Classical Texts Research Articles

Where Is the Place to Call Home? The Diasporic Writings of Hmong Americans

ABSTRACT The Hmong are an ethnic group with a rich cultural and historical background. They are primarily found in Southeast Asia, particularly in the mountainous regions of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Since the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the Hmong have immigrated to the United States in large numbers as war refugees. The process of their integration into the new culture has engendered the formation of Hmong English writing. This body of literature mainly includes autobiographies, short stories, essays, and poems, most of which depict the Hmong experience of exile, and whose central preoccupation is the pursuit of a homeland. Focused exclusively on the literary works of Hmong Americans, this paper examines classic and experimental texts to amplify independent narratives. Drawing from diaspora literature scholarship by Stuart Hall and Homi K. Bhabha, it positions Hmong American literature as a representative form of diasporic writing. It seeks to unravel the complexities of their cultural transition, identity, and the role of literature in constructing narratives and opens up fresh dimensions in understanding its unique features and contributions.

The quality of translation results by Google translate and Microsoft translator in translating classical Arabic texts based on the translation of the book Matn Al-ghāyah Wat Taqrib by Faiz El Muttaqin

The quality of translation results by Google translate and Microsoft translator in translating classical Arabic texts based on the translation of the book Matn Al-ghāyah Wat Taqrib by Faiz El Muttaqin

A REVIEW ON VILWADI AGADA

Agadatantra is one of the eight therapeutic divisions of Ayurveda which focuses on the study of poisons, namely their sources, characteristics, actions, manifestations, and management. Agadtantra explains toxicity from an Ayurvedic perspective. Agadatantra explains the type of poison, its symptoms, treatment and many Vishaghna yogas (antitoxic formulations), which are helpful in managing toxicity. One of the most significant Agada formulations recorded in classics is Vilwadi agada. It is the primary medication of choice in acute toxicopathological situations. The references of Vilwādi agada can find in Aṣtānga Hridaya, Aṣtānga samgraha, Kriyākoumudi, Viṣavaidya Jyōtsnika, Sahasrayoga etc. Vilwadi agada has a wide range of applications, including poisons, bites and stings, gastrointestinal diseases, etc. This article is a humble effort to analyse Vilwadi agada with the help of different Nighantus and Ayurvedic classical texts.

The annotation and compilation of Shennong Classic of Materia Medica in the period of the Republic of China

A variety of books on the annotation and compilation of Shennong Classic of Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing) appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the period of the Republic of China at the beginning of the last century, a total of eight annotated and compiled books on Shennong Classic of Materia Medica were published. This paper discusses the authors of these books, their contents and their academic features. It was found that the research on Shennong Classic of Materia Medica in the period of the Republic of China was basically divided into two main sections: the continuation of reverence for classical texts with extensive commentary and the 'scientific' transformation of traditional materia medica in the context of Sino-Western medicine integration.

Marxism and the Critique of Antisemitism

Abstract Antisemitism is an increasingly prevalent aspect of public life in the West, both as a consequence of the growth of the far right across the board and through its mobilisation against Palestinian liberation and Palestine solidarity activism. While synagogues are targeted and far-right politicians revive ideas of Jewish global power, it is the left, Muslims, and Palestinians that are continuously constructed as the source of the current rise in hatred and violence against Jews. If historically the Marxist tradition engaged actively with the so-called Jewish question, in recent decades the subject has receded from focus. This shift took place as other forms of racism – directed at Muslims, Black populations, or migrants – became the basis for reactionary politics in the West. This article argues that while some of the assumptions that underwrote classical Marxist texts on the issue have been found wanting – perhaps most notably the inevitable (or desirable) character of the trend towards assimilation – they remain important starting points for making sense of our present, both by their method and their political commitment to liberation.

