Service Classes Research Articles

An Effective Hierarchical Control Plane for Software-Defined Networks Leveraging TOPSIS for End-to-End QoS Class-Mapping

If an end-to-end (E2E) path includes multiple domains, we need inter-domain collaboration to ensure the E2E quality-of-service (QoS) for the applications. In heterogeneous networks, an E2E path may go through domains with several QoS classes in each domain. However, the prevalent legacy network architecture and the standard software-defined networking (SDN) model lack effective mechanisms for inter-domain collaboration and QoS class mapping. In this study, we propose a hierarchical SDN control plane approach to guarantee the E2E QoS among multiple domains with various QoS classes on the E2E path. We propose a controller module for selecting the most suitable QoS class for each domain in the E2E path based on multi-criteria decision-making by using the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). We map the suitable service classes in the global controller (GC) for provisioning the E2E QoS according to the application service requests. First, we propose an SDN-based inter-domain communication scheme and the message processing algorithm for E2E service delivery when multiple QoS classes exist in each domain. Next, we formulate the problem of service class selection with TOPSIS, provide an E2E mapping scheme, and demonstrate it with an example. Finally, we compare the proposed approach with the existing schemes for E2E QoS class mapping in terms of E2E delay, jitter, packet loss rate (PLR), and cost (per bandwidth unit). According to our simulation results, the proposed approach ensures the E2E QoS and guarantees the E2E delay, jitter, PLR, and cost according to the application service requests.

Performance Comparison of QoS Deployment Strategies for Cellular Network Services

Differentiated quality-of-Service (QoS) techniques are widely used to distinguish between different service classes and prioritize service needs in mobile networks. Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) utilize QoS techniques to develop strategies that are supported by the mobile network infrastructure. However, QoS deployment strategy can ensure that the radio resources provided by the base station are easily consumed if it is not used correctly or when different techniques are used all together. In this paper, we propose a scheduling algorithm and compare two different QoS deployment strategies for prioritized User Equipment (UEs) (with higher scheduling rates and dedicated bandwidth) that MNOs can use in the current infrastructure, using a commercial real-time Long Term Evolution (LTE) network in different test scenarios. Moreover, we expose the real-time user experience in terms of uplink throughput and analyze results of the UE’s real-time key performance indicators (KPIs) in detail. Experiment results are evaluated considering the implications of different QoS support types on network coverage and capacity planning optimizations. Our results demonstrate that even though pre-configured resource allocations can be given to prioritize UEs, the experience of all the UEs can be affected unexpectedly in the presence of many UEs who have received different QoS deployment support. Our experimental observations have revealed that location of the UEs with respect to Base Station (BS) and the availability of dedicated bandwidth UEs inside cell may have implications on the apriori defined resource allocation strategies of the other UEs.

NOMA-Based 802.11n for Industrial Automation

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet refer to the expected revolution in production, utility management and, in general, fully automated, interconnected and digitally managed industrial ecosystems. One of the key enablers for Industry 4.0 lies on reliable and timely exchange of information and large scale deployment of wireless communications in industry facilities. Wireless will bring solutions to overcome the main drawbacks of the current wired systems: lack of mobility, deployment costs, cable damage dependency and scalability. However, the strict requirements in reliability and latency of use cases such as Factory Automation (FA) and Process Automation (PA) are still a major challenge and a barrier for massive deployment of currently available wireless standards. This paper proposes a PHY/MAC wireless communication solution for FA and PA based on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in combination with the 802.11n standard. The communication system proposed aims at delivering two different sets of services. The first service class is composed of Critical Services (CS) with strict restrictions in reliability and latency. The same communication system should convey also a second group of services, referred as Best Effort (BE) with more relaxed boundary conditions. The proposal theoretical background, a detailed transmission-reception architecture, the physical layer performance and the MAC level system reliability are presented in this paper. The solution provides significantly better reliability and higher flexibility than TDMA systems, jointly with a predictable control-cycle latency.

