Clay Raw Materials Research Articles

Физико-технические свойства глины Корниловского месторождения Томской области

Analytical and laboratory-technological studies of overburden clays of the Kornilovskoye deposit in the Tomsk region have been carried out. The chemical composition, mineral composition, granulometric composition, plasticity and refractoriness of clays have been determined. The sensitivity of clay raw materials to drying, apparent density, water absorption, shrinkage, mechanical characteristics of samples from clay raw materials have been investigated. The possibilities of using clay in various industries are determined.

Mechanical, Thermal and Hydric Behavior of the Bio-sourced Compressed Earth Block (B-CEB) Added to Peanut Shells Powder

Bio-sourced compressed earth blocks (B-CEB) were manufactured with raw soil material and peanut shells powder to produce building material with feeble environmental impact and better mechanical and hydric performances. The objective of this work is to add value to two local natural raw materials namely earth and peanut shell in the production of B-CEB with low thermal conductivity, better water resistance, and better mechanical strength. Mineralogical studies (by XRD, DTA-TG), chemical and geotechnical studies (Atterberg limits, particle size distribution) carried out on this clay have shown that it is composed of kaolinite (40 wt.%), muscovite (8 wt.%), quartz (34 wt.%), and goethite (10 wt.%). It is a sandy-silty clay of medium plasticity containing no swelling minerals. Its particles are mainly clay (50 wt%), silt (32 wt%), fine and coarse sand (18 wt%). The clay raw material used in this study is referenced BAM. The peanut shells powder, used in range of 10 to 40 wt.% to improve the raw soil, mainly contains the cellulose type I. The apparent density of B-CEB decreases when the peanut shells content increases. By contrast, the porosity increases and was greatly affect by the addition of peanut shells powder. With 20 wt.% of peanut shells powder the porosity of B-CEB increase about 67% compared to the porosity of the reference (untreated B-CEB). Mechanical properties were enhanced with peanut shell content between 15 to 25 wt.% and reached the maximum with 20 wt.%. The B-CEB becomes more ductile when the peanut shells content increases. All the elaborated B-CEB, except the B40, are in the category of the construction of load-bearing wall which is characterized by the strength higher than 4 MPa. With 15 to 30 wt.% of peanut shells powder, the resistance of B-CEB to rain erosion was enhanced. With 30 wt.% of peanut shells powder, thermal conductivity was reduced by about 43% compared with untreated B-CEB. Given the improvement of different properties, the peanut shells powder can be used in the range of 15 to 25 wt.% to stabilize the B-CEB for the construction of habitats with better durability and thermal comfort.

Characterization of Two Clay Raw Materials from Côte d’Ivoire with a View to Enhancing Them in Eco-Construction

This study was carried out with a view to appreciate the value of clay, raw materials in eco-construction. To achieve this, we sampled two clay raw materials denoted Aga and Bak and then characterized. The results obtained from geotechnical and mineralogical tests have shown that the clay samples Aga and Bak are fine soils moderately plastic class A soils consisting essentially of quartz with 73.13% and 74.56% respectively for Aga and Bak and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) with 12.73% kaolinite and 8.55% illite for Aga against 8.31% kaolinite and 13.72% for Bak. Moreover, these samples do not contain swelling clays and contain a sufficient quantity of iron oxides which allows them to be valued in ceramics, in particular in compressed earth bricks (CEB).

Происхождение гончарства как результат адаптивной и подражательной деятельности человека

The study of the origin of pottery production includes a consideration of two important questions: 1) Why pottery production appeared? and 2) How it was? In European and American archaeological literature, we can find various approaches to these issues. This article proves the fact that pottery production appeared in the result of gradual accumulation of concrete human knowledge about the useful features of different natural materials distributed in the environment. The all useful knowledge in pottery making was found only by cut-and-try method. It was a long-time and step by step process, when positive acquirements became a part of local cultural traditions which passed down from generation to generation. Resemblance between stone, wicker, and clay vessels in general proportionality and volume shows that the emergence of pottery was an obligate course of development, when different natural materials were tested. The process had been finished by widespread distribution of clay vessels as universal things by their function. Since the emergence of pottery production was a polycentric process, a concrete ways of pottery technology development were different in various natural and climatic conditions. But in any cases, this process obeyed general laws, which are consisted in gradual knowing about important qualities of silt and then of clay plastic raw materials. The change from silt to clay was manifested itself in special imitation of complex constituent of silt by adding of different organic or mineral tempers in natural clay. The author shows that the development of vessels’ shapes passed from the use of natural containers then to artificial containers made of natural materials, and finally to artificial ones made of new special constructional materials (i.e., pottery pastes). Such clay containers could be fired with various regimes. So, we can do a conclusion, that the origin of pottery production was an obligate historical process of human adaptation to the natural environment, its imitation, and finally to the making a new artificial material which are absent in the world.

