Classical Sociology Research Articles

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Index Card Match Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Pada Pembelajaran Sosiologi

This study aims to apply the index card match learning model to increase students' motivation to learn sociology in class XI IPS 2 SMAN 1 Rao Utara. The results of this study will be helpful for teachers as a guide in implementing a simple and fun learning model for students. By looking at the purpose of this research, it can be seen that this type of research is classroom action research (CAR), where the data collection technique that the author does is through the observation sheet. The subjects of this study consisted of 22 students in class XI IPS 2. Then the resulting data will be analyzed with quantitative descriptive techniques so that the resulting data can be tested for validity. The indicator of the success of this research leads to the average percentage of students' motivation in classical sociology learning, which is at least 70%. The results showed an increase in students' motivation to learn sociology. The pre-cycle found students' learning motivation with an average score of 15.58%, then in the first cycle of 42.85%, and the second cycle of 72.72%. Thus, this learning model has succeeded in increasing students' motivation to learn sociology in class XI IPS 2 SMAN 1 Rao Utara.

ISLAM AND CAPITALISM: THE DYNAMICS OF RELIGION AND CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN WORK ORIENTATION

Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous nation, with about 265 million people, and has the most significant number of adherents to Islam. The country also was well known as one of the new tigers of Southeast Asia in the mid-80s with high economic development. The impressive economic growth at an average level of 5 percent, a low rate of inflation at 2.36, the rose of consumption growth to 5.1 percent, the rapid decline of poor people, and the low Gini ratio index at 0.382 show how vital Indonesia as an exemplar of the growth of capitalism in the global south. The fact that the most populous Muslims are spread widely in Southeast Asia and Indonesia would be the best example of how capitalism and religion play their role along with their cultural and social characteristics. Therefore, the main aim of the following study is to analyze contemporary Indonesia through the lenses of classical sociology theory, especially to reveal the fundamental question of how capitalist, religious, and work-oriented Indonesian society is? Within Indonesia's contemporary context and the tension between capitalism and religion, this study shows the relationships and dynamics between the two and forms another kind of capitalism.

Scenography and the Production of Artworks in Contemporary Art

This article challenges the assumption in a classical sociology of art that artworks are created in the artist’s studio as independent and self-sufficient objects. Given that artistic production merges with exhibition making in contemporary art, I argue that the production of artworks needs to be situated in the exhibition space. In this institutional and physical environment, a set of scenographic principles dominate. Scenography is an ideology and method for exhibition making that emphasises the audience’s experience of the exhibition as a coherent entity. In the exhibition context, therefore, artworks are produced as an integral part of the scenography. Drawing upon six cases of solo exhibitions in museums and galleries, I reveal how the material, conceptual, and experiential features of artworks are shaped by scenographic considerations. The six cases also demonstrate the variations in the production of contemporary art. This article further develops the sociology of art in three ways. First, I show a middle way between the classical sociology of art and the recent material turn in cultural sociology. While the former explains artworks as social products but often fails to show the direct impact of social factors on features of artworks, the latter prioritises the agency of artworks qua artistic features but take these as given. Through the concept of scenography, I explain the social genesis of artistic features without prioritising human or non-human actors. Second, I call more attention to the dialogue with art history, especially its turns towards exhibitions for apprehending new developments in art. Third, the hybrid practices in visual art extend our understanding of artistic mediation as art itself, which becomes more applicable to different genres of art.

Spiral movement: Writingwithfascism and urban violence

How to move against the rise of the far-right and seemingly unstoppable autocratic leaders in many Western liberal democracies? Antifascism’s interest in the built environment is often limited to the collection of address data of right-wing extremists with the aim of locating its enemies. In this piece, I write with fascism and violence through vignettes of urban situatedness. I adopt an eclectic approach, engaging with diverse theories of violence and establishing loose connections between classical sociology and fascist urbanisation, liberalism in practice and historical fascism, and material aesthetics and right-wing spaces. In so doing, I highlight endemic forms of state and capitalist violence and their spatial manifestations of ghettoisation, beautification and overcoding. Acknowledging the limits of factual knowledge and liberal appeals to the truth in breaking through fascist worldviews of domination, the architecture of the text uses a circular infrastructure that connects various parties: ‘they’ (Twitter users), ‘I’ (author), ‘you’ (Walter Benjamin), and numerous ‘we’ who are thrown together in urban environments. Rather than developing a linear argument that tries to persuade fascists, I explore writing as a collective political practice that refutes totalising accounts. With the aim of opening meaning-makings through returning to and reworking numerous views, I respond to a spiral of violence with a movement that is organised around a shared commitment to an anti-oppressive, non-hierarchical world; a movement that is out of someone’s control and that spirals towards collective liberation.