The Interpretation of the Modern Spirit of Chekhovs Drama on the Contemporary Stage -- Taking Butusov Theater as an Example

Chekhovs plays have long been very popular in modern theater, especially in the major theaters of Russia. Many theatrical masters have adapted his classic texts. However, some adaptations have a strong avant-garde and experimental color, and the creators consciousness is too strong. So it is easy to ignore the fundamental of the text, in other words, the modernity problem. This paper takes Russian director Yuri Butusovs adaptation of Chekhovs plays as an example to study how the contemporary drama stage interprets the spirit of modernity in the text. This paper applies the relevant theories, which are all reflected in the Butusov Theater, including Meyerholds cubist stage concept, the contextualizing cubism proposed by the British scholar Amy Skinner, and Bakhtins carnival theory. Butusov deeply explores the modern spirit of Chekhovs drama and presents it with his unique directing art, which is also an alternative expression of the classic text.

Cosmology of dewa ruci in the islamic tasawuf perspective

This study examines the cosmology of Dewa Ruci from the perspective of Islamic mysticism, focusing on faith, purity, and spiritual journey. The research aims to explore how the concept of Dewa Ruci in Javanese narratives relates to Islamic mysticism. To achieve this goal, the research method used is library research, involving the study of classical texts and literature related to Islamic mysticism as well as the stories of Dewa Ruci. The findings indicate that the cosmology of Dewa Ruci reflects harmony between Islam and Javanese culture, with Dewa Ruci symbolizing values. This study enhances our understanding of how Islamic teachings are conveyed through traditional narratives, enriching our understanding of Javanese cultural heritage and beliefs.

Investigating the effects of rare ginsenosides on hyperuricemia and associated sperm damage via nontargeted metabolomics and gut microbiota

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn ancient times, ginseng was used for hyperuricemia treatment as described in the classic traditional Chinese medical text Shang Han Lun. Recent studies have shown that common ginsenosides and rare ginsenosides (RGS) are the main active compounds in ginseng. RGS have higher activity and are less studied in the treatment of hyperuricemia. Aim of the studyTo determine whether RGS prevents and ameliorates potassium oxonate(PO)-induced hyperuricemia and concomitant spermatozoa damage in mice and the possible underlying mechanisms. Materials and methodsPotassium oxonate (PO, 300 mg/kg) induced hyperuricemia in mice via the oral administration of RGS (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) or allopurinol (ALL, 5 mg/kg) for 35 days. Uric acid (UA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels were measured to assess the degree of histopathological damage in the liver, kidney, and testis, and renal creatinine (CRE), urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and inflammatory factor (IL-1β) levels were measured to calculate the sperm density. Mechanisms were also explored based on blood and urine metabolomics and the gut microbiota. ResultsIn this study, we demonstrated that RGS containing Rg3, Rk1, Rg6, and Rg5 could reduce serum UA levels, inhibit serum and hepatic XO activity, reduce renal CRE and BUN levels, further restore renal SOD and GSH activities, reduce the accumulation of MDA in the kidneys, and attenuate the production of renal IL-1β. RGS was able to restore sperm density. Metabolomic analysis revealed that RGS improved sphingolipid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that RGS could increase gut microbial diversity, restore the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, and adjust the intestinal microbial balance. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a correlation between differentially metabolites and the gut microbiota. Lactobacillus and Akkermansia are the core genera. ConclusionRGS can be a candidate for the prevention and amelioration of hyperuricemia and concomitant sperm damage. Its mechanism of action is closely related to sphingolipid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and the modulation of gut microbiota, such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia.

