Clay Brick Powder Research Articles

The Effect of Finely-Grinded Crushed Brick Powder on Physical and Microstructural Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete

The utilization of waste crushed clay brick (CB) in concrete reduces its harmful impacts on the environment as it can be found in many places around the world. This research studies the possibility of using clay brick powder (CBP) as a filler material to produce lightweight concrete as it has been exposed to high temperatures during manufacturing of the bricks, which increases its pozzolanic reactivity. The effect of using an air-entraining agent (AEA) for additional pore formation on concrete performance was evaluated. Eight mixtures were prepared and examined to achieve the research objectives. Concrete flowability, dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, thermal conductivity, sorptivity, and porosity were measured. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to analyze the microstructure characteristics of the concrete. The results indicate that the use of CBP as filler material enhances the mechanical and durability characteristics of the concrete. In contrast, adding an AEA has negative effects on concrete’s mechanical and durability properties, but on the other hand, its use enhances the thermal properties of the concrete.

Performance and hydration characteristic of dark white evolution (DWE) cement composites blended with clay brick powder

Performance and hydration characteristic of dark white evolution (DWE) cement composites blended with clay brick powder

Drying shrinkage, mechanical and transport properties of sustainable mortar with both recycled aggregate and powder from concrete waste

Utilizing recycled fine aggregate (RFA) and recycled fine powder (RFP) both from concrete waste to prepare fully recycled mortar benefits the recycling of construction waste. This investigation focused on the performance and modification of recycled mortar with both RFA and RFP, and the properties were obtained by micro- and macromeasurements. The results show that RFA contains abundant hardened cement mortar and has water absorption higher than natural aggregate, and that substituting RFP for 30% cement results in the reduction of hydration products and an increase of pore structure. Incorporating RFA increases the drying shrinkage of newly-prepared mortar, while the appropriate addition of RFP made from mortar and concrete waste reduces the drying shrinkage. Utilizing RFA and RFP are both detrimental to the mechanical strength and permeability resistance, and the performance degeneration of sustainable mortar is significant when high-volume RFA and RFP are incorporated. A linear relationship exists between the total porosity and transport properties of sustainable mortar with RFA and RFP. Substituting active mineral admixtures for a portion of RFP benefits the properties of fully recycled mortar with RFA and RFP; specifically, the addition of 10% silica fume or 10% metakaolin increases the mechanical strength by 35.9% and 38.1% and leads to decreases of 31.4% and 48.4% in the capillary absorption coefficient of fully recycled mortar, respectively. In addition, it is also beneficial for the properties of such sustainable mortar to add a mixture of RFP and recycled clay brick powder, which are both derived from construction waste.

Grindability Evaluation of Fragmented Clay Bricks for Performance Analysis of Cement Paste Incorporating Clay Brick Powder

Grindability Evaluation of Fragmented Clay Bricks for Performance Analysis of Cement Paste Incorporating Clay Brick Powder

Particle-Size Effect of Recycled Clay Brick Powder on the Pore Structure of Blended Cement Paste

Particle-Size Effect of Recycled Clay Brick Powder on the Pore Structure of Blended Cement Paste

Effect of Waste Clay Brick Powder on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Paste

Background: Investigations on the use of waste clay brick powder in concrete have been extensively conducted, but the analysis of waste clay brick powder effects on cement paste is limited. Materials and Methods: This paper discusses the effects of waste clay brick powder on cement paste. Fragmented clay bricks were grounded in the laboratory using a ball mill and incorporated into cementitious mixes as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement. Workability, consistency, setting time, density and compressive strength properties of paste mixes were investigated to better understand the impact of waste clay brick powder on the cementitious paste. Four cement replacement levels of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% were evaluated in comparison with the control paste. The chemical and mineral compositions were evaluated using X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffractometer, respectively. The morphology of cement and waste clay brick powder was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Results: The investigation of workability exhibited a reduction of slump attributed to the significant addition of waste clay brick powder into the cementitious mixes, and it was concluded that waste clay brick powder did not significantly influence the density of the mixes. In comparison with the control paste, increased values of consistency and setting time of cement paste containing waste clay brick powder confirmed the information available in the literature. Conclusion: Although waste clay brick powder decreased the compressive strength of cement paste, 5% partial cement replacement with waste clay brick powder was established as an optimum percentage for specimens containing waste clay brick powder following curing periods of 7 and 28 days. Findings of chemical composition, mineral composition and scanning electron microscopy of waste clay brick powder demonstrated that when finely ground, fragmented clay bricks can be used in concrete as a pozzolanic material.

