Classification Of Instruments Research Articles

Hedge Accounting: International Financial Reporting Standards e Normas do Banco Central do Brasil

Em 2008 foi anunciada a revisão do International Accounting Standard (IAS 39), segmentada em três etapas principais, a classificação e mensuração dos instrumentos financeiros, a introdução de uma nova metodologia para o cálculo de perda incorrida (impairment) e hedge accounting. Esse projeto resultou na publicação, em julho de 2014, na nova norma dos Instrumentos Financeiros, a IFRS 9. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os principais impactos trazidos pela IFRS 9, frente aos normativos contábeis do Plano Contábil das Instituições do Sistema Financeiro Nacional (COSIF), no que tange à contabilização de hedge accounting. Realizou-se a análise dos normativos locais e internacionais, e de modo complementar um estudo de caso, por meio da análise das demonstrações contábeis brasileiras no Generally Accepted Accounting Principles do Banco Société Générale do Brasil, com data-base de 30 de junho de 2017. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que, com as alterações trazidas pelo IFRS 9, maior detalhamento das informações sobre o hedge accounting passou a ser exigido, o que impacta consideravelmente o conteúdo e o formato atual das notas explicativas. Este estudo tem como principal contribuição a demonstração de que os requerimentos locais das divulgações dos instrumentos financeiros precisam de adequações.

CURRENT ISSUES OF ACCOUNTING AND EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS

The analysis of the current International Financial Reporting Standards resulted in the fact that current issues of their application for the evaluation of financial instruments in accounting have been identified. The authors provided the classification of financial instruments to organize the accounting of derivative financial instruments. The authors considered the advantages and disadvantages of using fair value measurements when accounting for financial instruments. The improvement of the methods of accounting for financial instruments and reporting them is one of the development orientations for the infrastructure of a market economy. In this case, it is necessary to solve some issues including weak legislative and normative regulation of operations with fixed-term contracts, and especially their accounting; development of methods for valuing assets; improving their management accounting.The use of the provisions of IFRS will contribute to overcoming global financial crises. The standards introduce a substantially reformed model of hedge accounting, which aligns the accounting procedure with risk management activities, which will allow companies to improve the reflection of these activities in their financial statements.

Policy instruments at work: A meta‐analysis of their applications

AbstractThis article uses a systematic review of the main literature in the field to shed light on different operationalizations of the main classifications of policy instruments. Although the literature offers a large number of instrument taxonomies, many of them act as theoretical guidelines rather than operational concepts that can help to disentangle the different features of governing actions. This article provides a review of the most frequently used policy instrument typologies and, through a meta‐analysis, it analyses how instrument typologies have been differentially adopted to explain real‐world phenomena. The results are a high degree of heterogeneity in citation frequency, the polyhedral nature of the concept of policy instruments, a divide between typologies focused on governmental resources and those focused on drivers of expected behaviour, and ‘labellism’. Thus, what emerges is the urgency of a process of convergence towards a common framework.

Food Safety Conditions in Home-Kitchens: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Federal District/Brazil.

This study aimed to analyze the food safety conditions in home kitchens from the Brazilian Federal District. A previously validated instrument composed of 77 items (in four blocks) was used to evaluate the safety conditions in home kitchens. A survey was carried out with on-site application with 226 home kitchens’ food handlers in the Federal District, Brazil to evaluate Brazilian home kitchens’ good practices. Of the home kitchen food handlers, most of them were female (64.6%), had completed undergraduate education (29.2%), and were 45–59 years old (23.5%). The visited households had an average of 3.38 ± 1.48 residents that ate some of their meals at home, and 40% declared the monthly family income to be between 5 and 15 Brazilian minimum wages (MW). Regarding the reliability of the instrument, from the KR-20 test, it was verified that the instrument presents good internal consistency (α = 0.758). According to the instrument classification, the home kitchens’ sample was considered as at a medium risk of food contamination (46.5% of them presented from 51 to 75% of conformities to the instrument). There was a statistical difference between house-kitchens with a family income from zero to one minimum wage (MW) and those receiving from 5 to 15 MW (p = 0.017), as well as between those from zero to one MW and who earn above 15 MW (p = 0.009). The result of the on-site evaluation shows that the instrument was able to measure food safety conditions in Brazilian Federal District domestic kitchens. Such findings can contribute positively to the development of actions in health education that help in the adoption of good practices of food manipulation and, consequently, in the reduction in foodborne disease outbreaks in residences.