EXPLORING THE HOLISTIC APPROACHES FOR PROMOTING HAIR HEALTH FROM INSIGHTS OF AYURVEDA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Background: Hair health is a multifaceted aspect of human well-being, encompassing various physiological, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Numerous factors, including family history (heredity), hormonal changes during and after pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, and thyroid disorder, are known to contribute to hair illnesses in contemporary medicine. Owing to the limitations and adverse effects of modern treatment, some hopeful out-comes from Ayurveda are anticipated. According to the Ayurvedic view, disturbance of Trisdosa (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) is the main reason for common hair diseases, i.e. Aakal-Palitya, Khalitya and Darunaka with its curative and preventive methods like Pathya-Apathya, Nasya, Murdha taila, Lepa, etc. Ayurveda has a lot of potential in treating these illnesses. Aim: This abstract aim to elucidate the significance of holistic approaches in Ayurveda for promoting hair health, outlining the essential practices, routines, and lifestyle adjustments recom-mended for individuals to achieve vibrant and resilient hair. Methodology: To gather information on Ayurvedic perspectives on hair health, a comprehensive review of clas-sical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Bhavprakash, as well as contemporary literature and clinical studies, was conducted. Discussion: Ayurveda considers hair health as a reflection of overall well-being, influenced by the balance of the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and the proper functioning of bodily tissues (Dhatus) and metabolic processes (Agnis). Daily regimens for hair care en-compass a range of practices tailored to individual constitutions and hair types. These may include oil massage (Abhyanga) of the scalp and hair with herbal oils, gentle cleansing using natural cleansers, such as herbal pow-ders (Shikakai, Reetha), maintaining scalp hygiene, nourishing the scalp, strengthening hair roots, preventing premature greying, treat conditions such as hair loss, dandruff, and scalp infections and following dietary and lifestyle guidelines conducive to hair health. Abhyanga (Massage) improves blood circulation, increasing nutri-ents to the hair roots and scalp. Conclusion: Ayurveda offers a comprehensive and personalized approach to hair health, addressing hair disorders’ symptoms and root causes. By restoring doshic balance, optimizing digestion, and nourishing hair follicles with natural remedies, i.e. Daily regimens, wholesome diet, Rasayana, Panchakar-ma, and Yogic practices, Ayurvedic interventions aim to promote long-term hair vitality and overall well-being.

Moral Education from Imam Nawawi's Perspective: An Analytical Study of the Kitab Nashaih Al-'Ibad

Moral education is a fundamental aspect of Islamic education, aimed at developing individuals with virtuous character and integrity. Imam Nawawi's Kitab Nashaih Al-'Ibad is a classical Islamic text that provides profound insights into moral education. Understanding these insights is crucial for enhancing contemporary Islamic education. This study aims to explore and analyze the concept of moral education from Imam Nawawi's perspective as presented in Kitab Nashaih Al-'Ibad. The research employs a library research methodology, with Kitab Nashaih Al-'Ibad as the primary reference and various other books and studies on Imam Nawawi's educational perspectives as secondary references. Data was collected through thematic analysis of the primary text and comparative analysis with existing literature on Islamic and moral education. Findings, The study identifies five key principles of moral education according to Imam Nawawi: sincerity (ikhlas), humility (tawadu), patience (sabar), gratitude (syukur), and self-accountability (muhasabah). These principles are highly relevant to contemporary Islamic education, offering a holistic approach that integrates moral and academic development. Comparisons with previous studies and theories highlight the universal relevance and applicability of these principles. Conclusion, Imam Nawawi's principles provide a robust framework for moral education that can significantly contribute to the development of virtuous individuals in the modern educational context. Effective implementation requires collaborative efforts among educators, communities, and stakeholders. Recommendations: It is recommended that these principles be integrated into the curriculum, teacher training programs, and community involvement initiatives. Further research is encouraged to explore practical applications and impacts of these principles in diverse educational settings.

