Time Clauses Research Articles

The Correlation of Tenses in English and Albanian Time Clauses

This paper discusses the typical tenses used in the main clause and time clause, and the semantic-grammatical interpretations indicated by such tense correlations. According to the results of the corpus analysis, the most frequent tense correlation in time clauses of anteriority is past perfect–past simple; simultaneity clauses, on the other hand, are usually characterized by the combination of past continuous-past simple; while relations of posteriority are usually expressed by the correlation of past simple-past simple. Thus, we can say that the correlation of tenses and moods of predicates is of high importance in strengthening temporal relations in complex sentences with time clauses. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p311

Syntactic Behavior of Subordinate Clauses of Time and Condition in Zubairi Arabic

Of all outstanding areas of syntax, subordinate clauses of time and condition play a great role in arising linguists' interests. These types of clauses are of idiosyncratic nature in general and in Zubairi Arabic in particular, since they tend to be difficult and complex in comparison with other languages and dialects. The present study is an attempt to examine how conditional and time clauses behave syntactically in Zubairi Arabic. It is based mainly on conversation of two Zubairi Speakers from. Looking at this type of conversational speech illustrates a wider range of syntactic structures, and some speakers have more conservative dialect than others, but generally all are Zubairi in character.

Rachel Hendery, Relative clauses in time and space: A case study in the meth- ods of diachronic typology

Article Rachel Hendery, Relative clauses in time and space: A case study in the meth- ods of diachronic typology was published on November 25, 2013 in the journal Linguistic Typology (volume 17, issue 3).

TÜRK DİLLERİNDE KAÇAN

The aim of this article is to investigate usage forms and functions of the word “kacan” in Historical and Modern Turkic Written Languages as from Orkhon Turkic. This word is encountered on Orkhun Inscriptions, which is the first of written Turkic Language sources. The word “kacan”, with the effect of translations to Old Uyghur, has been assigned to have a task functioning as a subordinate time clause in the following periods. This function is seen in all Historic Turkic Written Languages including Old Uyghur, Old Anatolian Turkish, Armeno-Kipchak. 20th century is a period in which Turkic Written Languages were mainly refined from foreign elements and turned to its essence. Today the word “kacan” has lost its function as a subordinate time clause in Turkic Languages except Gagauz, and the subordinate clauses with ‘kacan’ are replaced with suffixes (-DIKTA, -(G)ANDA, -(G)INCA, -SA etc.) in Old Turkic.

"Que" con antecedente y función circunstancial

This article deals with the use or relative que with a circumstantial complement of time as an antecedent, and introducing clauses in which the relative, not preceded by a preposition, performs also in the subordinate clause the grammatical function of time adjunct. The adjunct that plays the role of an antecedent can be formed by a prepositional phrase, an adverb or a subordinate clause of time. In these cases, the relative has an adverbial function within the clause that introduces. These uses seem to continue that of undeclinable QUOD in Late Latin, which was used following a noun expressing time, to introduce a clause that indicates simultaneity. Although this type of clauses introduced by que is documented since medieval times, only when the antecedent is a time adverb or certain prepositional phrases its use is accepted in modern normative Spanish, while in other cases, specially if the antecedent is a time clause, there is a trend to reject it in the written linguistic norm, though it is still documented in colloquial speech.

Deontic Logic Based Ontology Alignment Technique for E-Learning

The recent explosion in web services usage and information technology has led to the challenging issue of Ontology Construction and Alignment in order to enhance the semantics of web documents in E-Learning scenarios. In such a circumstance, it is necessary to provide an effective solution for Ontology Alignment that can help in student performance evaluation. The authors propose a rule-based solution for evaluating the students using Ontology Alignment techniques. For this purpose, they make use of the rules based on Deontic Logic and hence make a positive attempt in analyzing the presence of some of the non-dominant categorization of words like determiners, time clauses and modal verbs occurring in the text documents using Standard Deontic rules. The experiments have been carried out on evaluating the learning of C programming language using an E-Learning framework. From these evaluations, it has been observed that the proposed evaluation technique improves the accuracy of student evaluation significantly.

Does an Extension of Time Clause Prevent a Construction Contract Being Infected by Gharar?

Abstract This article examines how gharar can infect a construction contract and if and how the extension of time and additional payment clauses can operate to negate the effect of gharar, and whether such provisions are compliant with the relevant articles of Law No. 1, 1987. This is done by identifying how gharar can infect a construction contract, reviewing the applicable laws that apply with respect to a construction contract and then the relevant provisions of FIDIC, Employer’s design forms of Contract.