Encrypted Traffic Classification Based on Unsupervised Learning in Cellular Radio Access Networks

Traffic classification will be a key aspect in the operation of future 5G cellular networks, where services of very different nature will coexist. Unfortunately, data encryption makes this task very difficult. To overcome this issue, flow-based schemes have been proposed based on payload-independent features extracted from the Internet Protocol (IP) traffic flow. However, such an approach relies on the use of expensive traffic probes in the core network. Alternatively, in this paper, an offline method for encrypted traffic classification in the radio interface is presented. The method divides connections per service class by analyzing only features in radio connection traces collected by base stations. For this purpose, it relies on unsupervised learning, namely agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Thus, it can be applied in the absence of labeled data (seldom available in operational cellular networks). Likewise, it can also identify new services launched in the network. Method assessment is performed over a real trace dataset taken from a live Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. Results show that traffic shares per application class estimated by the proposed method are similar to those provided by a vendor report.

Realizing an Internet of Secure Things: A Survey on Issues and Enabling Technologies

Since the term first coined in 1999, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significant momentum in connecting physical objects to the Internet and facilitating machine-to-human and machine-to-machine communications. By offering the capability to connect and integrate both digital and physical entities, IoT becomes an important paradigm that enables a whole new class of applications and services. Security is one of the most challenging issues that need to be addressed before these IoT applications and services can be fully embraced. In this survey, we investigate the major research efforts over the period of 2013–2019 that address IoT security and privacy issues. We provide extensive discussions on securing cloud-based IoT solutions. The main focus of these discussions is on securing the information in transit between IoT devices and IoT applications, where most of the data processing and modelling tasks take place. These discussions include all security aspects and challenges facing the data in transit. Specifically, a number of common attacks that target IoT solutions are first discussed, while presenting the main challenges of IoT security (e.g., the resource limitation of IoT devices, which hinder the ability of such devices to do expensive computations for securing the data). Then we present the main security requirements needed by IoT systems, which include access control, integrity, and authentication. We review recent research work in providing security and privacy services, which delegate the expensive computations to an edge or cloud, to cope with the low computations restrictions in IoT devices. Open research issues and possible research directions in securing cloud-based IoT systems are discussed, while proposing some possible solutions.

Universal classification of goods and services for marketing and logistics

The paper pays attention to the limited opportunities of small businesses in the development of product promotion programs and logistic schemes. Most entrepreneurs turn to specialized firms or hire specialists. We propose to develop an algorithm (and in further program) for determining the product class, which can be used by any entrepreneur. After determining the product class, the user will be offered the entire suitable list of promotion tools including 4 groups: advertising, promotion, public relations, direct marketing and variants of delivery: types of vehicles, routes. This article attempts to solve the first problem - to develop a universal classification of goods and services. The classification includes 18 classes of goods and services.

COTTON GINNERS HANDBOOK: The Classification of Cotton

Cotton classification is the process of using official standards and standardized procedures to measure the physical attributes of raw cotton. The USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) classes essentially all cotton grown in the U.S. Samples are collected from each bale at the gin or warehouse for classing at one of 10 AMS classing offices. Automated instrumentation is used to assess fiber length, length uniformity, strength, color, micronaire, and non-lint content. Automation has allowed AMS to continue classing cotton efficiently as crop size has expanded. A human classer examines every classing sample to determine if there is any extraneous matter present that would alter the value of the bale. Classing results are matched with a permanent bale identification number that is assigned to each bale at the time of sampling. This identification number allows the bale to be identified throughout the supply chain, from packaging of the bale at the gin through consumption on the textile mill floor.

Siam-IDS: Handling class imbalance problem in Intrusion Detection Systems using Siamese Neural Network

Abstract To tackle new and complex attacks, modern Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are developed using Deep Learning (DL) techniques and are trained on intrusion detection datasets such as KDD and NSL-KDD. These two datasets have a large number of samples in Denial of Service and Probe attack classes besides the Normal class, but the number of samples in Remote to Local (R2L) and User to Root (U2R) attack classes is very less. R2L and U2R attacks represent the minority classes of these two datasets and due to lack of training samples in these minority classes, DL based IDSs are unable to detect them accurately. This leads to class imbalance problem and increases the chances of the network being compromised due to undetected intrusions. To handle this class imbalance problem in IDSs, this paper proposes Siam-IDS which is a novel IDS based on Siamese Neural Network (Siamese-NN). The proposed Siam-IDS is able to detect R2L and U2R attacks without using traditional class balancing techniques such as oversampling and random undersampling. The performance of Siam-IDS was compared with existing IDSs developed using DL techniques namely Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Siam-IDS was able to achieve higher recall values for both R2L and U2R attack classes when compared to its counterparts.