Feasibility Study for the Erection of a Ceramic Plant Made from Gold and Copper Mining Tailings in Timika District, Papua Province

Wider use of tailings to overcome a large amount of waste from mining activities at P.T. Freeport-Timika, in this case, use is to make ceramics made from gold mining waste tailings of P.T. Freeport-Timika. Physically, the tailings composition consists of a 50% fine sand fraction with a diameter of 0.075 – 0.4 mm; the rest is a clay fraction with a diameter of 0.075 mm. The process of conducting a feasibility study for the construction of a ceramic factory made from the primary raw material of mining tailings begins with determining the raw materials to be used, namely: Plastic Material (Clay), Silica Sand, Dolomite, U5, Water Glass (Na2SiO3) and Tailings. The next step is to unravel. The process of making ceramics consists of two kinds: techniques for Single Firing and Double Firing. The Double Firing production process consists of seven methods: Body Preparation, Pressing, Biscuit Firing, Glaze Preparation, Glaze Application, Glost Firing, Sorting & Packing. Whereas in the Single Firing process, the production process does not go through the Biscuit Firing process but goes directly to the Glaze Application process. The optimal tailings composition for ceramics is 62.5%. The rest are Feldspar, Ball Clay, and Talc raw materials. The installed production capacity of the planned ceramic factory is 2000 M2/day or 600,000 M2/year, and the total demand for tailings for production per day is 35 tons The investment requirement for constructing a ceramic plant in Timika is Rp. 46,183,318,981. The biggest financing is the construction of civil construction factories, warehouses, workshops, and others, amounting to Rp.21,700,000,000. The Feasibility Value of the investment in constructing a ceramic plant in Timika is an NPV of Rp. 230,070,369, and the IRR value is 38%, so constructing a ceramic plant in Timika is said to be Financially Feasible.

Preliminary characterization and potential use of different clay materials from North-Eastern Morocco in the ceramic industry

The first part of this work relates to the characterization of raw clay materials and the second part is to the evaluation of the potential use of clay-rich raw materials in the region of Nador (northeast, Morocco) to manufacture ceramic products. In this regard, physical (particle size distribution, organic matter), chemical (X-ray fluorescence, XRF), mineralogical (X-ray diffraction, XRD), and geotechnical (Atterberg limits) analyses were carried out on the materials studied. The results show that the main minerals in the samples were feldspars and cristobalite, while carbonates are ubiquitously present. Smectite was present as the dominant clay phase and minor phases of smectite kaolinite, illite, and kaolinite, including chlorite, also appeared in some samples. The results showed that the studied clay materials require the addition of another type of clay or less plastic materials to improve their properties and to be suitable for the production of structural ceramics.

Исследование свойств глин вскрышных пород Корниловского месторождения Томской области для применения в огнеупорной, керамической и нефтяной промышленности

Analytical and laboratory-technological studies of overburden clays of the Kornilovskoye deposit in the Tomsk region have been carried out. The chemical composition, mineral composition, granulometric composition, plasticity and refractoriness of clays have been determined. The sensitivity of clay raw materials to drying, apparent density, water absorption, shrinkage have been investigated. To determine the possibility of using clay from the Kornilovskoye field in the Tomsk region in the refractory, ceramic, electrical, construction and oil industries instead of clay “Vesko-Prima” from the Veselovskoye field in Druzhkovka (Donbass), comparative physicochemical characteristics of the clays of both deposits are given.

