Chinese Classical Gardens Research Articles

Terrestrial Laser Scanning Technology in Chinese Classical Gardens—A Case Study of Biyun Temple Shuiquanyuan

In recent years, how to use advanced science and technology to archive and protect Chinese classical gardens has always been a hot topic in academic circles. This paper explores the application of terrestrial 3D laser scanning (TLS) in classical gardens. The Biyun Temple Shuiquanyuan was selected as the research object, analyzed the garden scan the content and difficulty, the ground 3D laser scanning technology was used to arrange the site under the premise of ensuring data accuracy and scanning efficiency, and the complete garden data was obtained. And carries on the point cloud registration, segmentation, encapsulation and texture mapping. The 2D line drawing and 3D point cloud model of the research area are finally obtained. The technology of rapid, accurate, no contact to obtain the data characteristics of classical garden plays a positive role in cultural heritage protection work.

“Seeing” or “Being Seen”: Research on the Sight Line Design in the Lion Grove Based on Visitor Temporal–Spatial Distribution and Space Syntax

Research on the sight line design of the Classical Chinese Garden (CCG) is an important issue of CCGs’ sustainable development. Taking the Lion Grove as a case, GPS data loggers and questionnaires were employed to collect visitor temporal–spatial data and visiting motivations. We then calculated the “Revisiting Proportion” and “Average Speed” values. Furthermore, we selected the “Visual Control” values analyzed by Depthmap as an indicator of visibility. The statistical analysis of the relationship among “Revisiting Proportion”, “Average Speed”, and “Visual Control” values of each space showed that the spatial visual characteristic affected the visitor temporal–spatial distribution. Scenery spots in and around the large water pool, within one-step visual depth of each other, occupying the visual advantage of both “seeing” and “being seen”, can facilitate the transformation of sight lines and form the visual effect of “one step, one scene”. This research also proved that the sight line design of the Lion Grove was more intentional than random.

How to survey, model, and measure rockeries in a Chinese classical garden: a case study for Huanxiu Shanzhuang, Suzhou, China

ABSTRACTRockeries, which imitate nature in a special form, are an essential element of Chinese classical garden design and one of the most fascinating features that distinguish Chinese culture from other traditions of the world. This study takes rockeries in Huanxiu Shanzhuang—one of the exceptional rockeries in China—as an example to study the methods of digital survey, documentation and research of Chinese cultural heritage. Using techniques of terrestrial laser scanning and digital photogrammetry, this study made surveys, 3D models and morphometric measurements of piled mountains and single monoliths in Huanxiu Shanzhuang. A survey and document approach for different kinds of rockeries in Chinese classical gardens was studied by comparing the related techniques applied in different situations. Using the methods studied in this research, rockeries in Huanxiu Shanzhuang were documented and measured.

The Humanmade Paradise: Exploring the Perceived Dimensions and Their Associations with Aesthetic Pleasure for Liu Yuan, a Chinese Classical Garden

Investigating how people perceive Chinese Classical Gardens (CCGs) and their appeal are important issues of landscape studies. By considering the Liu-Yuan Garden, we developed a measurement instrument to investigate the perceived dimensions of landscape appreciation. Based on literature review, the descriptive items to measure how people perceived Liu-Yuan Garden were developed. Then, the explorative factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were employed, and six dimensions were extracted and validated including “Adoration”, “Nostalgia”, “Liveliness”, “Exquisiteness”, “Hedonic Value”, and “Placeness”. Finally, the Ordinary Linear Regression method was employed to estimate how the aesthetic appreciation is influenced by these perceived dimensions. The result revealed that four of these dimensions were significantly correlated with aesthetic pleasure. The influences of these perceived dimensions on aesthetic pleasure were measured and compared. The results indicated that “Placeness” provided the most important influence on aesthetic pleasure, whereas “Liveliness” was the least influential of the four related dimensions.

Semantic-based 3D information modelling and documentation of rockeries in Chinese classical gardens: A case study on the rockery at Huanxiu Shanzhuang, Suzhou, China

Abstract Rockery, or Jia Shan, representing a high level of artistic achievement and aiming to show Chinese landscapes and culture, is an essential part of Chinese classical gardens. Taking the rockery in the backyard of Huanxiu Shanzhuang as an example, this study undertook digital measurements and 3D reality-based modelling, carried out semantic-based analysis and modelling, and built a 3D information system. The digital survey applied the integrated techniques of terrestrial digital photogrammetry and laser scanning. Once the integrated 3D digital data had been obtained, the rockery was systematically and clearly analyzed for its structure on the base of its relationship with mountains in nature. By obtaining the hierarchical and spatial relationships between rockery components, the rockery and its components were semantically named and modelled. According to the rockery analysis results, the 3D reality-based models were segmented into numbers of rockery components, and a 3D information system was built on the basis of a 3D geographic information systems (3D GIS). Through these methods, all the data and information obtained from the rockery on the study site were documented, stored, managed, and visualized. This research showed that rockeries in Chinese classical gardens and cultural heritage sites with similar characteristics can be digitally, informationally, and systematically documented, studied, and preserved.