Rethinking Pliny’s “Sicilian Crocus”: Ecophysiology, Environment, and Classical Texts

Classical scholars have long held that the saffron in widespread use throughout the ancient Mediterranean was Crocus sativus (Iridaceae), a sterile triploid descendant of the wild Crocus cartwrightianus, and indeed use of Crocus sativus in antiquity has been extensively borne out both by iconographic and phylogenetic studies. Two principal scholars of the Roman world, Dioscorides the physician and Pliny the natural historian, disagreed radically over the virtues and commercial value of saffron crocus from Sicily, with one praising its quality, and the other excoriating it. This study draws on ecophysiology, classical texts, environmental archeology, and phytochemistry to explain this disagreement and its implications. It explores the potential impact of microclimate on crocus cultivation in the ancient Mediterranean and proposes a new species identification for Sicilian crocus: Crocus longiflorus. The identification of Crocus longiflorus as “Sicilian saffron” offers an important corrective to the assumption that Crocus sativus was the sole crocus species of commercial value in the ancient Mediterranean and renews attention to the economic potential and utility of an indigenous southern Italian species overlooked in classical and later scholarship.

Scientific applicability in day-to-day practice on Granthokta Garbhini Paricharya

Achievement of motherhood is the cherished desire of every woman, as fetus depends upon mother for its nourishment, so health of pregnant women is most important as motherhood represents the bearing capacity of fetus inside the womb and delivery in a healthy status. There are many physiological and psychological changes occur in different stages of pregnancy in which some of them may ends up in discomfort and trouble. Acharyas have described Masanumasika Garbhini Paricharya in classical texts of Ayurveda for pregnant women that help in the development of fetus, healthy growth of fetus and care to mother. Garbhini Paricharya is nothing but the care given to pregnant women mostly through Ahara and Vihara. It is the daily regimen one should have to follow in the most delicate days of their life. The nine monthly diets are singularly unique in Ayurveda. This Paricharya changes in accordance to the growth of fetus in the womb and at the same time ensures health of mother. One can find remnants of dietetics (Paricharya) with older women and midwives but detailed and comprehensive diet plan as Paricharya is being practiced only by Acharyas. The main intension of advising Garbhini Paricharya is Paripurnatya (providing growth to fetus and mother), Anupaghata (pregnancy without complications) and Sukhaprasava (for normal delivery and healthy progeny). In this paper we are giving a broad expanse of the month wise diet as Garbhini Paricharya which can be modified according to the season, age, place, and digestive fire of pregnant woman.

Significance of Swarnaprashana in Boosting Immunity

Administration of gold in children is a unique practice mentioned in Ayurveda as “Swarnaprashana” by Acharya Kashyapa thousands of years back. He explained evidently the administration of Swarna (gold) in children for the benefits of improving Medha (intellect), Agni (digestion and metabolism), Bala (physical strength), Ayusha (longevity), Mangalkarka (Increase auspicious circumstances), Punyam (Virtue), Vrushya (Fertility) Grahabadhanashaka or Grahapaham (Protection from piritis & microorganisms) and act as a immuno-modulator. There are various formulations of gold along with herbal drugs explained by different Acharya for prolonged usage in children. The primary sources of Swarnaprashana in children are found in two classical Ayurvedic texts: Jatakarma Samskara (newborn care) and Lehana (supplementary feeding). The age and method of administration, benefits and dosage as per various classical textbooks of Ayurveda are discussed here along with the reports of related scientific studies. Ayurveda recommends only purified and processed form of gold for internal administration.

A short review on deciphering Vyadhikshamatva: insights from HLA-B27-ankylosing spondylitis relation.