МОДИФИЦИРОВАНИЕ НИЗКОКАЧЕСТВЕННОГО ГЛИНИСТОГО СЫРЬЯ ГЕЛЕМ НАНОКРЕМНЕЗЕМА И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА СВОЙСТВА КЕРАМИЧЕСКОГО ЧЕРЕПКА

In connection with the prospects for growth in the volume of construction of individual residential buildings, the demand for facing ceramic bricks and large-format porous wall blocks is increasing. With a shortage of high-quality clay raw materials for the production of plastic molded ceramic bricks, it is recommended to switch to the production of semi-dry pressing products. An important task is to increase the strength of ceramic bricks, both carrying a load in the wall and performing a heat-insulating role. It is recommended to introduce an aqueous solution of nanosilica gel into the charge. The main raw material was non-caking dusty loam of the Verkh-Tulinskoye deposit, containing more than 70% of dusty fractions (5-50 microns). As an additive, we used Lakesil-30 nanosilica gel produced by the Compass Scientific and Technical Center (Kazan). In the article, the authors used both standard research methods and modern methods of X-ray phase analysis to establish the material composition of a ceramic shard. It has been established that, at optimal prescription and technological parameters, the introduction of Lakesil-30 gel with mixing water into the raw mixture increases the strength limit by 32.8% compared to the non-additive composition, without affecting the average density and water absorption of the ceramic shard. ... The quantitative phase composition of the shard has been studied. It has been experimentally established that the strength of a ceramic shard is increased due to the use of an additive of Lakesil-30 nanosilica gel in an optimal dosage. To ensure the maximum strength of the ceramic shard, it is necessary that the processes of interaction of the aqueous solution of the additive with the clay component are completed during firing.

Assessment of Clay Deposits Quality from East of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq for some Ceramic Industries

For the assessment of clay deposits for brick manufacturing, seven clay samples from different locations were collected by channel sampling method from Injana, Mukdadiyah, Bai Hassan formations and Quaternary deposits in Bestana village, the study area is located east of Erbil city (NE Iraq). For ceramic manufacturing, the quality of clay should be measured according to some physical properties. The mineralogical and geochemical study revealed by using X-ray diffraction and chemical characteristics, which represented that all clay samples containing; kaolinite, smectite, illite, and chlorite with some mixed clay and non-clay mineral quartz, calcite, dolomite, and feldspar. The physical properties of clay samples including grain size analysis and Atterberg limits showed that the raw materials contain clay in high proportion, silt in medium proportion, and sand in minor proportion. Plasticity index of the studied samples showed that they are moderately plastic to plastic range. The geochemical analysis of the studied samples showed that the clay raw materials are composed mainly of silica and alumina, which act as refractory material in the ceramic industry. In addition to that, there are different proportions of calcium, iron oxides, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, which are flux oxides.

Mineralogical transformations due to salt whitening agent in modern Hebron ceramics

The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of NaCl on the colours and chemical composition of Ca-rich ceramic bodies. The addition of salt to ceramics is a practice that has been observed in several potter communities where the addition of salt is explicitly intended to whiten ceramics. In order to conduct this research and characterize the physico-chemical properties induced by the presence of salt, raw clay material and pot sherds were collected from the modern production at Hebron. Experimental bricks were made using two clayed sediments: one with a low CaO content (<10%) and one with a higher CaO content (20–25%). Different proportions of NaCl were added (up to 5%) to clay pastes which were fired at different temperatures. Mineralogy (petrography, XRD), chemistry (SEM-EDX) and colour analyses were carried out on raw clay materials, pot sherds and experimental (lab-made) bricks. SEM imagery offered the possibility to monitor the evolution of the mineralogical transformations, the pore system with increasing firing temperature and salt content. Results confirm the role of salt as a catalyst in the transformation reaction of calcium silicates during the firing process and its influence on the colour of the finished object.

Measurement of apparent sintering activation energy for densification of clays

AbstractClays are raw materials with properties that are necessary for the manufacture of ceramic tiles. The characteristics of clay ceramic raw materials may vary within the same mineral deposit. Clay blending promotes better use of clay reserves, thereby increasing the applicability and life cycle of raw materials. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms controlling the firing of ceramic tiles. In this study, three different clays from a clay deposit were assessed and ten formulations were prepared using the mixture design method. The formulations were analysed using differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses and dilatometric analysis. Subsequently, the most refractory and fluxing formulations were subjected to thermal tests under various heating rates, similar to the process used for the calculation of apparent sintering activation energy for the densification of clays and for pyroplasticity tests. It is suggested that a mineral deposit can be assessed based on activation energy and thermal kinetics, expanding the alternatives available to the miner through the planning of mixtures with various clays and thus reducing the energy costs of the industrial process.