Classical Chinese Gardens: Landscapes for Self-Cultivation

This paper examines the design philosophy of classical Suzhou gardens in China, with regards to their natural and architectural elements on the moral education of the inhabitants. Through studying the metaphorical connotations of garden elements, the author reflects on their propositions for contemporary environmental ethics, aesthetic appreciation, and moral education. As such, the article is structured around three themes: classical Chinese gardens cultivating environmental ethics, classical Chinese gardens cultivating an appreciation of aesthetics, and classical Chinese gardens cultivating moral characters. The essay finally suggests that classical Chinese gardens are landscapes for self-cultivation.

The integration of terrestrial laser scanning and terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle digital photogrammetry for the documentation of Chinese classical gardens – A case study of Huanxiu Shanzhuang, Suzhou, China

Abstract Chinese classical gardens, which contain various landscape elements and complicated spaces, are an important component of both gardens worldwide and culture heritage sites. However, there is a research gap regarding surveys and the digital documentation of Chinese classical gardens. In this study, we take one of the most famous and important Chinese classical gardens – Huanxiu Shanzhuang (HXSZ) in Suzhou, China – as an example and apply multiple techniques including terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle digital photogrammetry (TDP and UAVDP) to acquire comprehensive data of its diverse elements. These multi-source data were integrated on the basis of point clouds via two steps – fusing the TLS and UAVDP point clouds firstly and integrating the TDP point clouds with the already-merged TLS and UAVDP point clouds. Both these two integrations included coarse and fine registration. With the integrated point clouds of the garden, 3D models and 2D fine drawings of the landscape elements and the garden were constructed to document the study site and show its complicated characteristics. The purpose of this study is to: survey, measure and display the rich and complicated landscape elements and spatial characteristics of HXSZ, and make 3D models and digitally document for HXSZ. The high-accuracy 3D models and fine drawings obtained in this study are crucial for the cultural heritage preservation of HXSZ. Our multiple surveying methods, data processing of multi-source data and presentation and documentation of the data are not only useful for Chinese classical garden preservation, but also could be applied to other researches of cultural heritage sites that contain various elements and complicated space characteristics.

Spatial-temporal change analysis of plant soundscapes and their design methods

The aim of the study was to describe the soundscape elements, spatial-temporal changes and preferences in plant soundscape using quantitative measures, in order to recommend soundscape design methods. Both acoustic measurements and subjective evaluations of the soundscapes were conducted at various locations in Jinan Forest Park using 14 groups of plant spaces within the park. Our analysis investigated soundscape elements categorized as nature sounds, human activity sounds, and mechanical sounds. The soundscapes varied with time of day and season and were influenced by the surrounding environment and human behavior. Soundscape element preferences were correlated with a visitor’s age and visitation frequency, with nature sounds receiving the highest preference scores. Closed nature spaces had lower sound levels and received the highest preference by visitors. The results were further analyzed according to five soundscape methods to improve visitor experience: sound-masking, sound-borrowing, sound-reinforcement, sound-contrasting, and sound-expectation, that are also consistent with Chinese classical garden design.

The Influence of Taoism on Landscape Design from Lion Forest

The reason why Chinese classical gardens advocate nature and pursue nature is not the imitation of natural form beauty, but the exploration of "Tao" and "reason" in potential nature. Thus, the Taoist View of nature on the development of China ancient literature, on the formation of the ancient art of ethnic characteristics is very important for the spirit of advocating natural, free and unfettered emptiness, adaptation, simplicity, Wuwei Guiqing indifferent to freedom, romantic and elegant, so, in the influence of Taoist immortals thoughts, with Natural Wonderland garden art the theme of the garden came into being.

Aural landscape as an intangible heritage in Chinese classical gardens

The concept ‘landscape captured by ears’ had been long used in Chinese garden design. Aesthetics-based sound design is a unique characteristic of many Chinese classical gardens. Nearly 28% of the f...