Various aspects of the concept of Vyadhikshamatva have been thoroughly explored, highlighting its profound significance in resisting disease manifestation, particularly in the context of Ankylosing spondylitis. Investigated the relationship between HLA-B27 and Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) by examining current knowledge and hypotheses Furthermore, efforts were made to portray the influence of prakruti (constitution) and balam (strength) on disease manifestation and progression. Ayurvedic literature along with contemporary research works was analyzed for correlating various aspects like vyadhikshamatva,oja (The final essence of all body elements), and balam along with their influence on the defensive mechanism of the body. A thorough literature search was conducted to explore the strong association between HLA-B27 and AS by examining various hypotheses like the Arthritogenic peptide hypothesis, the Misfolding hypothesis, the Surface Homodimer hypothesis, and the β2 microglobulin hypothesis that attempts to explain the pathogenic role of HLA-B27 in AS. Alongside classical Ayurvedic texts, databases like PubMed and Scopus were searched using keywords such as Immunity, Ankylosing spondylitis, Vyadhikshamatva, HLA-B27, Balam, and Autoimmune disorder with the help of Boolean operators. The review highlighted the critical role of Vyadhikshamatva in disease prevention, particularly in influencing the manifestation of conditions like AS despite genetic predisposition (HLA-B27). Further, the understanding of the Ayurvedic concepts can clearly explain the conflict that has arisen in the determination of the positive HLAB27 gene in Ankylosing Spondylitis as a definite diagnosing criteria. This comprehensive understanding will uplift the need for personalized medicine in disease management. Further research must be needed to understand the interaction between genetic factors (HLAb27), individual constitution, and their vyadikshamatva.

A Conceptual Review of Allergic Rhinitis According to Ayurveda

The study focuses on the global health concern of allergic rhinitis, a condition that affects approximately 400 million people worldwide. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis characterized by recurrent attacks of sneezing, nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea has increased over the years due to urbanization and environmental pollution. Although modern medicine has developed treatments for allergic rhinitis, it is still incurable. In Ayurveda, there is a concept of Sannipatik disorders, which involves the vitiation of all the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) in the pathophysiology of the disease. Sannipatik diseases are known to be particularly challenging to treat. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis closely resemble the diseased condition called Sannipatik Pratishayaya in Ayurveda. While modern medicine offers anti-allergic, antihistaminic, corticosteroids, and other treatment options, these are not entirely effective in curing the disease or preventing its recurrence. Additionally, these treatments often come with their own side effects. In contrast, Ayurvedic classical texts provide detailed explanation of the pathophysiology, sign and symptoms and principles of treatment for effective management for Sannipatik Pratishayaya. Thus, the Ayurvedic concept of Sannipatik Pratishyaya and its understanding can be helpful in managing allergic rhinitis. Aim- The aim of the article is to correlate symptomatology of Sannipatik Pratishyaya with allergic rhinitis and discuss the role of various treatment modalities according to Ayurveda. Methods- Literary review of various Ayurvedic texts, electronic databases; online Journals in the field available at various search portals. Result-The final outcome of the study is to find out a permanent treatment measure for this problem that can be further tested by practical application.

Learned Women, “Leftover” Women, and “The Third Sex” Women's Learning in the Confucian Tradition and Contemporary China

Abstract This paper investigates women's learning experiences in the Confucian tradition and the social dismay and stigma associated with them. Despite being considered a meta-virtue in the Confucian tradition, learning becomes rather complex when women are the learners. It is viewed by learned women as a curse rather than a blessing in pre-modern China; it is associated with the stigma of “leftover women” and “the third sex” in contemporary China. Based on an examination of works written by women thinkers, I argue that the asymmetry in social recognition for men's and women's learning is rooted in the social and family structure of nei (in) and wai (out), which does not assign sufficient cultural and moral significance to learning achieved in the nei domain nor permit its continuous and accumulative existence. I propose two preliminary steps to rectify the issue of the lack of social and moral recognition of women's learning: first, a reforming of the nei and wai structure to allow assigning more moral, cultural, and normative significance to affairs in the nei domain. Second, re-examine and utilize classical Confucian texts such as the Mencius and later works by women writers to support and guide such reformations.