Mormonicity

Mormonicity

Communication aspects of secondary socialization

The article concentrates on the study of the current problem of communication aspects of secondary socialization in the modern information society. Media play a significant role in all areas of post-industrial society, and socialization processes, in particular secondary socialization, are no exception. In this article the phenomenon of secondary socialization is described, approaches to its comprehensive understanding both from the point of view of classics of sociology and modern researchers are offered. An idea of the mechanism of functioning of this social phenomenon is given from the author’s point of view. The importance of media as the main channel for the transmission of socializing content in the modern socialization process in a society with intense communication links is also studied. The concept of the “media significant other” is given as a new approach to understanding the communication aspects of secondary socialization in modern society. The essence of the “media significant other” concept is revealed in the connection with the phenomenon of the “significant other”, also its features and its place in the system of secondary socialization is considered. Using the example of influencers, the case of functioning of the “media significant other” in the information and socialization space is considered. The article analyzes the data of a study aimed at empirically fixing the existence of the phenomenon of “media significant others” as personalities from the media sphere who influence following respondents.

Paradigm of Islamic sociology

This research shows that the first school of sociology during several centuries of the evolution of social thought has finally been introduced to human society as a product of Islamic civilization. The root of Islamic sociology is the comprehensive and profound teachings of the Qur'an on social issues. The Qur'an has made man, society, and history sources of knowledge and has invited to the science of anthropology and the knowledge of human societies and history. A verse from the Qur'an is considered a universal sociological manifesto that refers only to the concept of change and its interconnected human-divine mechanism in the individual and human societies. Since the seventeenth century, the Qur'an has been considered in Europe and American Orientalist scientific circles as a useful work in sociology. After the Qur'an, Ali's first teachings are theoretical materials of social analysis that have analyzed and explained man in terms of behaviour and social relations. Farabi, the founder of Islamic sociology, Farabi's theory of urban and citizenship theory, presented the first classical analysis and explanation of the individual and society. He is the mine of sociology for all ages and all nations. His work Thoughts on the Case of the Good City is a secular work describing the individual and society and depicting the changes of the individual and society. Ibn Khaldun's work is a complete example of a specialized school and school of Islamic sociology. The initiative of this founder of humanities is to talk about the social phenomenon in the language of formula, which is mentioned in this article for the first time as Ibn Khaldun coefficient. Ibn khaldun founded the school of classical sociology at the end of the middle Ages by presenting a formula for depicting the changing societies. He is the result of the evolution of sociology in Islamic civilization. And shows that the Qur'an is the main source of Ibn Khaldun's social thought and the basic concepts of sociology can be clearly traced and scientifically categorized through the study of the Qur'an and is useful in the sociological analysis of the problems of contemporary societies.

Концепция социальной стратификации в современной социологии

The article discusses the main idea of the concept, which is to reveal a number of problems generated by social stratification in modern sociology. Using the methodological potential of sociology, the author tries to demonstrate the essence and logic of social stratification as a metaphor for the development of modern society. While classical sociology pays more attention to the «master-dependent» relationship, in «modern» sociology, more attention is paid to the middle class, which contributes to ensuring a balance between the two poles of the social hierarchy. If until the 20th century the main attribute of the ruling class was economic opportunity, today the markers of social stratification have changed, and the most important are culture and cultural values.