Impact of the Net Neutrality Repeal on Communication Networks

Network neutrality is the principle of treating equally all Internet traffic regardless of its source, destination, content, application or other related distinguishing metrics. Under net neutrality, Internet service providers (ISPs) are compelled to charge all content providers (CPs) the same per Gbps rate despite the growing profit achieved by CPs. In this paper, we study the impact of the repeal of net neutrality on communication networks by developing a techno-economic Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to maximize the potential profit ISPs can achieve by offering their services to CPs. We consider an ISP that offers CPs different classes of service representing typical video content qualities. The MILP model maximizes the ISP profit by optimizing the prices of the different classes according to the users' demand sensitivity to the change in price, referred to as Price Elasticity of Demand (PED). We analyze how PED impacts the profit in different CP delivery scenarios in cloud-fog architectures. The results show that the repeal of net neutrality can potentially increase ISPs profit by a factor of 8 with a pricing scheme that discriminates against data intensive content. Also, the repeal of net neutrality positively impacts the network energy efficiency by reducing the core network power consumption by 55% as a result of suppressing data intensive content compared to the net neutrality scenario.

Judgement of Anxiety and Nutritional Status of Service Class Male

Judgement of Anxiety and Nutritional Status of Service Class Male

Bashkirs of Samara Transvolga Region: Inclusion into Russian Imperial Space in the 18th–19th Centuries

This article focuses on the participation Bashkirs took in the development of Transvolga Region. The lands in Samara Province were the most western ones in Russia where the Bashkir population lived compactly. Historical studies of the region and the population living there between the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries refer to documents of central and local archives, manuscripts of the Russian National Library, etc. Critical analysis of sources and historiography and the application of modern techniques of local and ethnic history allows the author not only to solve research problems, but also look at the past while constructing historical and cultural memory. In the “imperial period”, the problem of correlating the ethnic and local history was complicated by the resettlement of peoples in different territories over considerable distances. The transformation of Volga Region into an internal Samara province of the empire, on the one hand, was due to the mobilisation of part of the estates of Bashkir lands, which occurred both forcibly and voluntarily. On the other hand, the loss by the Bashkirs of mostly remote and underutilised Transvolga estates was compensated for by receiving the status of a military service class, the presence of self-government, and the possibility of modernising the economy, culture, and life. As a result, the territories of the ethnos’s settlement were preserved and expanded, its undoubted numerical growth took place, amounting to more than a tenfold increase over two centuries nationwide. In the middle of the nineteenth century, about 50 thousand Bashkirs lived in Transvolga Region. The author provides a definition of the “imperial people” on the basis of active participation in the genesis of the empire, especially in the process of including “peripheral lands”. The Bashkirs are certainly an “imperial people” and Samara Transvolga Region is one of the “peripheral lands” included in the economic, political, and multicultural space of the Russian Empire, which was important for the further development of the entire multi-ethnic country.

Higher Educaton and Socio-Professional Status: Mitigation of Gender Inequalities in Russia

As the situation in education and labour market is changing in Russia, characterized by the expansion of services sectors and high participation in higher education, the mechanisms of social inequality reproduction are evolving. According to the intersectionality theory, social advantages and disadvantages are reproduced at the intersection of various social categories – social class, gender and others. In the paper, the outcomes of individuals in education and in the labour market representing three cohorts, born in 1954–1964, 1965–1975 and 1976–1986, were analyzed. Using the data provided by the European Social Survey, rounds 3–6 and 8, the hypotheses about the presence of cumulative effect from the intersection of gender and social class were tested. The results partially confirm the formulated hypotheses in case of achieved socio-professional status, but not in case of achieved higher education. 1) Women have more chances than men to obtain higher education; 2) women from families where fathers were workers have more chances than men from such families to move to the group “lower services class”. The latter positive effect is observed in case social class is specified based on mother’s profession; however, it is not significant. Therefore, women are likely to benefit most from the recent changes in education and labour market, compared to men. However, women are likely to find themselves in less prestigious and less paid segments of the services sector, despite the fact that their jobs require more skills.

