Classical Concepts Research Articles

DIGITAL INEQUALITY AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION OF KAZAKHSTANI SOCIETY

The article discusses several ideological, conceptual, and methodological issues related to the emer-gence of a new foundation for the stratification of Kazakh society – digitalization. The objective of this article is to examine the distinctive characteristics of digital stratification within Kazakhstani society. This analysis will encompass an investigation of the positive and negative implications for the population of modern Kazakhstan, as well as an assessment of potential future developments. Additionally, this study will explore potential avenues for optimising the current situation. The theoretical basis of the research is the classical and modern concepts of social stratification: the multidimensional model of stratification of M. The theory of social stratification by P. Sorokin, the theory of “social space” by P. Bourdieu, and the concept of digital capital as a key resource by M. Ragnedda. As an empirical base, the results of sociological research conducted by the IFPR in 2022-2023 were used. The main results of the study: digitalization has a contradictory impact on Kazakh society; digital resource, along with income, power, profession, etc., becomes a factor of social stratification of soci-ety, generating digital inequality; residents of several local rural communities are becoming socially vulnerable and less competitive in the labor market due to the inaccessibility of the Internet, the lack of technical means to ensure its use; digital tools create deceptive or alternative realities and thereby weaken and even reduce the influence of official institutions. The conclusions of the work will be useful both for developing a general line of modernization regarding the stratification system of Kazakhstan’s population within the framework of digitalization and for determining specific ways to manage these processes, taking into account the differentiation of interests, value concepts and worldview beliefs of various social groups.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КРИЗОВИХ СИТУАЦІЙ В ІННОВАЦІЙНІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ

At present, in the conditions of the modern innovative economy, the development of a crisis situation occurs in the short term, which requires significant changes in the implementation of anti-crisis management policy not only at the level of administrative and legal capabilities of the State as a key regulator of economic crises, but also in terms of designing a strategy for the development of business structures. The article studies organisational and economic features of crisis situations in the innovation economy and determines their impact on sustainable development of regional enterprises. As such features, it is proposed to consider information flows as a catalyst and primary source of crisis situations, the global nature of the emergence and development of crisis situations, focus on minimising costs through digital technologies, different levels of adaptability to a crisis situation, the possibility of forming individual anti-crisis trajectories for the development of entrepreneurial structures, the need to increase innovation activity as a factor of resistance in crisis situations, the limited influence of market participants on the It is proved that in the conditions of the economic system, the main direction, from the point of view of the theory of crisis management, should be recognised as adaptation to the gradually changing conditions of market functioning, which occurs under the influence of medium-term crisis situations. Despite the significant advantages that the innovative economy provides to all subjects of economic relations, it is necessary to emphasise the fact that the influence of each subject on the course and consequences of crisis phenomena in the economic system is significantly minimised. First of all, this statement applies to the State as the main regulator of the crisis situation, based on the classical concepts of the theory of economic crises, which are currently unable to resolve the crisis situation using only methods and instruments of administrative or economic influence. The author notes the growing importance of crisis situations in the innovation economy in the context of the need to improve the level of strategic management of business structures.

The Role of Norms in Organizing a Just Society

Currently, the classical concepts of capitalism and socialism are being improved, clarified, and modified. Today, countries with different approaches to the distribution of public goods are called socialist. In this work we will talk about an artificial society in which the mechanism of preferring socialism over capitalism is implemented. It is substantiated that such a society seems natural with the dominance of digital technologies, in particular, various types of robots. The main attention will be paid to social norms, since in the digital world their role is becoming almost dominant. Norms are seen as an effective measure to combat injustice and inequality. A typical question when building an artificial society is how to formulate the relationships between agents in terms of good and evil. A model of interaction between agents will be considered, where indicators of the relationship between agents, in particular, good and evil, are indicated in the form “exist - do not exist” without their quantitative measurement. By carrying out calculations on this type of model, it is possible to determine under what conditions society consolidates or, on the contrary, breaks up into groups that hate each other, etc.

Do Obsolescence and Shortages have an impact on Reliability, Maintainability and Availability?

The classic concepts of reliability, maintainability and availability (RAM) are well established, but their link with obsolescence and shortages in today’s industrial context remains poorly explored. This paper proposes an exploratory study to model the standard definitions of RAM and relate them to obsolescence and shortages, extending their scope beyond the usual physical and software components. Our initial results suggest that failure to take these phenomena into account systematically leads to an overestimate of availability. Research avenues are presented to quantify these overestimates.