Betwixt and Between: Suicide, Sociology, and the Problem of Meaning

ABSTRACT In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, rising rates of suicide were widely held to be indicative of a pervasive crisis of meaning. This article examines the response to the problem of suicide in the thought of Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. It argues that their engagement with the problem captured what each of them felt to be core truths surrounding the human condition as well as the most pressing contemporary social ailments. Read together, their thought is illustrative of the fruitful relationship that sociology had with philosophy, literature and the other arts during its formation as a discipline. It was a relationship that was particularly conducive to the examination of the problem of meaning. The discussion of suicide during this period is illustrative of key themes within classical sociology that have become increasingly marginalised in contemporary sociology with the narrowing of its fields of inquiry.

Non-Classical Canon in ANT/STS: How a Ship Turns Into a Pump?

The article examines the canon as a principle of the formation of the actor-network writing technique and its influence on the formation of the Lancaster School, which exists at the intersection of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Science and Technology Studies (STS). The discussion of the canon is built around the idea of canonical experiments by Robert Boyle, which served as a model for modern experimental science. As an experimental technique, the canon is contrasted with the principle of distinguishing classics of Sociology and classical texts that are part of the university canon. The (un)classical forms of organizing the mobile canon are described in the case studies by John Law and Annemarie Mol of the mobile/movable technologies. Two cases are highlighted for analysis, which are described in John Law's article “Objects and Spaces”: “Portuguese vessel” as “immutable mobile”, which maintains its shape due to movement, and “Zimbabwe pump” as “fluid technology” with a stable core and fluid border of the periphery. The analysis of each of the cases, highlighting their trajectories of movement between different texts, strategies for simplifying the analyzed situations and working with the organization of a research article, allows to describe the mobile ANT/STS canon as a result of overlapping two axes: an empirical/theoretical description and the core of control/controlled periphery. Thus, it is shown how the movable canon acquires a stable core in Law's article “Objects and Spaces” and becomes the basis for the further development of the Lancaster School.

Civilizational transition in the focus of interdisciplinary methodology. Review on the book: Vasilenko L.A. and Meshcheryakova N.N. (2021) Sociology of Digital Society: monograph, TPU Publishing House, Tomsk, Russia (In Russian)

The research paper presents a review of the monograph devoted to the methodological and theoretical aspects of the digital societysociology. L.A. Vasilenko and N.N. Meshcheryakova introduce the digital society conceptas a new independent stage in the existence of a post-industrial society and a transitional stage to a postdigital one. The concept is constituted through the description of the digital society essential features, which qualitatively distinguish it on the general line of civilizational development. The authors submit that classical sociology, with its spectrum of theories, methods and techniques, is not enough to understand the hybrid reality, partially virtualized. The monograph lays the theoretical and methodological foundations of sociology of digital society. Its content is aimed at summing up the study resultsof the digital society as a special stage of the information society and the formation of the author’s vision of the way to solve problems. Reviews of the most significant studies have been generated in the text. A multidisciplinary approach to the review and to the presentation of one’s own positions and developments has been presented. The authors go far beyond the subject of sociological science itself, and form a three-dimensional picture of digital society as a whole. Digital society is considered from the perspective of a civilizational approach. The authors consistently concentrate their attention on the issue of the evolution of the information society formation, then move on to the main aspect of the author’s concept. They are deploying arguments in favor of proving that the digital society is the next stage in the information society development. An original scenario approach to the empirical data interpretation on the digitalisation process has been implemented. When organising the study and formulating conclusions, positive and negative consequences and scenarios of evolution are highlighted. The book is of considerable interest to sociologists, philosophers, specialists in the field of social management.

On the Inevitable Failure of Social Constructionism: The Transcendental Self-Contradiction of an Empty Concept

The question of how sociality is related to the scientific conception of physical reality brings up a philosophical tension between the conception of science as an autonomous enterprise and the conception of science as one of the various cultural products of society. Basically, there have been two approaches in sociology of science to resolve this tension. On the one side, we encounter classical sociology of science, which defends the autonomy of science while denying any constitutive role to sociality in the formation of the content of scientific theories. On the other side, there is social constructionism, which criticizes traditional sociology of science and reduces the content of scientific theories simply to a function of social structures; to something which is caused, produced or realized directly by social phenomena. This paper aims to show that although social constructionism has a point in its critique of the classical conception of science, this point is never formulated and expressed in a sufficient conceptual rigor and clarity. It will be demonstrated that the basic concept of “social construction” as encountered in the key texts from social constructionism is actually an empty concept because it is transcendentally self-contradictory. Consequently, as the paper argues, the emptiness of the concept of construction leads to an inability in making a distinction between real cases of social construction –if there are any- and cases of politically coercive, brute social interference with science.