A REVIEW ON ROLE OF TRIDOSHA IN HEALTH AND DISEASES

Healthy and unhealthy state of a human being depends on normal and abnormal functional state of Tridosha, considering the physiological importance of Dosha in maintenance of homeostasis of the body. Tridosha have been called as root (Dosha Dhatu Mala Moolam hi Shariram) of the body. All the functions of the body could be explained in terms of Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala. Panchamahabhuta are chief controllers of universe. By Loka purusha saamyavaada existence of entities in universe and living body is similar. Hence controllers in human body must also be Panchabhoutika. Since Dosha are functional representatives of Panchamahabhuta, they are controllers of body functions. They are structurally Panchabhoutika in nature. Synthesis of Dosha is brought about in two stages. Those synthesized in unicellular zygote and impress every cell after differentiation are Prakruta Dosha, which are decisive factors for body characteristics. Those synthesized from food material which control routine body metabolism are called Vaikrata Dosha, which are decisive factors for homeostasis. Both stages are observed in intra uterine as well as extra uterine life. Both these kinds of Dosha work in synergism to carry out all bodily functions. Vatadosha is divided into five types and These types are according to function, chief location etc. Similarly, Pitta as well as Kaphadosha are also divided into five types. Within limits Doshas are maintaining living body, as they maintain homeostasis. Doshas are only and direct responsible factors for genesis of diseases. Even though there are exogenous and endogenous etiological factors in pathogenesis, Ayurveda suggests that any cause leads to vitiation of Dosha in the first place and then next events start for generation of diseases. Doshas control other two entities namely Dhatu and Mala. Aim & Objectives: Observing the role of Doshas in health and disease conditions Materials and Methods: All the classical texts of Ayurveda with available commentaries, published research papers, PUB med, Google scholar, research Gate, subject related data on Internet and other sources were reviewed for the present study Results and Conclusion: The Doshas having the primary role in maintaining health and any disturbance in Doshas will causes disease KEY WORDS: Doshas, Ahara, vihara, Vikruti, vyadhi

Product development and characterization of the Ayurvedic herbo-mineral-metallic compound- Hridayarnava Rasa

BackgroundHerbo-mineral-metallic formulations are an inseparable part of the Ayurveda system of traditional medicine. Hridayarnava Rasa (HR) is a preparation containing metals like copper, sulphur, and mercury in processed forms and other herbs that do not produce toxic effects and adverse drug reactions when taken in appropriate dosage. Ayurveda practitioners use it in treating cardiac diseases like hypertension, cardiotoxicity and many more. The rasa-aushadhis possess characteristics such as rapid efficacy, little dosage required, and extensive therapeutic applicability. Hridayarnava Rasa [AFI Part-1, 20:55] has been employed for the treatment of various diseases from ancient times. A systematic study of these formulations manufacturing is required to maintain their quality, safety, and efficacy is a need of time to protect the immense faith of patients in Ayurveda. ObjectivesThe present study aimed to prepare HR as per standard operating procedures mentioned in the classical text and to characterize it physio-chemically using advanced analytical techniques. Materials and MethodsHR was prepared and physicochemical analyses and assay of elements by ICP-AES were carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FEG SEM, EDAX), CHNS-O analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), Particle size distribution analysis (PSD) was carried out. ResultsThe XRD analysis of HR showed the presence of unreacted sulphur and sulfides of copper and mercury. FEG SEM revealed the particles in the form of aggregates as nanocrystallites in the range of 100–1000 nm. Elemental analysis showed the presence of copper, sulphur, and mercury in major, along with traces of iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. In FTIR analysis, 18 peaks were observed, which strongly suggests the presence of various organic groups. In the TGA, four peaks were seen, which can be attributed to sulphur volatilization and oxidative changes in mercury. In PSD analysis, 50% of the material was found below 16.40 μm. ConclusionTo establish a piece of fundamental knowledge and ensure uniformity of these rasa-aushadhis, it is imperative to conduct an analysis of their characteristics as per classical texts and modern analytical techniques. Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the significance of each procedural step included in the preparation process. The inferences drawn are helpful as an essential aid for quality assurance and standardization of this herbo-mineral-metallic formulation.