Clauses of cause and purpose in the Lithuanian translation (1605) of Ledesma’s catechism

The article deals with finite subordinate clauses of cause and purpose in the Lithuanian translation (1605) of Ledesma’s catechism. The causal clauses introduced by an archaic subordinator jog are characteristic of the translation under analysis. The clauses with a new subordinator kad are considerably less common. The connective nes is used only sporadically in the translation. Its usage is motivated stylistically and it was probably influenced by the earlier Daukša’s translation. The connective kadangi used in the clauses of cause in modern Lithuanian has not been found in the translation of 1605. The anonymous translation features the prevalence of the dialectal subordinator adunt in the clauses of purpose. The connective idant originated in the dialects other than East Lithuanian and is used three times more rarely than adunt. It became a predominant subordinator in the clauses of purpose in subsequent writings of the eastern variety of old Lithuanian (e. g., in Sirvydas’ Punktai sakymų). The polyfunctional connective kad characteristic of subordinate clauses of modern Lithuanian is used in the clauses of time, condition and cause in the 1605 translation of Ledesma’s catechism. The analysis provided no evidence to conclude that it was more common in clauses of reason than in conditional ones. Furthermore, the connective kadu characteristic of the eastern variety of old Lithuanian writings is used in the clauses of time and conditional clauses in the translation under analysis only. All this seems not to support the idea of Vytautas Ambrazas, according to which connectives, which derived from the stem *ko-, first spread from clauses of time to clauses of reason and only later established their position in conditional and other types of clauses (cf. Ambrazas 2006: 476, 502); instead, it allows us to identify the trend of development of connectives from clauses of time to conditional clauses and reason clauses afterwards (as claimed by Edward Hermann, cf. 1912: 71) or from clauses of time to conditional clauses and reason clauses independently.

The Tenseless Copula in Temporal Predication

In this paper I explore how the tenseless copula is to be interpreted in sentences of the form “a is F at t”, where “a” denotes a persisting, changeable object, “F” stands for a prima facie intrinsic property and “t” for a B-time. I argue that the interpretation of the copula depends on the logical role assigned to the time clause. Having rejected the idea that the time clause is to be treated as a sentence operator, I argue: (1) that if “at t” is thought of as being associated with “a” or “F”, then the tenseless copula is most plausibly read as an “is” simpliciter; and (2) that if “at t” is treated as being associated with the copula, then the tenseless copula is most plausibly understood as expressing a disjunction of tensed copulas. I end the paper by explaining the importance of the issue. I indicate the ramifications interpretation of the tenseless copula has for the so-called problem of temporary intrinsics.

Subordinate clauses of time with conjunctions referring to limito r boundary


 Subordinate clauses of time with the conjunctions referring to a limit or boundary kol, iki, ligi can express not only relations of a sequence of events/situations or simultaneity, but also highlight duration and indicate efforts put into the performance of the action. Verbs in the main and subordinate clauses can make certain combinations of tense forms. The selection of a subordinate clause structure depends on the modality of the predicate in the main clause. In cases of epistemic modality, main and subordinate clauses are based on verb forms expressed by the same tense. Cases, when tense forms differ, in such sentences are concerned with the de dicto semantic relation. When the predicate of the main clause expresses deontic modality, for the subordinate clause of time the following type of structure is selected: a conjunction referring to a temporal limit or boundary + negation + verb in the past simple tense. Clauses of time are characterised by specific structural peculiarities and a higher degree of grammaticality, semantically they are related to a need to describe a situation of imminent change or a situation set against the background of the other situation.

Noun Phrases as Temporal Determiners of Utterances in Spanish

In Spanish, the temporal determination of utterances is expressed by means of adverbs, time clauses or noun phrases containing three types of nouns. One of them is endowed with inner temporality: nouns expressing a period of time. Their way of representing time imparts some specific characteristics to them. On the one hand, they can determine utterances without using any preposition, on the other, their determination, whether quantified or not, of the phrases of which they are the nucleus, determines its durative or non–durative character in an immediate way. Nonetheless, these basic nuances are modified when they are part of more complex structures. What is more, telicity can only be expressed by means of these quantified nouns, which must be preceded by the preposition en. The temporal characteristics of nouns, particularly of those expressing periods of time, lead to reconsidering the role of time within categorial meanings.

On the semantics of subordinate clauses of time

The paper sets out to discuss the correlation between the semantic relationships of de re and de dicto type of subordinate clauses of time and grammatical tense forms of predicates. The de dicto type of subordinate clauses is seen as correlating with the predicate expressed by the present and future tense forms of the verb and the usage of conjunctive words in the most general temporal meaning (kai/kada/kuomet/kol ‘when/while'). The above grammatical features of predicates and lexical preferences of conjunctive words usually determine that the meaning in the clauses of time is intertwined with other meanings. Preference to clauses of time over conditional clauses in particular discourses is mostly concerned with a well-developed communicative competence of the addressor. Displacing syntactic roles of components in a subordinate clause of time is only possible in very rare cases when reference is made to an idiosyncratic context of the situation of utterance.

Difference or Deficit in Speakers of African American English?

Difference or Deficit in Speakers of African American English?