Religión, violencia y drogas en la frontera norte de México: la resemantización del mal en los centros de rehabilitación evangélicos de Tijuana, Baja California

Classical sociology tends to present religion and addictive processes as factors of alienation, opposed to agency. Violence, for its part, has been analyzed in a broad spectrum that ranges from an instrument of domination –for those who suffer it– to an instrument of action –on the part of those who exercise it. However, there are few analyses that observe how religion, addictions and violence are empirically interrelated in the subjective experience of victims and perpetrators of violent acts. Using a qualitative study based on narrative interviews and participant observation, we analyze the way in which violence is re-signified through religion in three rehabilitation centers for drug addicts located in the northern border region of Mexico. We conclude that spiritual warfare is a central resource for re-semanticizing suffering and violence, and constitutes a central aspect of the evangelical model of rehabilitation.

Classics of German and World Sociology in World War I

The attitude of German sociologists to the First World War, which today is unconditionally included in the classical tradition, was not unambiguous. All of them shared the convictions set forth in the open letter of 93 German scientists, philosophers, historians, art critics "Toward a Cultural World", which justified Germany’s participation in the war. But the modality of sociologists’ patriotism varied within fairly wide limits. The extreme nationalist position was occupied and expressed by W. Sombart. M. Weber considered it necessary to find rational and realistic conditions for a truce acceptable to all participants in the conflict. G. Simmel adhered to the most moderate opinions, in his lectures and articles promoting Eurocentrism from the point of view of the vital interests of Germany. R. Michels, who lived and worked in Italy before and during the war, did not hide his anti-German views and sentiments.

Civiс solidarity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic will remain in history as one of the most significant and tragic events that took place in 2020-2021. The threat of rapid distribution of coronavirus demanded from state bodies of various countries of decisive actions. These actions were aimed at ensuring the safety of their population, as well as to prevent mass infection of the population. The need to urgently mobilize people to combat the epidemiological threat made urgent work to build the appropriate forms of civil solidarity. The Russian Federation also took part in this process. However, the urgent need to coordinate this process in the shortest possible time inevitably led to increased load on the integration infrastructure of Russian society. As a result of such a load, this integration structure and its inherent features became more understandable. In this process, it was also possible to identify those problems that are usually difficult to diagnose in a society in a state of balance. This article presents the results of a sociological study devoted to the analysis of the civil solidarity of residents of St Petersburg in the face of the threat of the spread of pandemia COVID-19. The work presents a methodological construct based on the works of classics of sociology. This construct made it possible to analyze the specifics of the integration of Petersburgers into those relations of civic solidarity that make it possible to counteract the risks of coronavirus spread. The article describes the logic of development and the structure of civic solidarity in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article also analyzed by citizens the perception of the threat of coronavirus distribution as a factor in public life and its integration significance in the context of the formation of a particular joint environment. The result of the study was a description of the most common solidarization practices aimed at counteracting the pandemic, and the disclosure of the main factors that affect the civil behavior of the city’s inhabitants.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ СОЦИОЛОГИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ: КЕЙС А.Ф. ФИЛИППОВА

In the 1990s, Russian sociology made up for the lack of knowledge of Western and pre-revolutionary Russian sociology. The study of Western sociology brought the understanding that there is no well-proportioned building of Western theoretical sociology. Comprehending the results of the reforms, which contradicted the predictions of Russian sociologists, and comparing them with the works of the classics of sociology led to a change in the views of Russian sociologists. Therefore, in the mid-1990s, some Russian sociologists raised the question of creating a theory of post-Soviet society. In such conditions, an article by A.F. Filippov appeared, in which it was argued that there is no theoretical sociology in Russia, the question of creating a national sociology in Russia was raised, the principles of a “good” theory were considered. The article provoked discussions in the sociological community for two decades. Opinions ranged from full support of A.F. Filippov’s theses to denial of the need for theoretical sociology in Russia. It was important to reject the statement about the non-existence of theoretical sociology in Russia, and that gave impetus to the development of new theories.