中国古典园林中的景感生态学思想刍议

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国古典园林中的景感生态学思想刍议 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201612122556 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:"景感生态学"的提出恰符人们和时代所需，其思想主张将人的感知，即视觉、嗅觉、听觉、触觉等物理感知以及心理感受纳入到城市生态环境研究中。中国古典园林是集水、土、气、声、风等元素为一体的综合生态系统，本文援引园林诗词、楹联匾额等古籍资料和实际案例，分别从园景营建、景感运营、生态审美三方面，阐述和探讨自然要素、物理感知、心理反应在园林中的运用，揭示景感生态学思想在我国古典园林中的体现，扩展人们对当下人居环境的建设视野。 Abstract: 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Discussion about the effect of digital plants library on the plants landscape restoration in Yuanmingyuan

Abstract. Chinese classical garden emphasizes not only the construction of building, mountains and rivers, spring and stone landscape but also the selection and configuration mode of the plant species. Yuanmingyuan, a classical work of Chinese garden art, is of both the magnificence of northern royal garden and the delicacy of southern private garden. The plants landscape in Yuanmingyuan also has its own unique style. But it is regretful that after several disasters, it nearly disappears just as other building clusters. The Re- Yuanmingyuan group re-presents the plants landscape of Yuanmingyuan through investigation, restoration and three-dimensional space generation, and makes proposal about the concept of digital plants library for the first time with the expectation to provide basic support for the digital restoration of cultural heritage by establishing the plants library. The paper also introduces the process of digital plants library system construction as well as the significance of the library construction for the landscape restoration in Yuanmingyuan and even the northern royal garden.

The Introduction of a Formal Garden as a Sign of the Diffusion of Geomancy (P’ungsu) to the Korean Peninsula

Geomancy (p’ungsu in Korean and fengshui in Chinese) is the ancient Chinese art of landscape evaluation when choosing auspicious sites for houses, public buildings, settlements, and graves. The art of geomancy seemed to have originated from the Loess Plateau, North China and its well-developed form was introduced to Korea with an early wave of the cultural diffusion from China before or during the Three Kingdom’s Period. This paper proposes that the appearance of formal gardens (Chinese gardens with ponds) is a sign of the diffusion of geomancy to the Korean Peninsula. This argument is based on the following two points: firstly, both geomancy and the art of creating gardens share the same purpose of creating an ideal environment for humans. A garden is more than a collection and display of beautiful plants and trees. It represents a human endeavour to create an ideal environment for human habitation. Gardens are reorganisations of nature in a way that humans see as most ideal (beautiful). The art of geomancy is also an attempt to choose a most auspicious site and to create an ideal residence or grave on it. Secondly, Chinese garden art and geomancy share similar views on the quality of water: a pond or a watercourse should be in front of a house, not behind the house. This classical Chinese garden principle is an application of the geomantic idea that vital energy travels through soil, but stops when the energy meets water, for it cannot cross through the water. The ancient art of garden making incorporates much of these geomantic principles. Therefore, I suggest that the appearance of palace gardens in Kogury?, Paekche, and Silla during The Three Kingdoms Period is a sign of the diffusion of geomancy to the Korean Peninsula.

Han's (韓邦慶) Novel 海上花列傳 (The Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai) and Urbanity in Late Qing Shanghai

In her article "Han's (韓邦慶) Novel海上花列傳 (The Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai) and Urbanity in Late Qing Shanghai" Xiaojue Wang discusses the relationship between the urban milieu in the foreign concessions of Shanghai and the late Qing courtesan culture through a critical reading of Bangqing Han's (韓邦慶1856-1894) novel The Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai. Wang argues that Han's novel is a significant departure from traditional vernacular fiction in three aspects: 1) its illustration of the connection between courtesan culture and the rising modern city, 2) its portrayal of emergent female subjectivity and female space in the late Qing, and 3) the significance of its narrative discrepancy. The novel is composed of two parts: one situated in Shanghai's concessions and the other in Yili Yuan, an imaginary classical Chinese garden. Wang discusses how in the novel narrative disparity is a consequence of the Han's efforts to reshuffle ambivalent cultural and ethical values in a transitional age in China.