Modern Organizational and Economic Mechanism for Environmental Safety

In this article, the organizational and economic mechanism of security management is part of the overall system of the economy as a whole with its peculiarities. It is established that the purpose of organizational and economic mechanism of management of natural, anthropogenic and ecological safety is to harmonize economic and environmental interests of social production: vertical - state, regional, local, horizontal - territorial, departmental, at the level of relations between enterprises, etc., as well as establishing an effective security assurance procedure. The objective of the organizational and economic management mechanism is to strengthen and enhance the natural, anthropogenic and ecological security of the country, under the following conditions: to function within the current legal framework; to provide reliable protection of national and regional interests in the field of guaranteeing natural anthropogenic and ecological security; create conditions for forecasting and timely prevention of threats and adverse processes of security compliance; be effective in both normal and emergency situations; be determined by a clear structure and functional separation of the authorities. It is confirmed that the organizational and economic mechanism of environmental safety is based on the following principles: scientific validity, economic responsibility, complexity, economic calculation, payment for the use of natural resources. The structure of the economic mechanism of nature management and nature conservation activity is developed. The classification of economic instruments for guaranteeing environmental safety has been formed. The modern organizational and economic mechanism of ecological safety has been developed, which provides the process of functioning of ecological safety and is supported by the legal, organizational, technical, socio-cultural and informational components. It is proved that the economic component of the organizational and economic mechanism determines the preconditions for the functioning of financial and economic relations between the participants of the process of guaranteeing environmental safety. The effectiveness of the economic subsystem is ensured by close interaction and interaction with the organizational, through the institutionalization of the components of the system and mechanisms of their organizational interaction: subordination, powers, rights, responsibilities, regularity and forms of organizational relations.

Classification of Musical Instruments using SVM and KNN

Automatic classification of musical instruments is a challenging task. Music data classification has become a very popular research in the digital world. Classification of the musical instruments required a huge manual process. This system classifies the musical instruments from a several acoustic features that includes MFCC, Sonogram and MFCC combined with Sonogram. SVM and kNN are two modeling techniques used to classify the features. In this paper, to simply musical instruments classifications based on its features which are extracted from various instruments using recent algorithms. The proposed work compares the performance of kNN with SVM. Identifying the musical instruments and computing its accuracy is performed with the help of SVM and kNN classifier, using the combination of MFCC and Sonogram with SVM a high accuracy rate of 98% achieve in classifying musical instruments. The system tested sixteen musical instruments to find out the accuracy level using SVM and kNN.

Податкова політика України

The article outlines the current state of development of the Ukrainian economy, defines the nature and role of tax policy in its further development. The goals of tax policy in the aspect of the evolution of tax policy are outlined, ranging from representatives of the classical school of political economy, marginalists, Keynesians, neoclassics and at the present stage of its development. They identify the stimulation of industrial development, production and the optimal ratio between production and consumption, optimality of demand-supply ratio with increasing marginal utility, stimulation of economic activity through use of taxes as levers of market economy development, implementation of long-term strategy of stable financial policy for the future for change in shortterm episodic measures, and those that are important in the current conditions: improvement of the organization of tax collection, clarification of their composition and structure in the total amount of fees and payments, regulation of tax rates, optimization of the ratio between tax revenues from legal entities and individuals, ensuring the even distribution of the tax burden between taxpayers, filling the state budget through the expansion of the tax base, mitigation of cyclical fluctuations in the economy, ensuring sustainable development of economic and social priorities of society, budget financing government spending, improving fiscal efficiency of taxes. The classification of tax policy instruments according to the classification features is presented: 1) by purpose, that is, the direction of influence (incentive (incentive), compensatory (supportive), disincentive (restraining)), 2) by nature of the goals of socio-economic development (strategic , operational (tactical)) ); 3) by sphere of influence (economic, social, environmental); 4) by mechanism of influence (systemic, complex, elemental). The directions of development of tax policy of Ukraine are outlined.