Response surface methodology-based optimisation of cost and compressive strength of rubberised concrete incorporating burnt clay brick powder

Modified concrete is increasingly being produced by substituting concrete constituents with waste materials. Among waste materials are powder from waste clay bricks replacing Ordinary Portland Cement and Waste Tire Rubber (WTR) replacing natural coarse aggregate. However, the use of modified concrete is controlled by its cost-performance balance. This paper investigates the cost advantages of using rubberised concrete incorporated with Burnt Clay Brick Powder (BCBP) where findings are evaluated in comparison with conventional concrete. In this study, compressive strength of rubberised concrete containing BCBP was investigated using mixes generated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) based on RSM was used to assess the influence of replacement variables of BCBP (0–5%) and WTR (0–20%) on concrete production cost and concrete compressive strength responses. First order and second order mathematical models were developed by RSM with findings from experimental design. The accuracy of the mathematical models established by CCD was tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Desirability analysis was then employed to optimise BCBP and WTR contents yielding maximum compressive strength at lower cost. Moreover, under the established optimum conditions, the performance of the optimum independent variables was experimentally verified by testing 6 cubes. Production cost of concrete containing these waste materials reduced up to 4.23% compared to conventional concrete. RSM evaluation demonstrated that the empirical findings were well suited into linear and quadratic models for cost and compressive strength responses respectively. The coefficients of determination of greater than 0.85 for all responses established that the models were capable of explaining variability in the responses. 5% BCBP and 6.875% WTR were optimum contents establishing maximum 7-days compressive strength of 27.607 MPa at lower cost of KSh 13 718.43. Optimisation of cost and 28-days compressive strength from desirability analysis gave 5% BCBP and 5.844% WTR contents as optimum values. This optimum combination resulted to maximum compressive strength of 33.970 MPa and lower cost of KSh 13 734.64. Verification of the model findings indicated considerable agreement with the verified values. From the findings, it was confirmed that a reasonable cost-performance balance for modified concrete can be achieved using BCBP and WTR.

Potential use of clay brick waste powder and ceramic waste aggregate in mortar

This study investigates the potential use of clay brick waste powder (CBP) and ceramic waste aggregate (CWA) in mortar. Cement was replaced by CBP in the mortar mixtures at four ratios (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%). Meanwhile, CWA was used as a substitute for river sand in the mortar at two levels (50 and 100 wt%). The results demonstrated that the flow spread of the mortars made of CBP and CWA declined sharply owing to the rough and multi-angle texture of their surface. The compressive strength of the mortars decreased slightly at early ages but noticeably improved long term.

Ductility performance of reinforced rubberised concrete beams incorporating burnt clay powder

Application of rubberised concrete in earthquake prone areas is of significant importance. Although investigations have been conducted to research on the ductility of rubberised concrete, the behaviour of rubberised concrete with Burnt Clay Brick Powder (BCBP) is not well understood. This paper captures the ductility behaviour of rubberised concrete containing BCBP. In this study, 3 beams were investigated in flexure while the other 3 beams were made to fail in shear and flexure. For the beams that failed in flexure, ductility of concrete beams containing 5% BCBP and 10% Waste Tire Rubber (WTR) improved by 23.47% compared to control beam. This increase in ductility was evidenced with only 15.31% reduction in flexural load. Moreover, the beam containing 5% BCBP and 10% WTR failing in shear and flexure exhibited 14.59% ductility improvement with 16.33% load reduction in comparison to the control beam. Eventually, the study concluded that it is possible to achieve improved ductility without substantial loss in ultimate failure load by using 5% BCBP and 10% WTR. Such properties demonstrated that this rubberised concrete with 5% BCBP can be used in seismic applications.

Study of Using of Recycled Brick Waste (RBW) to produce Environmental Friendly Concrete: A Review

Several million tons of solid waste are produced each year as a result of construction and demolition activities around the world, and brick waste is one of the most widely wastes. Recently, there has been growing number in studies that conducted on using of recycling brick waste (RBW) to produce environmentally friendly concrete. The use of brick waste (BW) as potential partial cement or aggregate replacement materials is summarized in this review where the performance is discussed in the form of the mechanical strength and properties that related to durability of concrete. It was found that, because the pozzolanic activity of clay brick powder, it can be utilized as substitute for cement in replacement level up to 10%. Whereas, for natural coarse aggregate, recycled aggregate can be used instead of it, but in limited replacement level. Concrete manufacturing from recycled aggregate can give adequate strength and can be suitable for the producing medium or low strength concrete. On the other side, the utilization of fine recycled brick waste as aggregate in the concrete manufacturing provide development of the properties of concrete and it develops the durability of concrete in some cases when used with replacement level up to 10% by the weight of fine aggregate.