Machine Learning Methods Applied for Modeling the Process of Obtaining Bricks Using Silicon-Based Materials.

Most of the time, industrial brick manufacture facilities are designed and commissioned for a particular type of manufacture mix and a particular type of burning process. Productivity and product quality maintenance and improvement is a challenge for process engineers. Our paper aims at using machine learning methods to evaluate the impact of adding new auxiliary materials on the amount of exhaust emissions. Experimental determinations made in similar conditions enabled us to build a database containing information about 121 brick batches. Various models (artificial neural networks and regression algorithms) were designed to make predictions about exhaust emission changes when auxiliary materials are introduced into the manufacture mix. The best models were feed-forward neural networks with two hidden layers, having MSE < 0.01 and r2 > 0.82 and, as regression model, kNN with error < 0.6. Also, an optimization procedure, including the best models, was developed in order to determine the optimal values for the parameters that assure the minimum quantities for the gas emission. The Pareto front obtained in the multi-objective optimization conducted with grid search method allows the user the chose the most convenient values for the dry product mass, clay, ash and organic raw materials which minimize gas emissions with energy potential.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ЗАПОЛНИТЕЛЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ОТХОДОВ КЕРАМОГРАНИТА НА ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ГОРЯЧИХ МЕЛКОЗЕРНИСТЫХ АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОНОВ

The results of research are presented when replacing finely crushed mineral part of asphalt concrete with waste from the production of porcelain stoneware, which is a product of high-temperature firing of a mixture of refractory clay raw materials and feldspar rocks, which provides high physical and mechanical properties of waste and further road surface.

Physico-chemical characterization of clay raw materials from the Thicky quarry (Senegal) for the manufacture of earth bricks

Physico-chemical characterization of clay raw materials from the Thicky quarry (Senegal) for the manufacture of earth bricks

Potential Utilization of Kaolin from South Kalimantan as a Substitute for Import Clay in Cement Board Making

The cement board industry in Indonesia still depends on imported materials, such as the c e m en t board industry in South Kalimantan which still uses clay raw materials from Taiwan. Limited information on the potential use of local clay as an important clay substitution is the reason this research is needed. Identification of local clay factors was carried out by XRD, XRF, and SEM testing. The kaolin that was tested was the kaolin Tatakan and Limamar. The results of the analysis of the kaolin material were compared with the imported clay. The analysis showed that the clay used by the industry was illite with the main compound content of SiO2 (54.63%) and Al2O3 (28.23%). The results of the analysis of local clay (kaolin) tests showed that the content of compounds with imported clay was shown by kaolin placemat (SiO 2 55 . 92 % , Al2O3 29.13%), kaolin Limamar (SiO 2 55 . 04 % , Al 2 O 3 32 . 71 % ). The quality of the application of kaolin as a substitute for imported clay in the manufacture of cement board on a laboratory scale shows the result that is not much different in the density and porosity values. The strength value of cement board with kaolin limitation gives a high enough value but it is below the standard value for PT SNI's cement board product.

Baryshok. Enriching colour range of ceramic shapes on clay-based materials of low quality

Introduction. This article discusses the possibility of expanding the colour palette of a ceramic shard. Due to the shortage of high-quality clay raw materials for the manufacture of plastic molded facing bricks, the problem of manufacturing ceramic wall materials by semi-dry pressing from low-quality clay rocks is urgent.Materials and methods. The main raw material was non-caking clay raw material with a low content of clay and a high content of silt particles. Some corrective additives were used to expand the colour palette of ceramic bricks. In the article, the authors used both standard methods for determining the physical and mechanical properties and modern methods for studying the phase composition of materials.Results. The possibility of enriching the colour range of a ceramic shard based on non-sintered clay raw materials has been experimentally confirmed, provided that the mixture contains flux additives. When receiving products with a clarified shard, light-colored flutes should be used.Conclusion. The possibility of enriching the colour range of a ceramic cap by adding white-burning clay, introducing bleaching and chromophore additives and technogenic products has been established. Due to the differences in the chemical composition of clay raw materials from individual deposits, an individual approach to each of them is required.