Viola brasileira, qual delas?

No Brasil existem diversos instrumentos de cordas dedilhadas que são denominados viola, muitas vezes referindo-se ao mesmo instrumento, porém com nomes diferentes, por exemplo: viola caipira, viola sertaneja, viola cabocla, viola nordestina, viola de festa, viola de feira, viola de fandango, viola de folia, viola de dez cordas, viola brasileira. Para uma possível classificação hierárquica dos termos e dos instrumentos, buscamos a contribuição do campo da ciência da informação, sobretudo a terminologia. O estudo da ciência da informação nos revelou diversas possibilidades de representação e organização para um determinado domínio. Optamos neste caso por classificar o termo viola brasileira (termo genérico TG) e seus (termos específicos TE) viola de cocho, viola nordestina, viola de arame, viola de buriti, viola caiçara utilizando o conceito da terminologia e documentação analisado por Maria Teresa Cabré e Lídia Almeida Barros.

Content validity determination of the countenance-tri kaya parisudha model evaluation instruments using lawshe’s CVR formula

Good Instruments that are used as measurement instruments in evaluation process should be valid instruments. An attempt that is made to obtain a valid instrument is to calculate the instrument content validity correctly by using the right formula. One formula that can be used to test the content validity of the Countenance-Tri Kaya Parisudha model evaluation instruments is Lawshe’s CVR. Based on those statements, the main objective of this study was to explain how to use the Lawshe’s CVR formula to determine the content validity of a Countenance-Tri Kaya Parisudha model evaluation instruments. Subjects that were involved in conducting the trial of the instruments were 15 panellists. The tool that was used to test the instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 30 questions. Analysis of the instruments was done by comparing the results of validation to Guilford standards so that that instrument classification could be determined. These study results indicate that the Countenance-Tri Kaya Parisudha model evaluation instruments were at a high level of validation with the average of content validity ratio 0.644.

Conceptualization of the notion of “institution” within the modern socio-philosophical discourse

This work explores current state of the conceptual framework of social philosophy. The object of this research is the phenomenon of a social institution. The subject is the conceptualization of the notion of “institution” within the modern socio-philosophical discourse. Institutions are perceived by the authors as specific social establishments. Considering the pragmatism of the modern social philosophy, the authors focus on the functional elucidation of institutions, giving grounds for instrumental classification, as well as presenting essential features from the position of the functions they carry out. The authors’ contribution into the research of this topic is the thesis on the need for continuous research of institutions in light of their dynamic nature and the social transformations accompanying the functionality of this phenomenon. This article presents an original concept of an institution, which takes into consideration its characteristics as a structure that provides vital function for any society: historism, collective activity of people, and sustainability.

Analyzing the tax system as a factor of social policy of the State

Subject. We analyze the effect of the tax system on the social policy of the State. Objectives. The study aims to assess the tax system as a factor of government’s social policy. Methods. We employ methods of systems analysis, including qualitative, quantitative, factor analysis, generalization methods, comparison, as well as economic and statistical methods. Statistical reporting of the Federal Tax Service of Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and laws and regulations served as empirical and information basis of the study. Results. We considered the classification of tax instruments for implementing the social policy of the tax system, and indicators of social policy efficiency; identified areas for stirring up the social function of taxes. They include the use of personal income tax as a tool of State social policy through the separation of taxpayer income to apply progressive tax rates based on the analysis of statistical data on taxpayers’ size and per capita income behavior. The paper defines the main factors of changes in the modern social policy of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. At the present stage of tax system development, the paper highlights the increased level of social awareness. It is manifested in increased social control over effective functioning of State institutions. This control focuses on the quality of public services, cost effectiveness, and improved living standards.