"On The Shoulders of Giants": Theoretical Heritage of Sociology Classics for the Analysis of Modern Society

The article analyzes the potential of classical sociological theories for the research of modern societies. It is shown that the reason for the loss of interest in the classical heritage is the spread of vulgar interpretations of sociological postmodernism, radicalizing the rejection of theoretical meta-narratives, as well as presentism in the research attitudes of young sociologists. Using the example of L. Mumford's "megamachine" concept, the heuristic possibilities of sociological classics for understanding social relations in a digital society are shown. There are similarities and differences of the "megamachines" of the past as machine-like social organizations created to maximize human labor, managerial, etc. functions with social connections mediated by digital media. The conclusion is made that the application of the concept of "megamachine" to modern society actualizes an assumption that if in the societies of classical capitalism materialized labor dominated the living (K. Marx), then in a digital society objectified and embodied in symbolic systems and in complex techniques communication, information and intelligence assert their dominance over live communications and social connections.

The Transformation of Social Bonds During a Period of Intensified Online Studying and Work Caused by the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic—the Case of Poland

Classic sociology evaluates and explores changes in social bonds. The last discussion on significant changes in social bonds at Polish universities took place when they experienced a deep transformation after the collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe in 1989. Thirty years later, the period of lockdown triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided an interesting opportunity to examine how social order is created and social bonds developed without direct, face-to-face interactions. The authors use the schema of social bond formation by Jan Szczepański to analyze the nature of the stages and elements of social bonds built during a time of enforced indirect methods of teaching, studying, working and communicating in general. The article presents the results of research (survey CAWI) conducted on a sample of 555 students of three Polish universities representing various fields of study (divided in the article into two categories: technical and non-technical). The results exhibit the significance of gender and the field of study in adjusting to the new circumstances of online learning including the impeded process of creating social bonds (especially at the very beginning of studies when direct contacts are needed). The authors discuss the consequences of weakening social bonds within academia whilst also referring to the phenomena of social capital, the strength of weak ties and dormant ties.

Конкретное и абстрактное в науках об обществе: к вопросу о специфике социологического метода

Introduction. The article considers the issue of the basis and principles of the work of the method of sociology in the system of sciences of society as such. Basic conditions for the existence and functioning of scientific rationality are formulated. It is proposed to solve the problem of finding common conditions for the construction of private methods of certain disciplines that explore social processes and phenomena by using the Hegel conceptual matrix of distinguishing between "concrete" and "abstract," as well as turning to interdisciplinary studies, philosophy and history of science. Methods. On the material of methodological principles put forward by both classics of domestic and foreign sociology (Comte, Durkheim, Weber, etc.), and modern social thinkers (Habermas, Mead, etc.), the features and differences of the methodological foundation of natural and social sciences are characterized. Results. It is concluded that modern sociology needs to turn to the issues of finding the methodological basis of social sciences in philosophy and the history of science, and thus the interdisciplinary nature of solving scientific problems is actualized, among which the key ones are the problem of developing the habitat and measures of human attitude to the realities of one's existence.

Milestones and cornerstones: Queering the life course

Rather than refuting or challenging the claims by Baert, Morgan, and Ushiyama to originality, the objective of this commentary is to flesh out “existence theory” by extending its repertoire of examples and by expanding on its classical and philosophical sources. Drawing on precedents in canonical statements by Vico, Weber, Durkheim, Simmel, and Marx, this response poses questions about the model’s implied assumption of a time-line that traces a “straight” path from the past to the present and future by invoking the alternative imagery of a circular history, cyclical time, or “queer” life course. To support this argument, contemporary queer theories are invoked to supplement the concept-metaphor of “existential milestones” with that of “existential cornerstones,” which do not always suggest that human development follows a single path or a binding timeline. The civil institutions of religion, marriage, and burial, as discussed by both classical sociologists and queer theorists, for instance, may be defined by a sense of necessity and inevitability but also by contingency and coincidence.