Calcination of Clay Raw Materials in a Fluidized Bed.

Clay raw materials are diverse in terms of their mineral composition, as well as the content of colouring oxides and their physical properties. Determining the suitability of raw materials for various purposes requires comprehensive studies on their properties, as well as their appropriate correction, which is possible through the use of appropriate modification techniques. One of the most commonly used technologies for the enrichment of clay raw materials is to subject them to high temperatures, which, depending on the temperature regime used in the technological process, may cause the decomposition and removal of some addditional components (e.g., carbonates), as well as the removal of water and dehydroxylation of clay minerals, reversible structural changes, and the complete and permanent reconstruction of the mineral phases. This paper presents a new application for fluidization technology in the calcination of clay raw materials. The results of the experiment show that the fluidization method is competitive compared to the technologies that have been used so far, as a result of, inter alia, the much shorter time period required to carry out the calcination process and, consequently, the much lower energy expenditure, the high efficiency of burning coal, and the lower CO2 emissions resulting from the mixing taking place in the reactor.

Integrated use of technogenic raw materials in cement technology

This work used a combination of modern physico-chemical research methods with standardized testing of technological and operational properties of raw materials, clinker, cement and compositions with its application.&#x0D; Results over of research of the silicate systems with rice husk and ash-fly as technogenic raw material for making of cement clinker are driven. The features of the chemical-mineralogical composition, phase transformations during burning and astringent properties of material at the use of 42,5-50,5 % industry wastes in composition initial raw material mixtures are shown.&#x0D; The object of the study were raw material mixtures for the production of Portland cement clinker based on the systems of chalk - clay - man-made raw materials and chalk - man-made raw materials.&#x0D; The possibility of replacing exhaustible and non-renewable natural raw materials with a complex of multi-tonnage wastes of agro-industry and heat energy, which meets the objectives of expanding the raw material base of cement production, resource conservation and environmental protection.&#x0D; Peculiarities of phase formation during firing of silicate systems of chalk-polymineral clay and chalk-technogenic raw materials taking into account changes in the quantitative ratio of components, in particular rice husk and ash-removal of thermal power plants are noted.

Influence of lime, calcium silicate and portlandite on alkali activation of calcined common clays

The application of calcite rich common clays has marked impact on the formation of alkali-activated binders. Experiments have shown that the carbonate decomposition can be well controlled via the calcination procedure, whereby the majority of the decomposition and the subsequent CO2 release occurs above the calcination temperature of 750 ​°C. The decarbonation of the calcite can mostly be separated from the dehydroxylation of the layered silicates. Depending on the composition of the raw clay material, the CaCO3 decomposition leads either to the formation of lime or other Ca rich minerals. The mechanical properties of the alkali-activated binders were investigated and despite the very low amounts of layered silicates of the clay raw materials and the high content of unreactive minerals, compressive strengths of above 20 ​MPa of the mortars could be obtained. The presence of lime in calcined clays up to an adequate amount has a positive effect on post-solidification and the carbonation resistance of the mortars.

Characteristics of Clay Raw Materials from the Turów Lignite Mine Waste, Poland: Potential for Industrial Applications

Considering the diversity of clay raw materials, we can distinguish their numerous varieties using genesis and retention conditions, as well as specific physical, chemical, and thermal properties as criteria of division. Three samples of fine-grained clay materials, collected randomly from the Turów lignite mine tailing piles, were subjected to testing for their grain and chemical composition and specific surface area. The results show that the tested materials are non-porous adsorbents. Additionally, a thermal analysis was carried out with a simultaneous quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). In the tested samples, the weight loss associated with the release of water from the clay was observed in two temperature ranges: from 40 to 240 °C (physically bound water) and from 330 to 620 °C (structured water). The weight loss associated with the decomposition of organic matter was registered in the temperature range of 300 to 560 °C. The results of the conducted tests might provide the basis for further analysis of the potential use of these materials as heat stores, components of insulators, or additives of ceramic products.