COEXISTENCE OF CLASSICAL MUSIC AND GUGAK IN KOREAN CULTURE

Classical music and Korean traditional music ‘Gugak’ in Korean culture try various ways such as creating new music and culture through mutual interchange and fusion for coexistence. The purpose of this study is to investigate the present status of Classical music in Korea that has not been 200 years old during the flowering period and the Japanese colonial period, and the classification of Korean traditional music and musical instruments, and to examine the preservation and succession of traditional Gugak, new Korean traditional music and fusion Korean traditional music. Finally, it is exemplified that Gugak and Classical music can converge and coexist in various collaborations based on the institutional help of the nation. In conclusion, Classical music and Korean traditional music try to create synergy between them in Korean culture by making various efforts such as new attempts and conservation.

A review of optimal energy policy instruments on industrial energy efficiency programs, rebound effects, and government policies

Industrial energy-efficiency programs (IEEPs) are defined as one of the most popular government policies that aim to reduce energy consumption in industrial energy-intensive sectors. In this paper, we review and classify the most important academic studies that have addressed the environmental and economic aspects of IEEPs using a systematic review. The classification of energy policy instruments has been developed based on an analytical approach. We discuss also the outputs, benefits, and barriers of IEEPs, besides a comprehensive argument about the restrictive policies on the rebound effects made after the implementation of these programs. The results disclose that China, USA, and Sweden are the most addressed countries on IEEPs and their applications. In this regard, incentive energy policies e.g., voluntary agreements and subsidies have been applied more than others in the last decade. Furthermore, most of the reviewed studies emphasize energy price reform as an effective practical policy while a few analytical methods can be seen to help policy-makers determine the optimal levels of decision variables. Finally, according to the state-of-the-art analysis, the authors provide some novel recommendations to improve the performance of IEEPs, using some restrictive policies on the negative impacts of rebound effects.

Mapping Of The Responsible Investments Instruments In Sdg 3 ‘Good Health And Well-Being’ Financing: EU And US Experience

This article summarizes the existing approaches to investigating instruments of responsible investments in the health care system in Europe and in United States. The main research’s purpose is to identify existing instruments of responsible investment under funding Sustainable Development Goal 3: ‘Good health and well-being’. Systematization of scientific sources and approaches on the investigated issue showed no unique approach to forming a list of responsible investment instruments to finance health and well-being in Europe and United States. Hence, existing approaches vary by risk, return, suitability for financing, and so on. Therefore, the analysis and generalization of existing approaches and investigating their implementation-related practical features are the relevant scientific problem. The research’s object is the health care financing approaches of the generally recognized organizations such as the Financial Initiative for Biodiversity under the United Nations Development Program, the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank (Biodiversity Finance Initiative United Nation Development Program, USAID, World Bank). The authors noted that these organizations contributed greatly to provide funding for these projects at the global level. For gaining the research’s goal, this study was conducted in the following logical sequence. Firstly, the authors characterized the Biofin financial decisions in health care under the United Nations Development Program. Secondly, the study systematized the U.S. Agency for International Development financing approaches regarding the Sustainable Development Goal 3. Then, the authors generalized the practical directions towards realizing the mentioned above instruments while digging into the World Bank responsible investment activity regarding health care. The study suggested the typology method to identify the key criteria for classifying responsible investment instruments. In turn, the mapping method was used to generalize the scientific background concerning health care finance. Therefore, the findings could help scientists further develop and unify the classification of responsible investment instruments regarding sustainable development and health care financing based on EU and US experience. Moreover, the obtained results enrich the existing global approaches in funding the national health care system and reaching the established Sustainable Development Goals 3 ‘Good health and well-being’.