Der Einfluss von dt. bis und poln. dopóki auf die zeitliche Anordnung der im Temporalsatz und im übergeordneten Satz eingeführten Situationen: Eine Untersuchung mit einem kontrastiven Ansatz Deutsch- Polnisch

The subject of the paper is the influence of conjunctions bis, az, and dopOki nie on the time arrangement of situations introduced into the time clause and the main close with regard to morphological, syntactic and semantic elements in German and Polish. Depending on the relation of the correspondence between events in the time clause and events in the main clause, I divided the conjunction elements bis, az, and dopOki nie into two groups. The possible common features or differences in the way of their realization are also the aim of the research.

Improved exact algorithms for M AX-S AT

In this paper, we present improved exact and parameterized algorithms for the maximum satisfiability problem. In particular, we give an algorithm that computes a truth assignment for a boolean formula F satisfying the maximum number of clauses in time O(1.3247 m | F|), where m is the number of clauses in F, and | F| is the sum of the number of literals appearing in each clause in F. Moreover, given a parameter k, we give an O(1.3695 k +| F|) parameterized algorithm that decides whether a truth assignment for F satisfying at least k clauses exists. Both algorithms improve the previous best algorithms by Bansal and Raman for the problem.

Helping Students Make Appropriate English Verb Tense‐Aspect Choices

b. general, timeless truths, such as physical laws or customs The earth revolves around the sun. c. states It is cloudy. d. subordinate clauses of time or condition when the main clause contains a future-time verb When she comes, we’ll find out. e. events or actions in the present, such as in sporting events The goal counts! f. speech acts in the present I nominate Chris. g. conversational historical present (in narration) “So he enters the room and crosses over to the other side without looking at anyone.” h. events scheduled in the future My flight departs at 9 a.m. tomorrow.

Temporal Representation and Classification in Chinese

Temporal information is a significant semantic carrier in natural languages. In a broader sense, when we speak of the temporal information contained in sentences, we do not simply mean those explicit specifications, such as time clauses or phrases associated with the actions addressed. It also includes the information which is implicitly embedded in verbs. Thus, modelling of the temporal aspects of a language is more complicated than a physical time-dependent system. Over the past years, temporal information processing and extraction have received increasing attentions. Nevertheless, only a few researchers have investigated these areas in Chinese. The aim of this paper is to investigate both the explicit expressions and the inherent temporal properties of Chinese sentences. Furthermore, an algorithm to automatically classify a situation described by a sentence into three temporal categories, namely event, process and state, is proposed. This algorithm is the fundamental building block for effective Chinese temporal information processing.

Arabian Diversions: Studies in the Dialects of Arabia

Urban and rural Arabic in Khuzistan regional and social factors in the dialect geography of Southern Iraq and Khuzistan notes on the dialect of the Mutair of Eastern Arabia notes on the dialect of the Dhafir of North-Eastern Arabia notes on the dialect of the Al Murra of Eastern and Southern Arabia subordinate clauses of time and condition in Bedouin dialects the Salfah as a narrative genre camel terminology among the Al Murra Bedouins.

Crosslinguistic Influence and the Expression of Hypothetical Meaning

Although Dutch learners of English generally achieve high levels of proficiency, even advanced students produce errors like the following: English Dutch *Ifshe would do that, I would leave her (Als zij dat zou doen, zou ik hij haar weg-gaan) instead of: If she did that, I would leave her (Als zij dat deed, zou ik bij haar weggaan) They tend to insert would in the ¿/^clause of hypothetical sentences. This type of error is a characteristic feature of Dutch English and in many cases it has become fossilized. The following questions present themselves: Why is it exactly this error which is so persistent while other aspects of grammar are acquired much more easily? To what extent does the mother tongue influence the fossilization process and to what extent do general principles like markedness and semantic disambiguation play a role? Dutch corpus data show that although the structural equivalent of both the correct and the incorrect structures above are perfectly acceptable in Dutch, one form is often highlyy preferred over the other, depending on factors like time frame (future/present/past), clause order and nature of the verb (strong/weak). On the basis of these facts, I will provide a thorough description of hypothetical conditionals, which serves as a starting point for my research. In order to gain more insight into the mother tongue in the fossilization process, a written test was administered to Dutch learners of English with different levels of proficiency, first in Dutch and a couple of weeks later in English. The learners had to fill in the verb forms in hypothetical conditional sentences embedded in a short situation description. The results showed that the distribution of the different forms in Dutch was to a large extent mirrored in English; i.e. where in Dutch the would equivalent was used, the number of if...would errors increased in English and where a past tense in the if-clause was favoured η Dutch, fewer mistakes were made in English. Apparently crosslinguistic influence does play a role here and the fossilization of if ..would seems to be limited only to a subset of conditional types.

The conditional particle ka in Waama.pdf

The particle ka in Waama has an underlying conditional function, and serves most frequently to set up possible worlds in the minds of interlocutors. By virtue of its function as a conditional, it can also mark topics. It occurs as the basis of conditional-type structures, including conditionals, contrafactuals, and concessions. It also serves to express options, exceptions, and complements of some verbs of uncertainty. When functioning within a discourse, ka may also serve to introduce an adverbial time clause which recapitulates given information.