compositional changes of volatiles from scented candles under various settings to simulate indoor use. Carbonyl compounds and other VOCs emitted from six different candle types were analyzed under ‘on/off’ conditions. The six candle types investigated were: (1) Clean cotton (CT), (2) Floral (FL), (3) Kiwi melon (KW), (4) Strawberry (SB), (5) Vanilla (VN), and (6) Plain (PL). Although a large number of chemicals were released both before lighting and when lit, their profiles were noticeably distinguishable. Before lighting, various esters (n=30) showed the most dominant emissions. When lit, formaldehyde was found to have the highest emission concentration of 2098ppb (SB), 1022ppb (CT), and 925ppb (PL). In most lit scented candles, there was a general tendency to show increased concentrations of low boiling point compounds. For some scented candle products, the emission of volatiles occurred strongly both before lighting and when lit. For instance, in terms of TVOC (ppbC), the highest concentrations were observed from the KW product with their values of 12,742 (on) and 2766 ppbC (off). As such, the results suggest that certain scented candle products should act as potent sources of VOC emission in indoor environment, regardless of conditions – whether being lit or not.

Synthesis, film morphology, and performance of cationic fluorinated polyacrylate emulsion with core‐shell structure

AbstractA novel cationic fluorinated polyacrylate emulsion (CFBDH) was prepared by polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) with butyl acrylate (BA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM), and 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate (HpA) via seeded emulsion polymerization. Chemical structure, particle morphology, glass transition temperature, and thermal property of resultant CFBDH were characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, TEM, DSC, and TGA, respectively. The as‐synthesized product was utilized to treat the clean glass sheet and cotton fabric substrates, then morphology, components, hydrophobicity, and other performances of films on those substrates were investigated by SEM, AFM, XPS, and contact angle meter, etc. Results show that the target product possesses anticipative structure and its latex particles have uniform spherical core‐shell structure with an average diameter of 126 nm. The core‐shell CFBDH latex film thus has two Tg and its thermal property has been improved due to the introduction of fluorine‐containing acrylate monomer. The CFBDH film on cotton fabric surface seems to be smooth compared to the blank by SEM. However, the CFBDH film on silicon‐wafer is inhomogeneous and has many low or high peaks. At 2 nm data scale and in 1 μm2 scanning field, the root mean square roughness of CFBDH film reaches to 0.205 nm. XPS analysis indicates the perfluoroalkyl groups have the tendency to enrich at the film‐air interface. In addition, CFBDH can provide good hydrophobicity for the treated fabric and do not influence whiteness of the treated fabric indeed. However it will make the treated fabric slightly stiff at high doses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Effects of Nd:YAG (532 nm) laser radiation on ‘clean’ cotton

The use of pulsed laser radiation in order to remove small particles from a substrate has gained a growing interest in the last decade, finding applications in several fields ranging from the microcircuits industry to cultural heritage restoration and conservation. The application of such a technique requires the knowledge of the correct laser irradiation parameters to be used in order to obtain a desired result avoiding substrate damage. In this paper we have studied the effect of frequency-doubled (532 nm) Nd:YAG laser radiation on clean cotton samples. We have observed that ‘yellowing’ is present even at low fluences. This suggests that less invasive laser assisted particle removal techniques, some of which have already been proposed by different authors, must be considered.

Surface and Mechanical Property Measurements of H Technology Needle-Punched Nonwovens

The H 1 technology needle-punching process is a patented invention from Fehrer, AG. H 1 technology machinery is used to develop a set of polyester/cotton blended nonwoven substrates. A suitable protocol is developed to clean, process, and blend cotton with polyester fibers suitable for needle-punching on the needle-loom line. Results from the physical property measurements of the H 1 webs are reported in this paper. In addition, surface characteristics are studied using the sliding friction apparatus and scanning electron microscopy. Frictional properties are characterized by a newly derived simple friction factor.