Social conflicts and their resolutions through the application of different mediation models: a transdisciplinary analysis based on the influence of classical concepts of L. Coser and R. Dahrendorf

Social conflicts and their resolutions through the application of different mediation models: a transdisciplinary analysis based on the influence of classical concepts of L. Coser and R. Dahrendorf

DEFINING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BYRONIC HERO IN THE CONTEXT OF ROMANTICISM

The paper seeks to account for the characteristics of the Byronic hero in the theoretical context of romanticism. Lord Byron was an English poet of the Romantic school. With his contemporaries like Coleridge, Wordsworth, Southey, Shelley and many others, they have addressed the major problems of their epoch through their heroes. But, Lord Byron has refused to provide his heroes with classical romantic visions and concepts. He needed to work on heroes which should qualitatively be different from the traditional romantic ones. Another objective of the study is to provide some significant definitions of the Byronic hero, his major characteristics, his spirits and flaws. As a result, the study found that Lord Byron has created a new type of romantic hero which later would be called the ‘Byronic hero’. It also revealed how far the Byronic hero was ready to risk his life, his estate, his pedigree to rescue others with the major concern to provide them with freedom and justice. Key words : : Byronic hero, characteristics, definitions, Literature, romanticism

Dynamic Divinity in Flux: Tracing Nikos Kazantzakis's Convergence of Greek Theology and Evolutionary Philosophy

This study embarks on an analytical journey through the theological perspectives of Nikos Kazantzakis, underpinned by the concept of God's mutability and its roots in ancient and Byzantine Greek theology. Focusing on Kazantzakis's pivotal works such as "The Last Temptation of Christ" and "Report to Greco," the research employs a literary and historical approach to unravel the synthesis of Christian Orthodoxy, neo-Platonic philosophy, and modern evolutionary thought. The influence of Alfred North Whitehead's process theology and Henri Bergson's evolutionary vitalism on Kazantzakis's conception of a dynamic, evolving God is explored, challenging traditional doctrines of divine immutability. The study also delves into Platonic thought's impact on Kazantzakis, examining the dialectic of being and becoming, and the reinterpretation of classical concepts like stasis and kinesis in a Christian theological context. Additionally, it scrutinizes the compatibility of Kazantzakis’s views with Orthodox Christian theology, particularly in the light of contributions from figures such as Origen and the Cappadocian Fathers. The findings reveal a complex interplay between Greek philosophical heritage and Christian theology in Kazantzakis's work, offering a unique perspective on the nature of God and the compatibility of faith with evolving scientific understanding. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue between religion and philosophy, highlighting the relevance of ancient wisdom in contemporary theological discourse and underscoring the transformative potential of theological thought in the modern era.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN «POLITICAL POWER» AND «PSYCHIATRIC POWER» IN THE WORKS OF MICHEL FOUCAULT

The article demonstrates a retrospective analysis of the problem of the formation of the concept of power in the scientific activity of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. The transformational socio-political processes of the postmodern era require a radical rethinking of classical theories and concepts. Foucault proposes to look at historical structures and social phenomena in a new way, to modernize them away from superficial explanations and primitive interpretations revealing hidden and less obvious political mechanisms and their functioning. The problems of the 20th century draw the thinker's attention to a deep rethinking of power and strongly recommends abandoning classical canons in order to avoid social problems in the future. M. Foucault's post-structuralist concept of power proves that the variety of types of power generates not only reality and objects of knowledge, but also the «rituals» of their understanding. Contemporaries point out that the philosopher's writings lack a logical process of understanding a problem, but this is why he attracts not only scientists. Foucault's cognitive process is dynamic and discursive. Having associative thinking, the thinker engaged in a pure search, free from any biased attitude. M. Foucault suggests considering power relations in the broadest context, which includes the following power positions: men to women, parents to children, psychiatrists to mentally ill patients, doctors to patients, and authorities to people's lifestyles. However, the philosopher's most interesting explanation of power is medical power, particularly power in psychiatry. M. Foucault interprets power and knowledge in classical psychiatry, the problems of psychiatry of the 20th century and explains the meaning of mental illnesses from the patient's point of view. While studying at the «Ecole Normale» school, where a unique atmosphere reigned, despite his erudition and organizational skills as a leader, M. Foucault began to experience psychological disorders. This is what provoked the future thinker to investigate the power relations between the psychiatrist and the patient. This paper also examines the philosophical paradigm of the formation of psychiatry and the phenomenon of mental illness. Foucault understands mental disorders as alienation from reality, as a desire to exist in a hostile world. Madness, or alienation in the deep sense of the word, becomes the main problem of anthropology.