Biography of Pandit Divi Gopalacharlu: A revolutionary reformer of Ayurveda in preindependent India

Abstract Pandit Divi Gopalacharlu was a legendary Ayurvedic physician who provided valuable service to Ayurveda and made a remarkable contribution to the upliftment of Ayurveda. His primary education and Sanskrit studies were held in Machalipatnam, and he completed his studies at Mahant school in Tirupati and was conferred with the title “Acharya.” He completed his Ayurveda education at Maharajah’s Ayurveda Oriental School in Mysore. The British Government recruited him as a special plague officer in 1895. He succeeded in curing and controlling the disease. His services were applauded across India for his exceptional contribution and successful management of an emergency epidemiological condition through Ayurveda. Later, he worked as Chief Physician at a free dispensary hospital of Kanyaka Parameswari Devasthanam and Charities. He established the Ashramam of Ayurveda. He started teaching Ayurveda in Telugu and tried to create awareness among people about Ayurveda. He started Ayurvedashrama Granthamala and published nearly 20 Ayurvedic texts. He wrote translations and commentaries in Telugu for the classical Ayurvedic texts. He also started a journal, Dhanvantari, to publish various research outcomes of Ayurveda. He deciphered many inscriptions that had medical importance. He was honored with many awards and worked as the president of many committees. Through Kanyaka Parameswari Devasthanam and Charities, he started a free hospital and Ayurveda college. He established Madras Ayurveda Laboratory and started manufacturing and supplying Ayurvedic medicines all over India. He prepared hundreds of medicines and set standards for the preparations. This article covers his contributions and scholarliness in detail.

Synthesis and nanoparticle characterization of an Ayurveda formulation Tridhathu Garbha Pottali

Abstract BACKGROUND: The Tridhaatu Garbha Pottali (TGP) Rasayana is a formulation that may not be widely known, but it is prepared using the Gandhaka Drava Paka method of Pottali preparation. It has been reportedly used in the treatment of various conditions, including Putimeha (Pyorrhea), Pradara (Leukorrhea), and Shukra Dosha (seminal abnormalities). Despite its potential benefits, no current research is being conducted on the synthesis and characterization of this formulation. An attempt was made to standardize the method of preparation of TGP Rasayana as mentioned in Rasayogasagar (a classical text of Rasashastra), and nanoparticle (NP) characterization was carried out alongside classical and physicochemical parameters. Presesent study aimed to standardize TGP Rasayana preparation method and analyze for Nanoparticle Characterization. METHODS: TGP Rasayana is a Pottali Rasayana prepared using the Gandhaka Paaka technique, amalgamating Shuddha Parada, Shuddha Swarna, Shuddha Gandhaka, along with Bhasmas of Naga, Vanga, and Yashadha. Swarna-Parada Dhatu Pishti (fusion) was prepared first, followed by the addition of Gandhaka. Then, the Bhasmas of Naga, Vanga, and Yashada were added, well mixed using trituration method, and Kumari Swarasa Bhavana was administered. The resulting TGP Kajjali was given a conical shape and dried, and Pottali was wrapped in four-folded silk material with Gandhaka in between. Pottali Paka was performed in Mritpatra using the Gandhaka Paaka method, placing it in a Valuka Yantra and subjecting it to Mridvagni for 8 h to obtain all Pottali Siddha Lakshana. Then, the obtained TGP Rasayana was analyzed for classical and instrumental parameters, physicochemical parameters, and sophisticated instrumental analyses such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectra. RESULTS: TGP possessed all classical parameters of Pottali. XRD confirms the presence of HgS, PbS, SnO2, and ZnO. SEM images show the agglomerated appearance of TGP particles. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) confirms the presence of sulfur, zinc, tin, mercury, and lead as major elements, with gold as minor elements. FTIR shows the presence of organic sulphate, aliphatic amines, and alkyl halides. CONCLUSION: The TGP Rasayana that has been prepared contains various NPs that possess functional groups, thus making it a highly effective therapeutic medicine with the properties of nanomedicine.