Classical Control Research Articles

Generalizing linguistic patterns through data-driven learning: A study of the dative alternation in Japanese learners of English

This study examines whether learners exposed to specific example sentences through data-driven learning (DDL) can not only identify generalized linguistic patterns but also apply the patterns to other expressions, thereby demonstrating that DDL is a learning method based on a usage-based model. Forty-three Japanese learners of English participated in DDL activities to study the use of six verbs from two verb classes (three from the Throw class and three from the Whisper class) in terms of the dative alternation. Specifically, they studied whether these verbs can be used in the double object (DO) construction or the prepositional dative (PD) construction. The participants underwent pre-, post-, and delayed post-tests, during which they evaluated the grammaticality of sentences containing the studied verbs, as well as unstudied verbs from the same classes and verbs from the control classes (the Send and Mention classes). A cumulative link mixed model (CLMM) was employed to analyse the effects of test timing (pre/post/delayed post), learning (studied/unstudied), and construction (PD/DO) on test scores. The results showed that learners made more correct judgments on the post-test than on the pre-test. This improvement was observed not only for the studied verbs but also for unstudied verbs from the same classes, and even for verbs from the control classes. This indicates that DDL embodies the idea of a usage-based model; that is, learners generalize linguistic patterns through language experience. Furthermore, the learning effects were retained even in the delayed post-test, suggesting that DDL is not merely a tool for referencing word usage but also a learning method that converts input into intake.

Association between atherogenic index of plasma and future risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0–3: a nationwide prospective cohort study

BackgroundAs an emerging concept, Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKM) elucidates the intricate interconnection between metabolic disorders(Mets), cardiovascular disease(CVD), and chronic kidney disease(CKD). Within this context, while numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and CVD, the precise relationship between long-term fluctuations in the AIP and the incidence of CVD in patients with CKM syndrome remains unclear.MethodThe CKM stages 0–3 population was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The outcome CVD was defined as self-reported heart disease and/or stroke. AIP control level was classified using k-mean cluster analysis. Logistic regression was used to analyse the effect of cumulative AIP (cumAIP) on the incidence of CVD. Restricted cubic spline models (RCS) were used to explore the potential non-linear relationship between cumulative AIP and CVD risk at different CKM syndrome stages.ResultsOf the 3429 CKM stages 0–3 participants, 620 patients developed CVD during the 3-year follow-up period. After adjusting for various confounders, the odds ratio (OR) for the well-controlled class 2 compared with the best AIP control class 1 were 1.37 (1.04, 1.81), the OR for the moderately-controlled class 3 were 1.54 (95% CI, 1.04–2.26), the poorly-controlled class 4 were 1.65 (95% CI, 1.13–2.41), and the worst-controlled class 5 were 2.14 (95% CI, 1.15–3.97). In restricted cubic spline regression analyses, changes in AIP were linearly associated with the occurrence of CVD events. Further weighted quartiles and regression analyses indicated that triglyceride(TG) was a key variable for AIP in predicting CVD events in the CKM stages 0–3 population.ConclusionsPoor control level of AIP are associated with an increased risk of CVD events in the population of CKM stages 0–3. Long-term dynamic monitoring of changes in AIP may help in the early identification of patients at high risk of developing CVD in the individuals with CKM stages 0–3.

THE EFFECT OF USING QUIZIZZ APPLICATION AS AN ENGLISH LEARNING EXERCISE IN VOCABULARY MASTERY

This study aims to examine the impact of the Quizizz application on vocabulary mastery as part of English learning exercises among tenth-grade students at SMK Negeri 2 Panyabungan, focusing on recount text topics. It addresses challenges such as limited vocabulary mastery, low motivation and interest in learning English, and insufficient opportunities for practice. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design was employed, involving experimental and control classes. Data collection included pre-tests, treatments, and post-tests using 20 multiple-choice questions on recount texts. The findings revealed that the experimental class, which used Quizizz, had a higher average post-test score (82) compared to the control class (67.5). Data analysis using the t-test showed a t-count of 4.965 and a sig. tailed (p) score of 0.001, with α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom (df) = 19. Since p < α (0.001 < 0.05), the alternative hypothesis was accepted, and the null hypothesis was rejected. These results indicate that using the Quizizz application significantly enhances students’ vocabulary mastery compared to traditional teaching methods. The study highlights the effectiveness of Quizizz in addressing vocabulary and engagement issues in English learning.