IntelliTC : intelligent inter‐DC traffic controller for the Internet of everything service based on fog computing

As the data size on smart things continue to grow, it becomes inefficient to transfer the massive raw data to centralized cloud datacenters for the analysis of raw data and the deployment of innovative and novel services into various areas such as smart cities, etc. As the concept of Fog Computing, the structure of distributed intelligent infrastructure can address those problems by providing elastic resources and services to end users with smart devices at the edge of network. Hence, through the functions of analytics and flexible control based on the Software-Defined Network (SDN), it is necessary to provide the SDN-driven management intelligence, which can maximize network utilization subject to constraints on service priority and resources fairness by differentiating service flows according to the quality requirements. This paper proposes the SDN controller for intelligent inter-datacenter (inter-DC) cloud networking, which enables optimal traffic loads distribution across the distributed datacenters with the global inter-DC view of link states and flow statistics by applying the network-aware flow scheduling on a policy-driven inter-DC traffic control layer. The proposed intelligent inter-DC controller performs a global resources scheduling mechanism that uses different weights according to the priority of service class in allocating bandwidths based on multi-layers networking interconnecting the distributed datacenters.

Социальное положение, быт и нравы певчих главных хоров Российского государства XVI—XVII вв .

The article continues the study of the social status and related features of the life and activity of the professional Tsar’s and patriarchal choirs’ singers. According to the author, the totality of the installed data (activities, principles of recruitment, types of salary and salary system, legal status) indicated that the Tsar’s and patriarch’s choristers were included in the category of service class peo- ple (“sluzhilye lyudi”). Retiring from the choir, they often entered or transferred to such positions or ranks in the state apparatus, such as duma or department diaki, boyar’s children. The obtained data on the peculiarities of every day life and morals, behavior in home life and society allow to specify the social status of these masters.

Развитие репертуара государева и патриаршего хоров в России XVI—XVII вв.

In Moscow of the 16th — 17th centuries the choir at the Tsar’s court and the choir at the court of the Metropolitan (from 1589 — the Patriarch) of All Russia united the best musical creative forces of the country. According to the author, the study of historical data on the life and activities of the Tsar’s and patriarchal singers indicates that they belonged to the category of court service class people. The church-singing repertoire of the main choirs was formed in accordance with the requirements of the liturgical Statute and the rules of Old Russian musical art development, political trends of the time and events of national importance. This repertoire consisted of different styles chants and chants of authorship, which the singers rewrote and performed. The findings of the study are based on an analysis of a wide range of singing manuscripts, documentaries and other sources.

THE INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION MULTISERVICE NETWORK NGN/IMS FOR MULTIMEDIA TRAFFIC

The subject of the study is multiservice communication network using the concept NGN (Next Generation Network) based on the open network architecture IMS (Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem), supporting a wide range services. The basis of this architecture is the IMS core, consisting of a set of specialized modules responsible for various functions for customer service. The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing technical capabilities of the IMS multimedia messaging subsystem and perspective solutions for the functioning of the NGN/IMS network efficiency in providing multimedia service. As the efficiency of the system, the capacity NGN/IMS networks is selected using the signaling system and protocols NGN. The capacity NGN/IMS networks during the establishment of a multimedia session was analyzed and the functional architecture of the IMS multimedia messaging subsystem that determine the interaction NGN signaling systems an protocols was explored. Manage the presentation Triple Play services to subscribers and simultaneously modify the media stream within the session allows the protocol for the initialization of the SIP and Diameter sessions, which are the main IMS signaling protocol. One of the important requirements for the IMS subsystem is the maintenance QoS (Quality of Service). A mathematical model for estimating the quality of communication services using a system GI/G/1/N based on the theory diffusion approximation is proposed. The research presented in this paper is very important for the theory queuing systems, since the article proposes a method for investigating multiservice communication networks with non-Poisson incoming flow and effective results are obtained for NGN/IMS networks. On the basis of the model analytical expressions are obtained, which allow evaluating the performance indicators of the Triple Play service. The proposed mathematical model can be used to solve a wide range of practical problems, including the management multiservice traffic in the process its transmission in multiservice telecommunications networks, taking into account the quality of service classes. Thus, studies NGN/IMS network capacity indicators using SIP protocols are relevant.