Allele Frequencies for the 13 CODIS STR Loci in a Sample of Southern Croatians

Abstract Whole blood obtained by venipuncture was collected in EDTA vacutainer tubes from individuals attending Split Hospital, Split,Croatia. Blood was dried onto clean cotton cloth, sealed in individual plastic bags and transported to the United States for testing. Approximately 3 mm squares were extracted using Chelex (1). The DNA was not quantified. PCR amplification was performed using the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus™ and Cofiler™ PCR amplification kits (PE-Biosystems, Foster City, CA) following the manufacturer's protocol using 2 µL of sample. The amplified products were separated and detected using the ABI Prism™ 377 DNA sequencer (PE-Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Allele frequencies and goodness of fit tests were performed using Excel spread sheets. Each locus (n = 13) was tested for the following: Hardy-Weinberg Global Chi-square goodness of fit using all genotypes with expected values greater than 1.0, all other genotypes were pooled to form a residual class (df = number of genotypes minus the number of alleles)( p1); T statistic testing θ = 0 recommended by NRC 2 (2)(p2); and the Chi-square comparing expected and observed total homozygosity and heterozygosity (df = 1)(p3). The Bonferroni corrected threshold was 0.0038. No loci exceeded the Bonferroni threshold; only one locus (D8S1179) was significant (p (0.05) for one of three tests of deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to an excess of heterozygotes and deficiency of homozygotes prior to the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests.

Attraction of the predatory mites Typhlodromalus manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo to cassava plants infested by cassava green mite

AbstractThe attraction of the predatory mites, Typhlodromalus manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo, to the host plant‐spider mite complex, Manihot esculenta–Mononychellus tanajoa, was investigated with a Y‐tube olfactometer. Factors examined included predator starvation period, several combinations of cassava leaf biomass and initial M. tanajoa infestations, M. tanajoa‐damaged leaves with mites and/or their residues removed, M. tanajoa alone, and mechanically damaged cassava leaves. We found that females of T. manihoti and T. aripo were significantly attracted to M. tanajoa‐infested cassava leaves when the predators were starved for 2, 6, or 10 h. Satiated T. aripo was significantly attracted to infested cassava leaves whereas satiated T. manihoti did not discriminate between infested and non‐infested leaves. When a choice was given between either two or four leaves infested with 200 female M. tanajoa and an equivalent number of non‐infested leaves, 2 h‐starved T. manihoti and T. aripo were significantly attracted to each of the infested groups of cassava leaves. At a density of 12 female M. tanajoa per leaf on four leaves, 2 h‐starved T. manihoti was still attracted to M. tanajoa‐infested leaves whereas 2 h‐starved T. aripo was not attracted. When a choice was given between non‐infested cassava leaves and either infested leaves from which only M. tanajoa females had been removed, or infested leaves from which all M. tanajoa and their visible products (web, feces) had been wiped off, T. aripo preferred odors from both types of previously infested leaves. Typhlodromalus manihoti was only attracted to infested leaves from which the M. tanajoa females only had been removed. Finally, the two predators were not attracted to 400 female M. tanajoa on clean cotton wool or to mechanically wounded leaves. This supports the hypothesis that M. tanajoa damage induces volatile cues in cassava leaves that attract T. manihoti and T. aripo to M. tanajoa‐infested leaves.

Self‐Grooming as a Tactic Used by Prairie Voles Microtus ochrogaster to Enhance Sexual Communication

Observations of numerous mammals suggest males self‐groom more than females in response to the odours of opposite‐sex conspecifics. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that self‐grooming may be a tactic used by males to attract mates in prairie voles Microtus ochrogaster. In the first experiment, we measured the amounts of time voles self‐groomed during exposure either to male‐scented cotton bedding, female‐scented cotton bedding, or clean cotton bedding. Results from this experiment support the hypothesis and also show that female prairie voles self‐groom in response to odours of males. In addition, male prairie voles groom more in response to male odours than to female odours, suggesting that self‐grooming also serves a role in male–male competition. In the second experiment, male and female voles spent more time investigating scent marks of opposite‐sex conspecifics that recently self‐groomed at a higher rate than those of opposite‐sex conspecifics that self‐groomed at a lower rate. Female, but not male prairie voles, spent more time investigating scent marks of opposite‐sex conspecifics that self‐groomed at a high rate than those of same‐sex conspecifics that self‐groomed at a high rate. For prairie voles, self‐grooming may increase the detection of their scent marks by conspecifics. By self‐grooming, prairie voles may be attempting to attract opposite‐sex conspecifics, and males may also be attempting to deter encounters with male conspecifics.