The Effect of Discovery Learning Model Assisted by PhET Media on The Critical Thinking Ability of Class X High School Students

This study aims to determine the effect of the discovery learning model assisted by PhET media on Alternative Energy material on the critical thinking skills of class X high school students in Cirebon city of 2024/2025 year. This type of research is a kuasi experiment. The research sample was an experimental class of 34 students and control class of 32 students with purposive sampling technique. The instrument was a student critical thinking skills test with the form of essay questions and has been validated by experts. In addition, based on the results of statistical tests, the instrument was declared valid and reliable with a value of 0.676. The average posttest score of the experimental class was 87 and the control class posttest was 81. The prerequisite test results stated that the samples were normally distributed and homogeneous. In addition, an independent t-test was conducted with a result of 0.002. These results indicate that there is a significant effect of the discovery learning model assisted by PhET media on Alternative Energy material for X grade high school students.

Predicting suitable habitats for the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

ABSTRACT Invasive plants are rapidly entering new ecosystems due to globalisation, increased trade, and frequent disturbances of natural habitats. Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi, known as the Brazilian peppertree, is a particularly aggressive invasive shrub in Florida, Hawaii, Texas, and California. Due to its aggressive growth and the damage it can cause to ecological systems, it is considered one of the worst upland invasive species in the state of Florida, prompting extensive biological control efforts. The classical biological control agent, Pseudophilothrips ichini, was approved for release in Florida in 2019, with over 6 million thrips released to date. However, the establishment and persistence of these thrips have been inconsistent, and little research has been conducted to understand these patterns. Here, we employ ecological niche modelling as a tool to predict suitable habitats for Brazilian peppertree and P. ichini. Ecological niche models were calibrated using location data of both organisms from their native ranges and bioclimatic data from WorldClim. These models accurately predicted the potential distribution of Brazilian peppertree (AUCtraining = 0.914, AUCvalidation = 0.913) and P. ichini (AUCtraining = 0.934, AUCvalidation = 0.918). The projections indicated that most of Florida is climatically suitable for the Brazilian peppertree, aligning with its known distribution. However, discrepancies were observed between the projected and actual distribution of P. ichini, suggesting that additional environmental or biotic factors may influence their establishment. Further research is necessary to refine these models and enhance the integration of P. ichini into pest management programmes to better conserve time, resources, and funds.

Fa‘āliyatu Wasīlati Articulate Storyline li Tarqiyati Natā’iji Ta‘allumi al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah fī Maḍati al-Naḥwi

This study aims to improve the effectiveness of learning Nahw material using engaging and interactive media in class 2 of Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Kota Cimahi. Articulate Storyline is a type of interactive media accessible via smartphones or other devices, either online through links or offline, making it easier for students to access multimedia content. The research employed a quantitative True-experiment method with a Pretest-Posttest Control Groups design. The population comprised 252 students, with 72 students sampled from two classes: Religious and Science, each with 36 students. Data analysis involved Descriptive Statistics, Normality Test, Homogeneity Test, and Mann-Whitney Test using SPSS. The results showed significant differences in learning outcomes between experimental and control classes, with the experimental class achieving higher average scores (85.78 > 81.009). The Mann-Whitney test revealed a significance value of 0.004 < 0.05, confirming that the intervention effectively improved Arabic (Nahwu) learning outcomes.