Сегментация городского пространства как сфера формирования неравенства населения

The aim of the article is to consider urban space as a form of social segmentation. Based on the research logic of classical and modern sociological concepts describing variants of geographical space differentiation, the article analyzes Russian cities. It focuses on the heterogeneity of urban space, the formation of the spectrum of consumer and status markers of the neighborhood. According to the author, the markers of socio-spatial seg-mentation are grouped in the area of the city image, the sphere of commercial offers, the actions of privileged groups that lead to the transformation of space. The peculiarities of their impact are manifested both in explicit and implicit forms, forming additional financial and time constraints for the representatives of the urban popu-lation. Certain visual and informational designations represent manipulative elements. The article considers the peculiarities of the city as a sphere of realization of residents’ identity, the problems caused by the practices of self-determination, and the behavioral strategies of city dwellers.

Varieties of Temporalization

This article calls attention to the outstanding conceptual work related to time that the historical research and writing imply. The starting point is an overview of the disciplines dedicated to time studies in the recent theory of history: the metaphysics of natural time, the (classical and the new) metaphysics of historical time, the regimes of historicity, and the historiographical regimes. According to these disciplines, four varieties of temporalization, with which historians have been dealing currently, are categorized and discussed: the chronological-historical, the substantive, the quasi-substantive, and the historically experienced temporalization (and its narrative representation). This categorial structure, specially the quasi-substantive temporalization, assigns epistemic unity to the so-called new metaphysics of time and allows the classification of time-based concepts which are instrumentalized by historians. In order to demonstrate the consistency of the categories that this article proposes, some concepts concerning Koselleck’s theory of time (nature-like patterns of repetition, diachronic-synchronic layers of time, contemporaneity of the noncontemporaneous) will be studied as cases that illustrate the way a theorist combines different temporalizations to conceive of a theory of historical time that deals with the treatment of the temporal experience and the writing of history which integrate historians’ practice.

"KONSTITUTSIONALIZMNING PAYDO BO‘LISHI VA UNING RIVOJLANISH ASOSLARI "

"In this article, the classic theories and classical concepts of constitutionalism, as well as the characteristics and practice of constitutional government in the whole world, are considered from a scientific theoretical point of view. Also, the role of constitutionalism in the historical process of the countries of the world up to the stage of achieving democratic freedoms and the fact that it was the basic concept in the organization of state power are studied. In today’s globalized world, we can understand that constitutionalism is the foundation and basis of any developed country from the point of view of the organization of the state and law. It is revealed that constitutionalism played an extremely important role in the gradual development of humanity and in the emergence of basic human rights and freedoms based on the basic concepts and approaches of ancient philosophers. The traditions of constitutionalism in the creation of the state and law, which is one of the most urgent problems of today, and its organization and main concept in this process, are based on deep thoughts and scientific considerations. When familiarizing myself with the article, the proportion of constitutionalism and similar theories created by the human mind in the transition to the democratic society it dreamed of from the beginning of humanity to the present day has been scientifically compared and studied. Based on the concepts of person, state, and society and their rights and obligations before the constitution and the law, the most ideal form of these three subjects is the basis of constitutionalism. It is interpreted through existing theories and methods. "

CULTURAL BILINGUALISM AND LANGUAGES IN CONTACT IN TEXT PRODUCTION: EXPLAINING THE CASE OF PERMANENT INTERFERENCES IN WRITTEN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE

A critical review of the nature of Education as a universal right in peripheral societies, based on the analysis of the social and cultural circumstances that permeate the learning experience of the written Portuguese language in Brazilian schools. The concept of cultural bilingualism is defended as necessary in facing the demand for subjectivation of the universal right to Education, supported by facts of written production among school subjects. It also justifies the overcoming of the classic concepts of bilingualism, listed exclusively from grammatical-functional aspects or issues of use that are restricted to linguistic facts. Situations of tension stand out in the contact between oral and written Portuguese of Brazil - symbolically considered the Brazilian national language - whose origin goes back to historical-cultural aspects that acted in the process of the implantation of the Portuguese Language in Brazilian territory. Derived from such aspects, there are situations of languages in contact that can only be properly explained by the concept of cultural bilingualism. Keywords: cultural bilingualism, linguistic rights, mother tongue teaching, public education policies, teacher training