­Response Surface Methodology-Based Optimisation of Cost and Compressive Strength of Rubberised Concrete Incorporating Burnt Clay Brick Powder

Modified concrete is increasingly being produced by substituting concrete constituents with waste materials. Among waste materials are powder from waste clay bricks replacing Ordinary Portland Cement and Waste Tire Rubber (WTR) replacing natural coarse aggregate. However, the use of modified concrete is controlled by its cost-performance balance. This paper summarises the cost advantages of using rubberised concrete incorporated with Burnt Clay Brick Powder (BCBP) where findings are evaluated in comparison with conventional concrete. In this study, compressive strength of concrete containing BCBP was investigated using mixes generated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Desirability analysis was employed to optimise BCBP and WTR contents yielding maximum compressive strength at lower cost. Production cost of concrete containing these waste materials reduced compared to conventional concrete. RSM evaluation demonstrated that empirical findings were well suited into linear and quadratic models for cost and compressive strength responses respectively. The coefficients of determination of greater than 0.85 for all responses established that the models were capable of explaining variability in the responses. 5% BCBP and 6.875% WTR contents established maximum 7-days compressive strength at lower cost. Optimisation of cost and 28-days compressive strength from desirability analysis gave 5% BCBP and 5.844% WTR contents as optimum values. Verification of the model findings indicated considerable agreement with the verified values. From the findings, it was confirmed that a reasonable cost-performance balance for modified concrete can be achieved using BCBP and WTR.

Grindability Evaluation of Fragmented Clay Bricks for Performance Analysis of Cement Paste Incorporating Clay Brick Powder

.Milling treatments for evaluating grindability of pozzolanic materials using ball mill have been employed with limited research focused on fragmented clay bricks. Of great importance of the milling treatments are the milling times and sample masses. Moreover, the applications of grindability of Clay Brick Powder (CBP) in cement paste are found to be limited. In this paper, the effects of increasing milling time and increasing sample mass of fragmented clay bricks on fineness of resulting CBP were examined using ball milling and particle size distribution curves. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was implemented to characterise the morphological properties of CBP. Compliance of CBP with minimum requirements for pozzolanic characteristics was verified using X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction. Extensive Image analysis using ImageJ and Origin was employed to verify significant variations of particle size, particle distribution, porosity and surface roughness for different sample mass. Properties of cement paste containing CBP were assessed to capture essential elements on the influence of CBP fineness on density and prismatic compressive strength of cement paste. The overall influence of grinding illustrated that a decline in particle size of CBP was facilitated in samples subjected to prolonged milling times. On the other hand, the reduction of sample mass fed in ball mill corresponded to enhancement of fineness of CBP. Meanwhile, qualitative evaluation of three-dimensional reconstruction of SEM images using ImageJ proved that significant enhancement of fineness led to reduction of surface roughness. Quantification of surface porosity demonstrated that reduced surface porosity originated from finer CBP. Consequently, the research established the feasibility of incorporating finer CBP in cement paste, which significantly contributes to enhancement of prismatic compressive strength. Concerning cement paste density, the inclusion of CBP in cement was not of significant consequence on its density due to similar packing densities of CBP.

Enhancement of triisopropanolamine on the compressive strength development of cement paste incorporated with high content of wasted clay brick powder and its working mechanism

Using ground clay brick powder (CBP) replacing cement to prepare blended binding system is an effective solution to reduce the accumulation of wasted clay bricks. However, the increased incorporation ratio of CBP causes a drawback of decreased mechanical property. The present research is aiming at using triisopropanolamine (TIPA) to alleviate the excessive loss of compressive strength of cement paste incorporated with high-content of CBP. Furthermore, the hydration behavior of cement-CBP-TIPA system is investigated in detail. The study indicated that the addition of TIPA improved cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction of CBP, thereby the compressive strength was improved at different ages. More specifically, the presence of TIPA accelerated the conversion of AFt to AFm as well as the dissolution of aluminum and iron ions from CBP, thus more calcium aluminosilicate hydrate was formed. In addition, the economic and environmental effect was also assessed. It was proved that 47% of energy consumption and 47% of carbon footprint can be saved by developing the cement-CBP-TIPA binding system.