Integrated Effects of Water and Nitrogen Coupling on Eggplant Productivity, Fruit Quality, and Resource Use Efficiency in a Cold and Arid Environment

In order to explore the water and fertilizer requirements of eggplants in the western oasis of the river, the experiment was conducted in Minle County of Gansu Province in 2022 and 2023 under three water stress gradients and three nitrogen application levels: (1) moderate water stress (W1, 50–60% in field water capacity [FC]), mild water stress (W2, 60–70% in FC), and full irrigation (W3, 70–80% in FC); (2) low nitrogen (N1, 215 kg·ha−1), medium nitrogen (N2, 270 kg·ha−1), and high nitrogen (N3, 325 kg·ha−1). Moderate and mild water stress were applied during eggplant flowering and fruiting while full irrigation was provided during the other growth stages; a control class (CK) was established with full irrigation throughout the whole plant growth without nitrogen application. This study investigated the effects of water-saving and nitrogen reduction on the yield, quality, and water-nitrogen use efficiency of eggplants in a cold and arid environment in the Hexi Oasis irrigation area of China. Using the EWM-TOPSIS model, we evaluated different water-nitrogen treatments and determined the optimal irrigation-nitrogen application model for eggplants in this region. The results showed that the W2N2 treatment had the highest yield, which was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the W3N2 treatment while significantly (p < 0.05) 35.06% higher than CK in 2022 and 36.91% higher in 2023. In the W2N2 treatment, the transverse diameter of eggplants, as well as the contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, soluble solids, and vitamin C, were all the highest. The W2N2 treatment had the maximum water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency, which were significantly higher than other water and nitrogen application treatments and CK by 14.79–42.51% in 2022 and 8.79–44.88% in 2023, and 15.86–45.55% in 2022 and 4.68–40.22% in 2023, respectively. By employing the EWM-TOPSIS model for comprehensive evaluation, the results indicated that mild water deficit (60–70% in FC) and moderate nitrogen application (270 kg·ha−1) at flowering and fruiting of eggplants was the optimal water and nitrogen application mode under mulched drip irrigation in the Hexi region of northwest China. The results will provide some theoretical basis for water-saving, productive, high-quality, and high-efficiency cultivation of eggplant in cold and arid environments.

Assessing the lethal effects of pesticide residue exposure on beneficial parasitoids and their host, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

Chemical control is currently the main strategy for managing brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). However, chemical pesticides can harm nontarget species, including natural enemies of H. halys. Pesticides with high toxicity to H. halys and low toxicity to its parasitoids need to be identified to support H. halys management. This is not only for natural biological control but also for preemptive classical biological control of H. halys by parasitoids. Here, we assessed the contact toxicity of residues of eight insecticides against H. halys and three of its main parasitoid species (Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Trissolcus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Trissolcus cultratus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)). This study aims to provide valuable insights for preemptive classical biological control of H. halys using these parasitoids. Our results showed that A. japonicus exhibited higher tolerance to the tested pesticides, while T. japonicus was the most sensitive species. Among the pesticides, chlorantraniliprole had the lowest overall impact on all three parasitoid species. Additionally, acetamiprid, azadirachtin, and rotenone were found to be harmless to A. japonicus. Acetamiprid, however, was slightly harmful to T. cultratus. The remaining pesticides showed moderate to significant harmful effects on the parasitoids. For H. halys adults and fifth instars, the pesticides tested caused no mortality within the 24h exposure. However, young nymphs were susceptible to the tested pesticides. Fenpropathrin had the highest toxicity to H. halys, killing 83.3%, 52.8%, and 19.4% of second, third, and fourth instars in a 24h exposure. Fenpropathrin, acetamiprid, cyfluthrin, azadirachtin, and dinotefuran were all slightly harmful to the first instar nymphs. The other pesticides were harmless to H. halys in a 24h exposure. Halyomorpha halys mortality increased with the contact time with the residue. Mortality of fourth and fifth instars of H. halys was >70% for fenpropathrin, cyfluthrin, dinotefuran, abamectin-aminomethyl, and acetamiprid if exposure continued for 7 d. Acetamiprid was effective in controlling H. halys nymphs but exhibited varying levels of toxicity towards the three tested parasitoid species, depending on the residue age and exposure time. Azadirachtin showed lower overall toxicity to beneficial insects, suggesting that these materials could be used to manage H. halys while minimizing harm to key beneficial species.

Cross-parliamentary control

ABSTRACT Unlike studies of the way legislation is made, parliamentary control across multiple government systems – i.e. ‘cross-parliamentary control’ – has not yet received systematic consideration. By cross-parliamentary control, I refer to situations where a parliamentarian uses parliamentary control tools of one government system to control the government in another. Based on the literature on classical single-level control, previous studies of the question activities carried out in the European Parliament, and an explorative case study of cross-parliamentary control within the Danish Realm, this paper highlights the potential prevalence of this unexplored phenomenon. Finally, it sets forth four theses for how multi-level legislative control is prone to manifest itself in other contexts.