GIN PROCESS CONTROL AND THE RESULTANT TEXTILE YARN AND KNIT FABRIC QUALITY

This article presents the effects of gin process control on textile processing and subsequent yarn and fabric quality. By comparing bales of cotton from the same module processed with and without gin process control, it was shown that mills could benefit significantly from the resulting improved yield and improved yarn quality. The results indicate a positive influence of gin process control through improved waste removal and yarn strength. For years, it has been the desire of spinners to obtain easy–to–clean cotton with low short fiber content without compromising fiber yield. For these and other reasons, a gin process control system was developed. The process control system was designed to help ginners minimize short fibers created at ginning, and to maintain trash particle size distributions that are more easily managed by the opening and cleaning equipment of the yarn mill. Fiber tests indicate improved length, length uniformity, short fiber content, and neps using gin process control.

Pheromones Elicit Equivalent Levels of Fos-Immunoreactivity in Prepubertal and Adult Male Syrian Hamsters

Male reproductive behavior in the Syrian hamster is dependent on both pheromones from the female and the presence of gonadal steroid hormones. The pheromones are contained within female hamster vaginal secretions (FHVS) and stimulate anogenital investigation and mounting by the male. Administration of testosterone to castrated male hamsters facilitates anogenital investigation, mounts, and intromissions in adults, but elicits only anogenital investigation in prepubertal males. One hypothesis for why the full complement of reproductive behaviors is not activated by testosterone in prepubertal males is that the neural processing of pheromonal cues encountered during anogenital investigation is different in juveniles and adults. In the present experiment, we investigated the influence of sexual maturity on Fos expression in response to FHVS in the male Syrian hamster. We predicted a greater increase in Fos-immunoreactivity after exposure to FHVS within the neural circuit mediating male reproductive behaviors in adult compared to prepubertal males. Intact adult and prepubertal males were exposed to either a clean cotton swab or a swab containing FHVS. We found that, compared to animals exposed to a clean cotton swab, both prepubertal and adult males exposed to FHVS have a greater amount of Fos-immunoreactivity within several brain nuclei comprising the neural circuit mediating male reproductive behavior. Furthermore, this Fos response was equivalent in the two age groups. These results suggest that the inability of the prepubertal male hamster to perform the full repertoire of male reproductive behaviors is not due to a lack of a neuronal activation in response to the pheromonal cues present in FHVS.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the spectral and electrical properties of clean NH3-mercerized cotton fabric strips

Several samples of native (untreated), mercerized prior to ammonia treatment and ammonia-treated Egyptian cotton fabric strips have been prepared. On these samples several measurements were carried out, including infrared and electronic absorption spectroscopy, temperature dependent DC electric conductivity measurements and γ-radiation exposure. Detailed accounts of the spectral properties and phase constitution of NH3-treated cotton celluloses were correlated with their electrical properties. Finally, the mechanism of electric conduction in NH3-treated Egyptian fabric strips was put forward and correlated for the first time with the spectral properties and phase constitution of cotton textiles.

The Effect of Rotor Fiber Groove Design on Trash Accumulation, End Breakage, and Yarn Properties1

The trash accumulation and end breakage from an experimental rotor with a narrow, deep V-type fiber groove was compared with that from a conventional rotor with a wider, rounded fiber groove. Then the trash accumulation and end breakage characteristics of experimental and conventional rotors with holes in the periphery were compared to those without holes, both with the trash cleaner in and out of operation. The V-type fiber groove had greater trash accumulation but fewer end breaks and appeared to yield stronger, more uniform yarn at high rotor speeds. Rotors with holes in the periphery were most effective in regards to rotor trash, end breakage, and yarn properties when spinning coarse counts from a relatively clean cotton.

Absence of the cotton dust/bract antigen in house dust, clean cotton fibers and cottonseed hulls and proteins

AbstractAqueous extracts of cotton dust and cotton bract induced the formation of antibodies in rabbits. The antisera cross‐reacted with both extracts as well as with extracts of stem, leaf, baled cotton, and gin trash. No reaction was obtained with extracts of cottonseed hulls, cottonseed proteins, noncontaminated cotton fibers, or house dust. None of the anitgens reacted with normal rabbit serum.