Semantic web service composition using semantic similarity measures and formal concept analysis

One of the main assets of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is composition, which consists in developing higher-level services by re-using well-known functionality provided by other services in a low-cost and rapid development process. In this paper, we present IDECSE a new integrated approach for composite services engineering. By considering semantic Web services, IDECSE addresses the challenge of fully automating the classification, discovery and composition while reducing development time and cost. The classification and the discovery processes rely on adequate semantic similarity measures. Both semantic and syntactic descriptions are integrated through specific techniques for computing similarity measures between services. Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is used then to classify Web services into concept lattices in order to facilitate relevant services identification. A graph based semantic Web service composition process was proposed within the IDECSE framework. Using semantic similarities in grouping classes of services and in composing services shows a significant improvement compared to other approaches.

Flexible time – but is the time owned? Family friendly and family unfriendly work arrangements, occupational gender composition and wages: a test of the mother-friendly job hypothesis in Sweden

ABSTRACT The relationship between gender, working conditions, occupational gender composition and wages is investigated to test the support for the mother-friendly job hypothesis in the family-friendly welfare state of Sweden. The Swedish level-of-living survey (LNU2010) is used to measure two dimensions of working conditions: flexibility and time-consuming work. The findings do not support the notion that women’s work is more family-friendly as neither women in general nor mothers have more flexibility than men. Furthermore, femaledominated occupations have, in comparison with other occupations, less flexible work arrangements. Instead, gender-integrated occupations have the most flexible work arrangement. Time-consuming work is also most common in gender integrated occupations. Flexibility and timeconsuming work largely go hand in hand and are both positively associated with wages and also more common in the service class. Finally, women are not economically compensated for their job characteristics in the same extent as men, especially not for their time-consuming work which partially account for the gender wage gap. Taken together the findings counters the notion that the remaining gender wage gap largely is due to women avoiding time consuming work or choosing flexibility. Instead it seems like women are compensated less regardless of their job characteristics.

A modified water cycle evolutionary game theory algorithm to utilize QoS for IoT services in cloud-assisted fog computing environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly gaining popularity as a result of the advancements in portable embedded devices and wireless protocols, enabling a new class of services. On the other hand, edge clouds provide IoT services as a new paradigm called fog computing. As the number of available IoT devices increases, more efficient methods are required to select the optimal combination of services out of several existing candidates in edge clouds while composing more complex IoT workflow tasks. So, cloud-assisted fog computing requires a platform for management, composition and provisioning of IoT services for IoT–cloud integration. Resent works have some weaknesses and did not consider some aspects of fog computing such as low latency, low energy and efficient resource allocation. We propose a cloud-based platform for management of IoT service selection and composition in fog computing to enhance QoS parameters such as bandwidth usage, latency and distributed resource utilization. In particular, we propose a multi-objective evolutionary game theory, enhanced by evaporation-based water cycle algorithm (EG-ERWCA) to optimize CPU usage, power consumption and latency of the IoT workflows in cloud-assisted fog computing environments. Many different real IoT workflows are used for evaluation of the proposed method in comparison with the state-of-art algorithms. Simulation results show that the overall quality of service is improved by 2.66 times compared to rival algorithms.

E-Wallet- Factors Affecting Its Intention to Use

The purpose of this research paper is to determine the influence of factors on intention to use E-Wallet, Bangkok, Thailand. The five factors which are selected for the study are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security/privacy confidence, social influence and trustworthiness. In this study, the research is based on data collected through electronic questionnaires which were filled by 384 respondents who belong to service class of Bangkok, Thailand. The data were collected by using judgement quota and convenience sampling of non-probability sampling method. The data so collected was analyzed by using Pearson Product Moment Coefficient Correlation (Bivariate) in order to find out the level of significance and relationship between independent and dependent variables. The result of analysis revealed that all the independent variables have a significant relationship with intention to use E-Wallet, with one of the variables, namely trustworthiness showing a strong relationship with intention to use E-Wallet whereas social influence showing lowest impact on intention to use E-Wallet. The results and findings of the study throw light on factors that the companies can emphasize and work upon to design their product related as well as marketing related strategies. The companies will be in a better position to attract new and existing customers towards E-Wallet usage. The use of E-Wallet is becoming popular not only in developed economies, but also in developing economies owing to the ease, safety and fast completion of day to day financial activities of the users. Moreover, the digitalization of monetary transactions throughout the world is a major factor which necessitates the use of E-Wallets by the users, thereby increasing the number of such users in the days to come.