Linear and Non-linear Relational Analyses for Quantum Program Optimization

The phase folding optimization is a circuit optimization used in many quantum compilers as a fast and effective way of reducing the number of high-cost gates in a quantum circuit. However, existing formulations of the optimization rely on an exact, linear algebraic representation of the circuit, restricting the optimization to being performed on straightline quantum circuits or basic blocks in a larger quantum program. We show that the phase folding optimization can be re-cast as an affine relation analysis , which allows the direct application of classical techniques for affine relations to extend phase folding to quantum programs with arbitrarily complicated classical control flow including nested loops and procedure calls. Through the lens of relational analysis, we show that the optimization can be powered-up by substituting other classical relational domains, particularly ones for non-linear relations which are useful in analyzing circuits involving classical arithmetic. To increase the precision of our analysis and infer non-linear relations from gate sets involving only linear operations — such as Clifford+t — we show that the sum-over-paths technique can be used to extract precise symbolic transition relations for straightline circuits. Our experiments show that our methods are able to generate and use non-trivial loop invariants for quantum program optimization, as well as achieve some optimizations of common circuits which were previously attainable only by hand.

The Duality of λ-Abstraction

In this paper, we develop and study the following perspective -- just as higher-order functions give exponentials, higher-order continuations give coexponentials. From this, we design a language that combines exponentials and coexponentials, producing a duality of lambda abstraction. We formalise this language by giving an extension of a call-by-value simply-typed lambda-calculus with covalues, coabstraction, and coapplication. We develop the semantics of this language using the axiomatic structure of continuations, which we use to produce an equational theory, that gives a complete axiomatisation of control effects. We give a computational interpretation to this language using speculative execution and backtracking, and use this to derive the classical control operators and computational interpretation of classical logic, and encode common patterns of control flow using continuations. By dualising functional completeness, we further develop duals of first-order arrow languages using coexponentials. Finally, we discuss the implementation of this duality as control operators in programming, and develop some applications.

Pengaruh Strategi Pembelajaran Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating, Transfering (REACT) terhadap Kemampuan Koneksi Matematika Siswa Kelas X SMAN 2 Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

This research is an experimental study which aimss to see whther theree is a significant infIuence of the learning strategy relating, exsperiencig, appliying, cooperating, transferring (REACT) on the mathematical connection abilities of class X students at SMAN 2 Ranah Batahan, West Pasaman Regency. The population in this study were all class X students of SMAN2 Ranah Batahan. The samples in this study were two local areas, namely experimental class X.3 and control class X.2, totaIing 59 students. The sampling technikue was carried out using random sampling. The Instrument used is a mathematical connection ability test. Next, tests were carried out on both sample classes. Before testing, pre-requisite tests were carried out, namely the normality test and homogeneiti test. This research obtained hipothesis test results using the t-test, namely t_hitung=2.064, and t_hitung> t_((0.95;57)),so that it accepted H_1and rejected〖 H〗_0. So, the mathematical connection abilities of students who take part in learning using the REACT learning strategy are beter than student who takes part in learning using exspository learning strategies.

PENGARUH MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN E-KOMIK BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN LITERASI MEMBACA SISWA KELAS V SDN KARANGDUAK II

This study aims to determine the effect of using E-comic learning media based on local wisdom on the reading literacy skills of grade V students of SDN Karangduak II. The research used a quantitative approach with a quasy exprimental desaign method. The research sample was fifth grade students of SDN Karangduak II consisting of experimental and control classes. E-comic learning media was developed by integrating local wisdom values to increase students' engagement and understanding in reading activities. Data were collected through reading literacy test, observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed using statistical tests to determine the significance of differences in learning outcomes between the experimental group using E-comics media based on local wisdom and the control group using conventional learning media. The results showed a significant positive effect of using E-comic learning media based on local wisdom on improving the reading literacy skills of fifth grade students of SDN Karangduak II.