Inheriting Plant Arrangement Artistry of Chinese Classical Garden in Modern Landscape

The plant application played an important role in Chinese classical garden. It accumulated a lot of experiences and gradually formed some regular patterns. Based on the modern view, this article re-examines the plant arrangement artistry of Chinese classical garden, and summarizes the five characteristics: selecting plant according to plant’s physical and mental characteristics; arranging plant according to the theory of painting; paying attention to the color and form arrangement of plant and the seasonal change; using plants to create artistic conception; using plants to set off constructions. And it puts forward the concrete methods to inherit and develop the artistry in modern landscape, such as attaching importance to the plant’s aesthetic features besides sight, utilizing the plant’s symbolism, using plants to set off the constructions, etc.

New Chinese-Style Landscape Application in Cold Residential Area

Chinese classical gardens need to be inherited, but also to be innovated, new Chinese-style landscape design is considered the bellwether of the native culture. According to the climate conditions, geographical and cultural factors in cold cities, as well as combining the gardening practices in northern China, thus to explore the new Chinese-style landscape suitable for cold residential environment. This paper aimed to meet the needs of aesthetic, living, searching for Chinese's roots, and at the same time, to show cultural characteristics in cold areas and to carry forward the Chinese garden culture.

The Developing Process and Features of Chinese Classical Gardens in Ming Dynasty

As a transiting period, the Ming Dynasty gardens showed a creation of its uniqueness. Private gardens in Ming Dynasty mainly focused on small courtyard, it had an unadorned style and they were extremely rich in symbols of leisure landscape; Ming royal gardens development was slightly left behind, but it lead itself to form a special style which was rough and heroic. Through analysis and comparison to the gardens from Ming, Song and Qing Dynasty, it is concluded that the Ming Dynasty gardens is an inheritance and development of Song Dynasty gardens intention, and its characteristics had a plentiful variation of space. To Sum up, the Ming dynasty gardens chose circuitous paths, enhancing the level of landscape and highlighting central spot of landscape as its routine.

Chinese Traditional Garden of Water and the Chinese Culture

Chinese traditional culture has a great impact on the construction of the Chinese traditional garden. Chinese classical gardens of Dealing with Water is inextricably linked with the Chinese culture. This article from the point of view of Chinese culture Confucian ,the Taoist viewpoint and Buddhist perspectives on Chinese garden of Dealing with Water elaborately, modern design philosophy has certain referential significance.

Analysis of Building Technology on WANGYUE Pavilion of Golden Phoenix Temple

The Pavilion structure, as a perfect blend of beauty, practicability and flexibility, is widely adopted in Chinese classical gardens. Besides, pavilions about which a plenty of poems and tales have been made are so delicate, mysterious and gorgeous that they are usually very ideal places for recreation. Focusing on the renowned WANGYUE Pavilion of Golden Phoenix Temple, this paper aims at studying the construction technologies on double-eaves pavilions of timber structure used in Qing dynasty, by means of site survey and other investigating approaches. According to the investigation, the typical and traditional construction technology in south China on double-eaves pavilions was adopted, and the octagonal pavilion with double eaves and pyramidal roof was completed mainly using three beam-erection approaches such as the method of corner beam in the horizontal direction, the method of girder and the method of lever. This pavilion, as a representative structure with reasonable loading form, is constructed in good agreement with local culture and environment, which can provide certain valuable references for the design and construction of antique pavilions nowadays.

POETIC AND PICTURESQUE IMAGINATION IN THE ART OF THE CHINESE CLASSICAL GARDEN

The formation and development of any form of art do not occur in isolation and are certain to connect with similar things in its surroundings. Uncovering the hidden universality of different arts is a critical approach to recognizing and understanding the essence of arts which certainly include the art of gardening. The high artistic level Chinese classical gardens achieved are mainly accredited to the nurture of traditional Chinese culture. Poetry, prose and drawings in particular have provided inspirations for landscape gardeners. Through applying the connections among different arts and integrating poetic and pictorial arts in its creation, the romance of ancient poetry and drawings can be felt not only from the garden as a whole but also its parts. Different arts can be traced back to the same origin. Creating a garden is similar to drawing a painting or writing a poem in the sense that drawing arts can provide direct reference in techniques for landscape gardeners while poetic arts may help improve the layout and design of gardens and supply the inspiration for the conception of the garden. Therefore, the Chinese classical garden is said to be a painting with three dimensions and a poem without words, which suggest that without certain understandings in paintings, poetry and prose, a landscape gardener would not be able to create a garden with poetic and picturesque imagination. Studies on gardening from the perspective of the universality of poetic and drawing art as well as the perspective of the integrity of Chinese arts and culture will bring us new thinking and enlightenments, which is of practical significance in studying many issues such as modern environmental art, tradition and innovation, development and inheritance.