Savings Activity of Russians: Dynamics and Factors

Based on the data of a number of all-Russian studies of the Institute of Sociology of FCTАS RAS, the article characterizes saving behavior factors of Russians and the dynamics of its change in 2003-2023. Some classical concepts explaining the savings behavior of the population are tested in relation to Russian conditions. It is demonstrated that their conclusions are only partially justified in the Russian society. It is shown, in particular, that representatives of mass strata of the population reacted to successive external shocks of different nature in recent years depending on the nature of these shocks, and not only on their severity or expected duration: to crises of purely economic nature, in accordance with the classical postulates, Russians responded by striving to maintain their usual level of consumption at the expense of savings, while in case of adding geopolitical risks and increasing uncertainty of the future, the prevalence of savings was increased. If for small savings no micro-level factors have been identified to have significant impact on their availability, then in the formation of savings that allow you to live on them for at least two months, subjective factors play a key role, in particular, readiness for long-term planning of one’s life, as well as a sense of respective economic and social success. At the same time, economic factors, though important, play a noticeably lesser role, affecting mainly amounts of savings.

Classification of Concepts Specific To Human Emotions

The article discusses the issues the problem of classification of concepts representing human emotions is not new in the scientific literature, but until now there is no single approach to their classification. This problem is mainly complicated by the fact that today there is no unified approach to the classification of feelings and emotions. In the process of studying the emotional world of a person, scientists have identified more and more personal characteristics.

Paralelizm polityczny jako koncepcja teoretyczna i jej zastosowanie na przykładzie Brazylii

Political Parallelism as a Theoretical Concept and its Application on the Example of Brazil Political parallelism is one of the theoretical categories used to classify media systems and summarise the relationships occurring in the media under the influence of politics and in politics under the influence of the media. The aim of the article, a review work, is to analyse the issue of political parallelism concerning the classic concepts of C. Seymour‑Ure, J.G. Blumler, and M. Gurevitch, as well as D.C. Hallin and P. Mancini, and to present different positions criticising the usefulness of these theories for the study of countries other than Western European ones. The study also presents the adequacy of applying the classic concepts of political parallelism to analyses regarding the Federative Republic of Brazil. The thesis of this case study is that the classic theories of political parallelism do not fully allow for determining the relationships between the sphere of politics and the media in this country. The thesis was adopted as a result of long-term and holistic analyses of the characteristics of Brazil’s political and media systems. A systematic literature review was used (Fink 2005, p. 17), which makes it possible to learn the essence of the phenomenon and formulate conclusions, and the qualitative methods used, despite their problems (Flick 2002, pp. 5–24), as well as systemic analysis, complete the whole.

Classification of psychodermatological disorders: Proposal of a new international classification.

Several classifications of psychodermatology disorders have been proposed, with most of them based on two to four main disorder category groups. However, there is, to date, no classification that has resulted from a consensus established by psychodermatology experts. The DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), Text Revision) and the ICD-11 (International classification of diseases (11th revision)) also do not provide a systematized approach of psychodermatology disorders. Taking into consideration that classifications are a key pillar for a comprehensive approach to the pathologies of each branch of medicine, the proposal of a classification in psychodermatology appeared as a central need for the recognition of psychodermatological disorders, in an attempt to improve their recognition and, in that sense, to find a common language for the development of this subspecialty that crosses dermatology and psychiatry. Previously published classifications in psychodermatology were critically reviewed and discussed by expert opinion from an international multidisciplinary panel of 16 experts in psychodermatology and a new classification system is proposed, considering classical concepts in general dermatology and psychopathology. Two main categories of disorders are presented (a main group related to primary mental health disorders and another main group related to primary skin disorders), which are subsequently subdivided into subgroups considering pathophysiological and phenomenological similarities, including key aspects of dermatological examination, namely the presence of visible skin lesions (primary and secondary skin lesions) and psychopathological correlates. This new classification aims to unify previous classifications, systematize the disorders that belong to psychodermatology and highlight their tenuous boundaries, to improve their management. It has been built and approved by the Psychodermatology Task Force of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP) and the Association for Psychoneurocutaneous Medicine of North America (APMNA).

ЮТУБ – ЦЕ ТАКОЖ ТV: НОВІ КОНЦЕПТИ ТЕЛЕБАЧЕННЯ ТА РАДІОМОВЛЕННЯ В ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ МЕДІАСИСТЕМАХ