The effectiveness of green technology-based STEAM projects to improve scientific literacy

Indonesian students' scientific literacy is classified as low in terms of international and regional research results. This research aims to increase students' scientific literacy through learning green technology-based STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics)-projects. This research is a quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent pretest-posttest control-group design. The research sample consisted of 288 junior high school students in Yogyakarta. The details of sample involved in this study were 144 students from the experimental class and 144 students from the control class. The sampling technique is cluster random sampling because the population is divided into regions or clusters. The instrument is in the form of scientific literacy test questions. The test items were analyzed using the gain score test and the Independent Sample T-Test with SPSS 22. The results showed that green technology-based STEAM projects can increase scientific literacy in the high category. The increase in students' scientific literacy in the experimental class was higher than in the control class. The results of the study also showed that there were differences in scientific literacy between the experimental class and the control class. Green technology-based STEAM projects can be an alternative for teachers to develop student's scientific literacy.

Design and evaluation a mobile augmented reality to enhance critical thinking skills for vocational high schools

This study aimed to examine the impact of mobile augmented reality (MAR) implementations on critical thinking in vocational high school students. This study employed quantitative methodology, particularly quasi-experiment with a pre-experiment method. 120 vocational high school students, who have enrolled the accounting lesson in Class X, were examined to obtain answers to the two research questions. The findings indicate that students in the experimental class, who utilized the AR in their learning process, had significant enhancements in their critical thinking skills compared with the control class. This improvement illustrates that the implementation of AR has potential to promote the critical thinking skills of the students. To better understand these results, this study also examines the enhancement of critical thinking skills based on the six indicators of critical thinking skills—interpretation, analysis, conclusions, evaluations, explaining, and self-regulations. By comparing each indicator of the critical thinking skills, there are differences between both the experimental and the control class. The experimental class showed enhancement in all indicators but with significant improvement in conclusions, evaluations, and explaining. More crucially, through the learning process, implementation of AR technologies also instills the aspect of developing critical thinking skills

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Video Animasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Pembelajaran Tematik Siswa Kelas III SDN 06 Sungai Raya

This research aims to determine the extent to which animated videos affect students learning outcomes at SDN 06 Sungai Raya Class III of thematic learning. This study used a Quasi-Experimental and quantitative nature. Learning outcomes are bound variables (Y), while animation video media are free variables (X). The population of this study is grade III students of SDN 06 Sungai Raya. The sample taken was 18 students from each class III A and III B as a research sample for the experimental class and the control class. The sampling technique used is Saturated Sampling. The instrument used in data collection is a test that measures student learning outcomes in thematic learning. The independent sample t-test is used in the findings of data analysis after normality and homogeneity have been established. Based on statistical data, the effect between the experimental class that used animated video with Sig (2-tailed) and the control class that used lap book media was 0.000 < 0.05. As is known, in KKM 67, the average score of the experimental class was 79.72 better than the average score of the control class of 66.39

An analysis of problem solving strategy using magic card science media on free falling topic

This study looked at how well physics teacher candidates used magic card scientific media to solve problems when learning about free fall motion. This kind of study is known as a quasi-experiment. 26 students from the Physics Education study program who were enrolled in an experimental class and a control group using magic scientific material made up the sample. methods for gathering data that make use of test and documentation methods. N-gain data analysis techniques. According to the study's findings, the experimental class's N-gain was 0.77 in the high category and the control class's N-gain was 0.37 in the medium group. The experimental class's N-Gain-Present of 77.30% indicates that learning magic science was effective, whereas the control class's N-Gain-Present of 37.36% indicates that it was ineffective.