Financial stability instruments for the banking systems of Ukraine

The article focuses on the issues of systematization, analysis and development of the classification of instruments for ensuring the financial stability of the banking system, which is a determining factor in the formation of the necessary influences to ensure the financial stability of the banking system. For the selection and application of the toolkit that most precisely meets the goals, current conditions and priorities of ensuring the financial stability of the banking system, its classification was supplemented by the introduction of new classification features. In particular, in order to take into account the importance of maintaining the continuous circulation of financial flows in the banking system, their consistency and synchrony, we developed a classification criterion ‘for influencing the inflow and outflow of financial flows’, which makes it possible to use the appropriate instrument to complete such specific tasks as ensuring continuity, streamlining the cost of resources, smoothing the impact on interest rates of liquidity changes. Based on the presence of different levels of regulatory influences on ensuring the financial stability of the banking system – strategic and operational – the classification criteria ‘to influence the achievement of monetary policy operational goals’ and ‘to influence the achievement of strategic monetary policy goals’ were introduced. The classification criterion ‘impact on systemic/state-owned banks’ is justified by the significance of systemically important banks for ensuring the financial stability of the banking system, since a significant concentration of assets and capital in such banks requires the use of special tools aimed at preventing systemic risks. Taking into account the need for balancing the flows of credits provided by the banking system, the impact of risks on banking activities, the classification features of instruments for ensuring the financial stability of the banking system ‘by impact on the credit cycle’, ‘by key risks’, ‘by organizational elements’ were proposed. Allocation of the classification features of the instruments for ensuring the financial stability of the banking system will contribute to the achievement of targeting of regulatory and organizational influences and compliance with the criteria of rationality and adequacy when choosing specific instruments. This will create the basis for the selection and application of such a combination of instruments that most closely meets the goals, current conditions and priorities for ensuring the financial stability of the banking system.

Інструменти фінансового ринку та їх класифікація в умовах цифровізації суспільства

Досліджено інструменти фінансового ринку та їх класифікацію в умовах цифровізації суспільства, зокрема проаналізовано та уточнено дефініцію «фінансовий інструмент», «цифровий фінансовий інструмент», оцінено та побудовано модель інструментальної класифікації фінансового ринку за його сегментами.

RECREATIONAL NATURE USE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL-ECONOMIC TOOLS

Topicality. In the context of sustainable development as the leading concept of the modern stage of human development, in particular ecological, economic and related social aspects, there are contradictions of various nature in different economic sectors and social spheres. In case of social exacerbation, these contradictions turn into a conflict form, namely in the form of environmental, including natural-resource and other conflicts. Their timely resolution is one of the requirements of national and, in particular, environmental safety. In the sphere of recreational nature management, the issues of contradictions and conflicts are certainly relevant and need improvement both from a theoretical point of view and in terms of formation of organizational-economic instruments for resolving relevant conflict situations. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to summarize and analyze the provisions that underlie the formation of principles and instruments for managing recreational nature use in the context of resolving the contradictions of sustainable development. Research results. The article deals with the methodological principles of nature management research (as a key category for understanding the contradictions of sustainable development), namely: the principle of genetic unity of nature and society, the principle of mediating the role of social production in the relationship "society - nature", the principle of nature reproduction. Theoretical provisions on ecological contradictions and conflicts, in particular regarding recreational nature use, are generalized. The classification of instruments for resolving the contradictions of ecologically sustainable development (both in general and in certain ecological-economic sphere, in particular, recreational use of nature) is proposed, namely: economic (financial-credit: subsidies, grants, preferential credits; preferential and discriminatory taxation of services and products, and the use of resources; environmental insurance; payments for pollution and nature use; accelerated depreciation of environmental funds; price instruments), administrative (decisions of territorial bodies, departmental prohibitions; regulatory framework, in particular, limits on pollution and use of resources, etc.; environmental audit and expertise; environmental monitoring; environmental and natural resource target programs; permits and licenses for any kind of environmental activity; instruments for resolving natural resource conflicts), social and psychological (promoting non-monetary forms of the market; environmental education and training; public pressure; environmental consulting; resolving environmental conflicts) and organizational. Conclusion. In the paper theoretical views that reveal the essence of recreational nature use in the context of contradictions of sustainable ecological and economic development are generalized. The principles of analysis of contradictions related to the methodology of nature use in its extended and narrow interpretations are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, in the aggravated state, ecological and economic contradictions become ecological conflicts. In the example of the Black Sea region, environmental conflicts related to tourism and recreation are actualized; positive is the fact that their share in the structure of all ten kinds of environmental conflicts is negligible. The classification of organizational-economic instruments for resolving the contradictions of sustainable development, which are adapted to the sphere of recreational nature use, in which, in particular, along with the traditional economic management instruments, are presented organizational and socio-psychological tools for resolving environmental conflicts.