Surface properties of clay brick powder and its influence on hydration and strength development of cement paste

Replacing part of cement with recycled clay brick powder (CBP) can ease the environmental impact caused by construction waste disposal and cement production. This research studied the surface properties of CBP and its effect on the hydration and strength development of cement paste at the micro and sub-micro scales. Zeta potential measurement was applied to study the surface chemical properties of CBP. Based on it, the interactions between the main ions in the cement paste solution and the surface of CBP were discussed. Then the effect of CBP on the nucleation and growth of hydrates, and CBP/hydrates interfacial strength was investigated. The results show that CBP has similar surface properties as quartz powder (QP), even though the chemical compositions of them are different. Silicate is the main phase at the surface of CBP. The interactions of CBP’s surface with Ca2+ are due to an electrostatic force, which has an important effect on the nucleation and growth of hydrates (mainly C-S-H) on the surface of CBP, and the adhesion between CBP and the hydrates. The morphology of hydrates on the CBP particles is similar to that on the QP particles. It suggests that the effect of CBP particles on the early hydration of cement is mainly due to its physical properties, rather than the chemical activities. The interface between CBP and hydrates is very weak, and the chemical reaction of CBP in the cement paste is rarely presented. The main role of clay brick used in this study playing in cement paste is a filler, similar to quartz particles.

Combined effect of slag and clay brick powder on the hydration of blended cement

The slag from industrial byproduct and clay brick powder (CBP) from construction waste were used to replace 30% Portland cement for preparing blended cement. This research investigated the hydration heat, hydration products, microstructure and macro-mechanical properties of blended cement to reveal the combined effect of slag and CBP on hydration. The test results indicate that 30% slag and CBP can increase 11.4 ~ 13.7% peak value of C3S hydration, but the C3A hydration is more affected by slag than CBP. Meanwhile, the 144-h cumulative heat of blended cement hydration is reduced by 4.1 ~ 21.3% compared to Portland cement. The slag and CBP have an improvement effect on the mechanical strength of mortars before and after 90 d, respectively. The mechanical strength of mortars containing both slag and CBP can develop continuously for a long time and reaches the highest value of 53.5 MPa. The slag can consume more portlandite than CBP before 90 d, the portlandite contents in C7B0 and C7B100 at 90 d are 11.6% and 13.3%, respectively. But after 90 d, the CBP will react with more portlandite for its pozzolanic activity. Some different morphologies of CASH can be observed in blended cement paste due to the variation of Al/Si and Ca + Mg/Al + Si in CASH. It could be concluded the combined effect of slag and CBP will led to a high hydration degree at an early stage and continuous hydration for a long time in blended cement.

Preparation and characterization of ultra-high-strength and ultra-high-ductility cementitious composites incorporating waste clay brick powder

Large quantities of waste clay bricks from construction and demolition (C&D) waste are currently stockpiled in landfills, which is an environmentally, technically, and economically detrimental procedure. In this work, waste clay bricks powder (WCBP) was assessed to determine its feasibility as an alternative to cement for ultra-high-strength and ultra-high ductility cementitious composites (UHS-UHDCCs). The influences of WCBP on the fluidity, hydration, mechanical properties, fiber/matrix interface performances, autogenous shrinkage, and ecological overload capacity of UHS-UHDCC with different replacement levels ranging from 0 to 50% were investigated. The results indicate that WCBPs reduce the fluidity of the UHS-UHDCC matrix. WCBP content of 20% slightly accelerates the hydration process and exhibits the highest compressive and flexural strength in the specimens. Moreover, all UHS-UHDCCs achieve strain-hardening characteristics and exhibit a tensile strain capacity of 3.18–5.47%. UHS-UHDCC with 20% WCBP obtains excellent ultimate tensile stress and tensile strain capability, reaching around 9.34 MPa and 3.18%, respectively. The performance of the interface frictional bond (τ) with different WCBP content was obtained through single-fiber pullout tests, which reasonably explained the macroscopic tensile properties of UHS-UHDCC. The average interface frictional bond (τ) between the fiber and matrix of UHS-UHDCC reaches the maximum 1.72 MPa in the WCBP20 specimen. The average slip hardening coefficient (β) of UHS-UHDCC is distributed between 0.0031 and 0.0075 and tends to be excellent in the WCBP20 specimen. The theoretical fiber bridging stress vs crack displacement relationship of UHS-UHDCC was calculated through the limitation of interface parameters, which had an excellent correlation with the experimental results. Furthermore, the introduction of WCBP remarkably reduces the autogenous shrinkage of UHS-UHDCC. The ecological overload capacity of UHS-UHDCC is decreased by the introduction of WCBP, which provides an environmentally friendly solution for the C&D and cement industries.