The impact of using a children’s digital laboratory on the development of primary school students ideas of air and water

Introduction. In the context of the rapid development of digital educational technologies, the issue of their use in primary school in order to improve the quality of natural science education for primary school students is becoming increasingly urgent. The study was aimed at researching the impact of using a children’s digital laboratory on the development of primary school students’ ideas of air and water. Materials and methods. The study involved 56 third-grade students of General Secondary School No. 11 in Kirov (Russia), including 29 students in the experimental class and 27 students in the control class. Methods used in the study included analysis of sources, pedagogical experiment, tests “Air and its protection” and “Water. Transformations and water cycle”, statistical processing of empirical data using the χ 2 -Pearson criterion. Results. The pedagogical experiment revealed that a number of concepts about air and water were difficult for 9-10 year old children to master. Taking into account the objectives of the study, the capabilities of the sensors and software of the Releon Kids children’s digital laboratory were studied, and the methodology for teaching primary school students using this laboratory was substantiated. During the pedagogical experiment, lessons on the surrounding world were held in two classes on the topics of air and water; in the control class the lessons were held using traditional teaching tools and methods provided for by the surrounding world program, in the experimental class – using traditional teaching tools and methods combined with the Releon Kids digital laboratory. The results of the repeated diagnostics showed that lessons using the children’s digital laboratory had a more effective impact on the development of third-graders’ concepts about air and water compared to lessons without the use of the digital laboratory (χ 2 = 15.512; p <0.01). Conclusion. The data obtained in the study can be used by primary school teachers interested in using the children’s digital laboratory in the process of developing younger students’ ideas of air and water.

Student success and experience in a flipped, senior physical chemistry course spanning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic

A flipped classroom is typically one where some of the instruction occurs asynchronously prior to the scheduled synchronous meeting between students and the instructor. Since 2000, they have gained substantial popularity especially in STEM fields where they have been shown to have increased exam scores and reduce the number of students who fail. In the university setting, many of these studies have been performed in lower division courses. Very few studies have been conducted in senior physical chemistry courses resulting in very little data being collected on this instructional technique at this level. The purpose of this study is to assess student outcomes when flipped classroom techniques are implemented in a senior physical chemistry course. In our flipped classroom, students were expected to watch lecture videos and complete preparation exercises created by the authors prior to coming to class. Then in class, a just in time teaching model was employed prior to students working in groups to complete activities created by the authors. Seven quizzes were performed individually and in groups while three midterms and a cumulative final exam were performed individually. Grade, student opinion questionnaires and survey data collected over seven semesters from Fall 2017 to Spring 2022 will be presented. Our findings indicate that there was only one semester out of seven where the average GPA of the students was significantly higher than the control class which was taught in a traditional lecture style. According to student surveys, the students focused on the importance of the preparation questions and dismissed the importance of completing activity/homework problems given that preparation activities were assigned credit while homework was not. Given that the in-class activities/homework questions resembled the material in assessments like quizzes, midterms and final exams, while preparation questions were scaffolded formative problems meant to introduce students to the concepts to be studied during the synchronous lecture, an important link between course concepts and material on summative assessments was not made. Future changes to address this issue will be discussed as well as how COVID-19 affected students during the pandemic as well as flipped classroom instruction.

One size does not fit all: Classical weed biological control across continents

Pre-release quarantine testing of weed biological control agents is frequently initiated using simple no-choice tests. However, these fundamental host range tests are conservative and often do not realistically depict how potential biological control agents might interact with surrounding non-target plants in the field. If no-choice tests are the only method employed it can lead to the rejection of sufficiently host-specific agents. Ecological host range studies in areas where the biological control agent is native or already present can test the validity of laboratory findings with the advantage of evaluating long-range host-recognition behaviors of the insect. A weed biological control program targeting Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae) was given permission to release Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida, USA in 2019. Information from the program in the USA has provided insight for other countries with invasive Brazilian peppertree, such as Australia, which has several native non-target species within the Anacardiaceae family. To evaluate the risk of non-target attack by P. ichini on three Australian native non-target species (Rhus taitensis, Pleiogynium timoriense, and Euroschinus falcatus), we performed a two-phase open-field experiment to simulate the spillover risk of the biological control agent in both the presence and absence of their preferred host, S. terebinthifolia. Also included in the open-field experiment were Schinus molle, a close relative of S. terebinthifolia introduced in the USA and Australia, and the Hawaii native Rhus sandwicensis. The results suggest that P. ichini populations may spill over onto two non-target plants, S. molle and R. taitensis, in the absence of the target weed S. terebinthifolia, and could pose a risk to this native species in Australia. This work highlights the importance of international collaborations on invasive plant biocontrol programs.