SUBSTANTIATION OF EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENTS OF REGULATION OF FINANCIAL IMBALANCES OF ENDOGENOUS-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE

The article deals with instruments recommended for regulating financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development of the regions of Ukraine as an integral part of the regional economy management mechanism, and also explored the ways of regulating regional socioeconomic processes in crisis conditions. The basic principles of selection of instruments for the regulation of financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development of regions are determined. The classification of instruments of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenous-oriented development is considered. The basic tools used to support the development of regions and municipalities are analyzed: legal; related to the development of appropriate strategies and programs; based on the implementation of inter-municipal cooperation; financial. The three main directions of financial imbalance regulation tools for endogenous-oriented development of the regions are investigated, which are used to analyze the impact on the effectiveness of regional development at different stages of the economic cycle. The system of specially organized measures of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions is substantiated. In modern conditions, great attention is paid to the problems of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions of Ukraine, the implementation of which requires special instruments. A holistic presentation of the systemic mechanism of regulation of financial imbalances of endogenously oriented development of regions is offered. After all, ensuring endogenous-oriented development of regions in the current conditions of functioning of the economy of Ukraine requires the implementation of strategies of socioeconomic transformation, which will be aimed at changing the financial imbalances of development of regions and mechanisms for their implementation. Endogenously oriented regional development means increasing the level of overcoming adverse social, economic and environmental risks and trends, with the ability of regions to provide financial imbalances, self-regulation, self-improvement with maximum use of internal as well as external borrowing resources to meet the needs of the population of the regions. The endogenous-oriented development of the regions is conditioned by the identification of instruments for regulating the financial imbalances of the regions and the identification of conditions for their achievement, which are derivatives for ensuring the endogenously-oriented development of the regions as a whole.

An Enhanced Musical Instrument Classification using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Retrieval of musical information from musical databases is a major challenging issue in a digital world. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient tool for retrieving the musical information. Musical instrument classification plays a major role for retrieving the information from musical database. In order to retrieve the musical instrument efficiently, an enhanced musical instrument classification algorithm using deep Convolutional Neural Network is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm consists of convolutional layers interleaved with two pooling functions followed by two fully interconnected layers. There are sixteen instruments from different instrument families are taken for evaluating the performance of proposed algorithm. The experimental result shows that the proposed algorithm recognizes the instruments significantly and achieves the greater accuracy than existing algorithm.

Linking the Malaysia’s Solid Waste Management Policy Instruments with Household Recycling Behavior

The environmental problems faced by the world population today is the result of human daily activities. One of the contributing sources to the environmental problems is the growth of solid waste. Solid waste generation increases as a result of economic progress, urbanization, population growth and consumer-based lifestyles. The urban areas of Asia is expected to spend at least US$50 billion per year in 2025 on solid waste management. Malaysia, experiencing rapid economic prosperity, is also faced with challenges in solid waste management. This paper will highlight the present state of waste generation trends, its management, the waste management policies and strategies with specific focus on recycling for the household sector. Recycling has been highlighted for decades as a plausible option for sustainable waste management but still faced with various challenges. This paper will provide a brief classification of the policy instruments adopted in achieving the policy objectives. This provide the basis for future research to analyse the households’ perspective on the effectiveness of implemented policy instruments. It is crucial for policymakers to understand the behavioral aspect of the policy instruments in planning future comprehensive strategies.