Clean Cotton: A Research Tool1

Small-scale studies in 1978 suggested that human FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) reactions and card-room dust levels were distinctly lower when clean cotton was processed through a model card room than when standard cotton was processed. Insufficient clean cotton was available from crop year 1978 to adequately replicate the test. Thus, in 1979, more than eight times the quantity of clean cotton for crop year 1978 was procured. The clean cotton was harvested in the unopened boll form, decontaminated, conditioned until opened, hand-picked, ginned with minimal equip ment, and protected from environmental contamination. In addition to the clean cotton, large quantities of cotton of other conditions were collected for comparison.

Conditioned olfactory aversion in the male Mongolian gerbil

Two experiments were conducted to investigate conditioned aversion to the odor of phenylacetic acid in the male Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). In Experiment 1, 60 subjects were exposed to a cotton swab coated with phenylacetic acid placed in the center of a 1-m-square open field for two 5-min sessions 48 h apart. Half of the subjects received an injection of LiCl immediately after Session 1, while the rest received saline. The LiCl subjects quickly learned to avoid the phenylacetic acid in Session 2, as demonstrated by significantly (p <.01) lower investigation time and frequency of approach, and longer latency to contact. In Experiment 2, 30 subjects were exposed to a clean cotton swab, and did not show any conditioned aversion. This research demonstrated that the conditioned aversion paradigm can be extended to olfactory aversion to phenylacetic acid in male gerbils.

Effect of Carding Conditions on Trash Release in Open-End Spinning

A mechanism is proposed for the observation that poor carding results in more trash release in open-end spinning. This fact is attributed to the differential size of tuftlets formed during carding. It is also noted that the combination of dirty cotton and good carding produces superior spinning performance to clean cotton and poor carding— i. e., better processing can partially offset deficiencies in the input material.

A kinetic study of fabric detergency

AbstractThe kinetics of soil removal were investigated under domestic laundry conditions by incorporating small swatches of four artificially soiled test fabrics into a standard load of clean cotton goods. This prevented soil redeposition from affecting the soil removal rate. Two runs were analyzed, one with an anionic and the other with a nonionic detergent. Assessment of the amount of soil remaining on the fabric was made by reflectivity measurements interpreted according to the Kubelka‐Munk equation. First‐order kinetics were found to prevail for periods ranging from the first 6 min of the wash cycle to the entire 20 min, depending upon test fabric and detergent. For these lengths of time, the rate of soil removal was directly proportional to the amount of soil remaining on the fabric. The 8 first‐order rate constants had rather similar values, varying at most by a factor of 2.3. The average value, 0.109 min−1, corresponds to a 6.4‐min wash period for removing one‐half of the soil and to a 21‐min period for removing 90% of the soil from the soiled fabric. The magnitude of the response of the four artificially soiled test fabrics to the two detergents is compared and discussed in terms of the soiling materials. The nonionic detergent was more effective in cleaning a fabric soiled mainly with kaolin and wool fat, while the anionic detergent was more effective with a fabric containing large amounts of liquid oily soil plus carbon black and oleophilic bentonite.

Absorption-Elution Testing for ABO Blood Group Factors: Preliminary Collaborative Study

Abstract Four laboratories participated in a study of an absorption-elution method for the determination of ABO factors in dried human blood. In the method studied, normal saline solution is used for the incubation for elution and whole blood cells are added after incubation; thus, the whole cells are not subjected to excessive temperature for a prolonged period of time. Each collaborator received 5 dried stains of human blood on clean cotton cloth. Three of the 4 collaborators correctly typed each of the 5 samples submitted to them. The fourth did not report the A factor but did report the B factor of an AB blood stain. The data show no false grouping report. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the absorption-elution test be subjected to a larger collaborative study.

The mechanism of detergency. I. Adsorption of detergent on fibre and soil

AbstractThe adsorption of 35S‐labelled sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate on clean and soiled cotton has been studied. To assess the importance of this adsorption in detergency the effect of changes in the concentrations of detergent, particulate soil, detergent adjuncts and water hardness were investigated. The rǒle of the detergent in the soil‐removal process is discussed.