Using of recycled clay brick/fine soil to produce sodium hydroxide alkali activated mortars

In the study, the recycled clay brick powder/fine soil powder-based sodium hydroxide alkali-activated mortar (AAM) specimens were prepared by mixing different percentages (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 100/0, respectively) to investigate the mechanical and durability performance of sustainable AAM specimens for the possible utilization instead of OPC. The constant ratio of glass powder was used in the production of AAM to increase the alkalinity and improve the mechanical properties of alkali-activated mortar. Also, the influences of sodium hydroxide molarity concentrations (8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 M) on the performance of AAM specimens were studied. The compressive strength, water absorption, and water sorptivity tests were conducted on the AAM specimens and the relationships between the investigated parameters were analyzed. The obtained results revealed that the fine soil powder replacement with clay brick powder improved the compressive strength, and reduced water absorption and water sorptivity up to 80% replacement ratios, and the superior mechanical and durability performance was obtained in the 80% fine soil powder-based AAM specimens. For the higher fine soil powder replacement ratio (100%), the performances of the AAM specimens were found to be adversely affected. Besides, the concentration of NaOH solution significantly influenced the material performances of the fine soil powder-based AAMs and 12 M NaOH concentration performed superior mechanical and durability performance. The strength enhancement of the AAMs was found to be significant after 90 days of ambient curing period.

Ductility Performance of Reinforced Rubberised-Burnt Clay Powder Concrete Beams

Application of rubberised concrete in earthquake prone areas is of paramount significance. Although investigations have been conducted to research on the ductility of rubberised concrete, the behaviour of rubberised concrete with Burnt Clay Brick Powder (BCBP) is not well understood. This study was focused at capturing the ductility behaviour of rubberised concrete containing BCBP. In this study, 3 beams were investigated in flexure while the other 3 beams were made to fail in shear and flexure. For the beams that failed in flexure, ductility of concrete beams containing 5% BCBP and 10% Waste Tire Rubber (WTR) improved by 23.47% compared to control beam. This increase in ductility was evidenced with only 15.31% reduction in flexural load. Moreover, the beam containing 5% BCBP and 10% WTR failing in shear and flexure exhibited 14.60% ductility improvement with 16.33% load reduction in comparison to the control beam. Eventually, the study concluded that it is possible to achieve improved ductility without substantial loss in ultimate failure load by using 5% BCBP and 10% WTR. Such properties established this rubberised concrete with 5% BCBP as potential candidate in seismic applications.

Mechanical and microstructural properties of recycled concretes mixed with ceramic recycled cement and secondary recycled aggregates. A viable option for future concrete

The concept of construction and demolition waste (CDW) embodies a vast amount of residues, among which the ceramic materials (mainly, bricks and tiles) are an important part as, in many countries of the European Union, they represent more than 50% of the total. Therefore, the reutilization of this type of waste is one of the most important challenges faced by the construction sector within the circular economy paradigm. This research work deals with a dual reutilization of the CDW ceramic fraction: firstly, as coarse recycled aggregates and, secondly, through the use of clay brick powder as a pozzolanic addition to the cement. Thus, two different recycled concrete mixtures were produced: (1) with a 50% partial substitution of the natural coarse aggregates (RC-RA) and (2) with a 50% substitution of the natural coarse aggregates and a 25% substitution of the ordinary Portland cement (RC-RAC). The mechanical performance (consistency, density and compressive strength) and microstructural properties such as porosity, elemental mapping analysis, hydration products and interfacial transition zones (ITZ) were assessed and compared with a control concrete (CC). It was revealed that the recycled concretes incorporating ceramic as secondary materials have a comparable performance level to the one exhibited by the conventional concrete at 28 days, in part due to their pozzolanic characteristics but also due to a lower effective w/c ratio, which demonstrates their potential for reuse and possible contribution to the circular economy.

Medium of Curing and the Influence on Concrete Made with Magnetized Water and Clay Brick Powder

This study examined the effect of curing medium on the strength characteristics of concrete made with magnetic field treated water (MFTW) and clay brick powder (CBP) in partial replacement. Clay brick powder as part replacement of cement at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and MFTW was used to prepare concrete cubes which was cured for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Three curing environments used were seawater, acidic water (HCL) and magnetized water. It was observed that the slump test on fresh concrete indicates good workability for MFTW and higher compressive strength than others cured in seawater and HCL condition. Concrete made with 10% CBP using magnetized water and cured in seawater have the highest strength at 56 days. The implication is that construction of bridges and other marine structures may consider the use of MFTW as mixing water to ensure strength development and enhance design life of concrete members.