<p><strong><em>Research goals </em></strong><em>include the interpretation of the functional core of TV and radio broadcasting in global, and, primarily, Ukrainian media systems, the correctness of the interpretation of the terms «TV» and «radio broadcasting», which are fundamental for television and radio journalism, scientific and educational concepts.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> Using the methods of survey, interview, and observation, the authors of the article establish a scientific foundation necessary for understanding that television and radio broadcasting is a unique content that is not duplicated by other media, platforms, services, or technologies unrelated to audiovisual, visual, and sound concepts. Additionally, any audiovisual product placed, for example, on YouTube can also be considered television or radio broadcasting.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> The article offers a professional perspective on the role and place of television and radio broadcasting as audiovisual media and arts in the modern information space. Specifically, it discusses that all linear or nonlinear audiovisual content created and transmitted over a distance using modern audiovisual signal delivery technologies (broadcast, satellite, cable, and online broadcasting) and capable of being received by subscribers/users through corresponding receivers or platforms: all of this constitutes television and radio broadcasting.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> TV and radio broadcasting as types of audiovisual media are classic media concepts, which, like classics, cannot be «outdated», «antiquated», «traditional» and so on. Through different media technologies they are being developed, modernised, and new forms and formats for creating and publishing content are being found.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical meaning.</em></strong><em> Video-sharing platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, Facebook Live, Instagram Live, TikTok, and others may also be considered television and radio broadcasting due to the audiovisual content layout characteristic of these platforms, but these platforms are not media.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> TV, radio broadcasting, audiovisual content, audiovisual product, television and radio journalism.</em></p>

An AI assistant to help review and improve causal reasoning in epidemiological documents

Drawing sound causal inferences from observational data is often challenging for both authors and reviewers. This paper discusses the design and application of an Artificial Intelligence Causal Research Assistant (AIA) that seeks to help authors improve causal inferences and conclusions drawn from epidemiological data in health risk assessments. The AIA-assisted review process provides structured reviews and recommendations for improving the causal reasoning, analyses and interpretations made in scientific papers based on epidemiological data. Causal analysis methodologies range from earlier Bradford-Hill considerations to current causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) and related models. AIA seeks to make these methods more accessible and useful to researchers. AIA uses an external script (a “Causal AI Booster” (CAB) program based on classical AI concepts of slot-filling in frames organized into task hierarchies to complete goals) to guide Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's ChatGPT or Google's LaMDA (Bard), to systematically review manuscripts and create both (a) recommendations for what to do to improve analyses and reporting; and (b) explanations and support for the recommendations. Review tables and summaries are completed systematically by the LLM in order. For example, recommendations for how to state and caveat causal conclusions in the Abstract and Discussion sections reflect previous analyses of the Study Design and Data Analysis sections. This work illustrates how current AI can contribute to reviewing and providing constructive feedback on research documents. We believe that such AI-assisted review shows promise for enhancing the quality of causal reasoning and exposition in epidemiological studies. It suggests the potential for effective human-AI collaboration in scientific authoring and review processes.

WellXplain: Wellness concept extraction and classification in Reddit posts for mental health analysis

Amid the ongoing mental health crisis, there is an increasing need to discern possible signs of mental disturbance manifested in social media text. During in-person therapy sessions, mental health professionals employ manual methods to identify the root causes and outcomes of latent factors contributing to mental disturbances, which is a painstaking and time-intensive process. Neglecting multi-dimensional aspects of well-being (i.e., wellness dimensions) over time can adversely affect an individual’s mind. To enable such fine-grained mental health screening, we define the task of identifying wellness concepts and classifying in pre-defined dimensions in Reddit posts. We construct a novel dataset called WellXplain, which consists of 3,092 instances and a total of 72,813 words. Our experts developed an annotation scheme based on a well-adapted Halbert L. Dunn’s theory of wellness dimensions. Further, the data encompasses human-annotated text spans as pertinent explanations for decision-making during wellness concept classification. We anticipate that releasing the dataset and evaluating the baselines will facilitate the development of new language models for concept extraction and classification in healthcare domain.

Models for Stabilization of Charged Particles with Surfactants in Nonpolar Media

Stabilization of charged particles in nonpolar media is one of the most complicated problems in modern colloid chemistry. The attribution to colloid chemistry is absolutely justified in this case: in nonpolar media, charged particles have, as a rule, a supramolecular nature. Low dielectric permittivity of a medium makes the existence of ions in the classical interpretation energetically disadvantageous. The key condition for the presence of charged particles in nonpolar media is their steric stabilization, which requires some revision of the classical concepts of the structure of the electrical double layer, primarily, its diffuse part. Detailed analyzing the structure of the electrical double layer in nonpolar media is of importance because of the high practical significance of electrokinetic phenomena in such systems. This review considers the main models for steric stabilization of charged particles with surfactants in dispersion media having dielectric permittivities lower than 5. The main attention is focused on not only the concentrations corresponding to the formation of reverse micelles, but also on the concentrations below the critical micelle concentration. In addition, nontypical examples of electrokinetic phenomena in organosols are considered.